QUATERNARY SCIENCE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF. Editor-in-Chief SCOTT A. ELIAS

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1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE Editor-in-Chief SCOTT A. ELIAS Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo

2 VOLUME 4 P POLLEN RECORDS, LAST INTERGLACIAL OF EUROPE C Tzedakis ' 2597 POLLEN RECORDS, LATE PLEISTOCENE Africa M E Meadows and B M Chase 2606 Australia and New Zealand P Kershaw and S van der Kaars 2613

3 Contents xliii Northern Asia A V Lozhkin and P M Anderson 2623 Northern North America N H Bigelow 2633 South America H Hooghiemstra and J C Berrio ' 2648 Southern Europe J-L de Beaulieu, P Tzedakis, P Ponel and G Frederic 2660 Western North America R S Thompson 2669 POLLEN RECORDS, POSTGLACIAL Africa A-M Lezine 2682 Australia and New Zealand J R Dodson 2699 Northeastern North America JW Williams 2713 Northern Asia A A Andreev and P E Tarasov 2721 Northern Europe M J Bunting 2730 Northwestern North America C Whitlock and A Brunelle 2737 South America H Behling 2745 Southeastern North America D A Willard 2753 Southern Europe L Sadori 2765 Southwestern North America P E Wigand 2774 POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING see K/Ar and Ar/Ar DATING Q QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY Overview B Pillans 2785 Biostratigraphy T van Kolfschoten 2802 Chronostratigraphy B Pillans 2811 Climatostratigraphy Philip L Gibbard 2819 Lithostratigraphy HJT Weerts and W E Westerhoff 2826 Morphostratigraphy-Allostratigraphy P D Hughes 2841 Pedostratigraphy A S Palmer 2847 Sequence Stratigraphy S T Abbott and R M Carter ' 2856 Tephrochronology B V Alloway, G Larsen, D J Lowe, PAR Shane and J A Westgate 2869 R RADILARIAN STUDIES see PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, BIOLOGICAL PROXIES: Radiolarians and Silicoflagellates RADIOCARBON DATING Conventional Method G T Cook and J van der Plicht 2899 AMS Method A J Timothy Ml 2911 Sources of Error E M Scott 2918 Variations in Atmospheric 14 C J van der Plicht 2923 Causes of Temporal Variations G S Burr 2931 Calibration P J Reimer and R W Reimer 2941 Charcoal MI Bird 2950 Plant Macrofossils C Hatte and A J Timothy Jull 2958 ROCK GLACIERS see PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS, ROCK FORMS: Rock Glaciers and Protalus Forms RODENT MIDDENS see PLANT MACROFOSSIL METHODS AND STUDIES: Rodent Middens s SEA LEVEL STUDIES Overview / Shennan 2967 Geomorphological Indicators P A Pirazzoli 2974 High Energy Coasts Sedimentary Indicators JAG Cooper 2983

4 xliv Contents Low Energy Coasts Sedimentary Indicators R J Edwards 2994 Coral Records C D Woodroffe 3006 Microfossil Reconstructions W R Gehrels 3015 Eustatic Sea-Level Changes, Glacial-lnterglacial Cycles C VMurray-Wallace 3024 Eustatic Sea-Level Changes Since the Last Glaciation C V Murray-Wallace 3034 Isostasy G Milne and I Shennan 3043 SEA-LEVELS, LATE QUATERNARY High Latitudes C OCofaigh and M J Bentley 3052 Mid-Latitudes B P Horton 3064 Tectonic Locations A R Nelson 3072 Tropics YZong 3087 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION see PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, BIOLOGICAL PROXIES: Alkenone Paleothermometry from Coccoliths; Biomarkers; Coccoliths; Dinoflagellates; Marine Diatoms; Planktic Foraminifera; Temperature Proxies, Census Counts; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROXIES: Carbon Cycle Proxies; Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca Paleothermometry; Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Oceans; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, RECORDS: Late Pleistocene North Atlantic; Late Pleistocene North Pacific; Late Pleistocene South Atlantic; Postglacial Indian Ocean; Postglacial North Atlantic; Postglacial North Pacific; Postglacial South Pacific SILICOFLAGELLATES see PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, BIOLOGICAL PROXIES: Radiolarians and Silicoflagellates SPELEOTHEMS see CARBONATE STABLE ISOTOPES: Speleothems STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES, CARBONATES see CARBONATE STABLE ISOTOPES: Overview; Speleothems; Thermokarst Topography; Terrestrial Teeth and Bones; Biogenic Studies; Terrestrial Organic Materials; Non- Lacustrine Terrestrial Studies; Lake Sediments STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES, DEEP SEA RECORDS see PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROXIES: Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Oceans; Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Seawater; Salinity proxies 18 O; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, RECORDS: Early Pleistocene; Late Pleistocene North Atlantic; Late Pleistocene South Atlantic; Postglacial Indian Ocean; Postglacial North Atlantic; Postglacial North Pacific; Postglacial South Pacific; ICE CORE METHODS: Stable isotopes; ICE CORE RECORDS: Greenland Stable Isotopes; Correlations Between Greenland and Antarctica STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES, ICE CORES see ICE CORE METHODS: Stable isotopes; ICE CORE RECORDS: Greenland Stable Isotopes; Correlations Between Greenland and Antarctica SUB-MILANKOVITCH EVENTS see PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION: Sub-Milankovitch (DO/Heinrich) Events T TALUS SLOPES see PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS, ROCK FORMS: Talus Slopes TEETH AND BONES, STABLE ISOTOPE STUDIES see CARBONATE STABLE ISOTOPES: Terrestrial Teeth and Bones TEPHROCHRONOLOGY see QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY: Tephrochronology THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION OF THE OCEANS see GLACIAL CLIMATES: Thermohaline Circulation THERMOKARST TOPOGRAPHY see CARBONATE STABLE ISOTOPES: Thermokarst Topography THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING see LUMINESCENCE DATING: Thermoluminescence TILL, GLACIAL see GLACIAL LANDFORMS, SEDIMENTS: Till Fabric Analysis; Tills; Glacial Erratics and Till Dispersal Indicators TREE RINGS see DENDROCHRONOLOGY; DENDROCLIMATOLOGY; GLACIAL LANDFORMS, TREE RINGS: Dendrogeomorphology; Dendroglaciolpgy; PLANT MACROFOSSIL METHODS AND STUDIES: Dendroarchaeology TREELINE RECONSTRUCTION see POLLEN METHODS AND STUDIES: Archaeological Applications u U-SERIES DATING W G Thompson 3099

5 Contents xlv V VARVED LAKE SEDIMENTS B Zolitschka ' 3105 VARVED MARINE SEDIMENTS KA Hughen and B Zolitschka 3114 VERTEBRATE OVERVIEW D Schreve 3123 VERTEBRATE RECORDS Early Pleistocene L Rook, M Delfino, M P Ferretti and L Abbazzi 3132 Late Pleistocene of Africa T E Steele 3139 Late Pleistocene of North America JI Mead 3150 Late Pleistocene of Northern Asia A Markova and A Puzachenko 3158 Late Pleistocene of South America M Ubilla 3175 Late Pleistocene of Southeast Asia Y Chaimanee 3189 Late Pleistocene Mummified Mammals C R Harington 3197 Late Pleistocene Megafaunai Extinctions S A Elias and D Schreve 3202 Mid-Pleistocene of Africa L C Bishop and A Turner, 3217 Mid-Pleistocene of Europe R Sardella 3224 Mid-Pleistocene of Southern Asia J de Vos 3232 VERTEBRATE STUDIES Ancient DNA / Barnes 3249 Interactions with Hominids K V Boyle 3253 VOLCANIC ASH see QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY: Tephrochronology VULCANISM see GLACIAL CLIMATES: Volcanic and Solar Forcing; GLACIAL LANDFORMS: Quaternary Vulcanism, Subglacial Landforms; QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY: Tephrochronology w WIND-BLOWN SEDIMENTS (LOESS, SAND DUNES) see DUNE FIELDS: High Latitudes; Mid-Latitudes; Low Latitudes; EOLIAN RECORDS, DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS; LOESS DEPOSITS, ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES; LOESS RECORDS: Central Asia; China; Europe; North America; South America Y YOUNGER DRYAS OSCILLATION see PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION: Younger Dryas Oscillation, Global Evidence