Estelar. Puran Ch. Joshi. Supervisor. Dr. Ravindra K. Pande. Professor of Geography

Transcription

1 Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management Study in Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques The Thesis Submitted to the Kumaun University for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography By Puran Ch. Joshi Supervisor Dr. Ravindra K. Pande Professor of Geography Department of Geography, DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital , Uttarakhand, India

2 Certificate Dr. R.K. Panndey, Dept. of Geography Professor D.S.B. Campus Nainital This is to certify: - (i) Kumaun University That the thesis Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management study In Malpa area of Pithoragarh District submitted by Puran Ch. Joshi, embodies the work of the candidate himself. (ii) That the candidate worked under my supervision for not less than twenty four month from the date of application. (iii) That the candidate has put in at least 200 days attendance in the Dept. Geography D.S.B. Campus, Nainital that period. Place: Nainital Dated: Prof. R.K.Pandey Supervisor 2

3 Preface Everything around us is in a state of changing, everything is either growing or diminishing and nothing is really stable. Geographical phenomena, both physical and human must be studied from that point of view. According to this statement of Jean Brunhes nature plays a dramatic role in human life. Sometimes we get its favorable aspects and vice versa destructive one. The destructive aspects of nature occur in the form of natural hazard. When these spoil the cultural landscape and human lives they become disasters. Despite growing scientific knowledge of landslides, their threat continues to increase due to increasing development in vulnerable terrain; construction activity such as laying new roads; global climate changes that result in violent and severe weather and deforestation. Landslides and other "ground failures", worldwide cost more lives and more money each year than all other natural disasters combined. Despite their seemingly less impact, landslides cost to a nation like India more than 100 million US$ annually in restoration work and economic losses. Both developmental planning and disaster management require landslide hazard zonation maps. Only then it would be possible to project damage scenarios, and carry out reliable risk analysis. Landslide hazard zonation is important to take quick and safe mitigation measures and make strategic planning for the future. Present work is related to Landslide Hazard Zonation and Management study. The term Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) simply means the division preferably subdivision of land surface in to various zones according to the degrees of actual/potential hazards caused by landslides and related mass movement. In the present study an attempt has been made to apply RS/GIS based landslide hazard zonation and management techniques for far northeastern Kumaun Himalaya. The present study is divided into six chapters. All these chapters are highlighting the present problem and mutually correlated with each other. All the aspects (Geology, Geomorphology, Soils, and Landuse) which make a landslide stable, dormant or active are thoroughly discussed and described in present study. The methodologies adopted for present study, involve and analyze remote sensing and conventional data in GIS environment. The first chapter of the study introduces statement of problem, review of literature, aims/objectives of the work, methodology and physical environment of the study area. The second chapter deals with the geological aspects of landslides. It is generally observed that landslides occur commonly along the major thrusts/faults in the study area. 3

4 In Himalayas, the lithology has major control over the occurrence of landslide. In this chapter role of structural setting, lithological characteristic and lineaments are thoroughly discussed. Geomorphology of the area depicts the present morphological set up. This is very important, since some of the important geomorphic elements give us a clue for the future landslide in that area. The third chapter of the study area is concerned with the gemorphological features of the study area. This chapter investigates the effects of drainage system, slope aspects, slope morphology and slope angle on the occurrence of landslides. The soil has an important bearing on the shallow landslides in the Himalayas. The texture and depth of the soil are important for such type of prognosis. The characteristics of soil pay a vital role in landslide. Fourth chapter deals with this aspect that how soil texture and soil depth influence the frequency of landslides. Land-use classes show a logical relationship with landslides of any region. The existing land use has an important bearing on landslide hazard zonation and mitigation measures. For example dense and medium vegetations show negative information values. Degraded forest shows very high positive values that confirms landslide potential in the class. The fifth chapter shows the impact of different kind of landuses on landslides. The Landslide Hazard Zonation maps depict the susceptibility of the area to landslide over a range of highest to lowest probability whereas Landslide Hazard Management maps depicts macro structural measures that could be taken up to stabilize the landslide prone slopes. The sixth and the last chapter describe the causative factors of the landslides, parameters taken for the landslide hazard zonation and management techniques, recommendation and mitigation strategy for landslides. To sum up, in the study area total 94 villages are taken into account for the analysis of Landslide Hazard Zonation. Among the six categories of hazard zonation, maximum villages are found in the low landslide hazard zones and minimum villages are found in the very low and very high zone. Total 35 villages are found under low LHZ category. Similarly 33 villages come under moderate LHZ category. In the same way 4 villages are found in very low zone, 18 villages are in high zone and only 4 villages are in very high LHZ category. 4

5 Acknowledgement This Ph.D. thesis is an outcome of incessant endeavor of my supervisor Prof. R.K. Pandey. I am indebted for his kindness which made my thesis complete in circumscribed period. It is my pleasant duty to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide. It is only his precious suggestions, constructive criticism, encouragement and moral support throughout the course of this investigation that has made possible for me to put forth this manuscript. He criticized in making mistakes but with sensible thoughts and conversation, enabled me to standup to mark i.e. towards perfection. I am highly grateful to Department of Geography for providing amenities. I am thankful to Head of the Department Prof. D.C. Pandey, Prof. P.C. Tiwari, Prof. G.L.Shah, Prof. Raghubir Chand, Dr. Anita Pandey, Dr. Manisha Tripathi, Dr. Ranju J. Pandey, Dr. Mohan Lal and Dr. Pushpa P. Joshi and Prof. R.C. Joshi for their valuable suggestions. I am also Thankful to Mr. D.S. Negi and Mr. Aslam. I wish to express my appreciation to my friend and colleagues, Ravindra S. Bora, Dhanjita Barman and Dheeraj Khati. I am grateful to Dr. L.S. Khanka, Dr. Mahima Joshi, Prof. Atul Joshi, Eng Kireet Kumar Scientist F at GBPIHED Kosi Katarmal, Dr. Bhagwati Joshi Tiwari, Dr. Jaya Pandey, Dr. Pushpesh Pandey and Dr. B.B. Bhatt who acted as a stimulus for this work. I am very much thankful to Prof. Munni Padlia, Dr. Rajeshwari Pant, Prof. Neeta Bora Sharma, Prof. Madhurendra Kumar and Prof. Uma Bhatt. I am highly thankful to Prof. P.D. Pant, Department of Geology, Kumaun University Nainital for his kind help during the literature survey. I deliver my thanks to my friends Miss Veena Kuwarbi, Rajendra Bisht, Prakash Pant, Himanshu Sharma and Shyam Sundar who gave me ample motivation during this period. I am also thankful to my all seniors Advocate Amir, Advocate Khalid, Mr. Ajay Mehta, Miss Sneh Joshi DST young scientist at GBPIHED Kosi Katarmal, Dr. Bhagwati Joshi, Dr. Kala and Mr. Deepak Kumar. I am also grateful to Mr. Jagdish Ch. Sati, Mr. M.K. Joseph, Mr. Prabhakar Koranga, Mr. N.B. Padlia, Mr. P. C. Pandey, Mr. G. Bhandari, Mr. Sanjay Chaudhary, Mr. & Mrs. L. M. Shah, Mr. Vijay Prasad and Mrs. Niharika Shah for their support. I owe my great thanks to my former teachers Mrs. Usha Bhatt, Mrs. Pankaj Bhatt. Mrs. N. Rikhari, Mrs. S. Shah, Miss C.P. Shah, Miss D. Shah, Mr. Suneel Masih, Mr. V. K. Sing, Mr. N. Khan, and Mr. R. C. Joshi. I feel unique pleasure to thanks my friend Mr. Harish Mehra who supported me a lot during this period. 5

6 I express my great thanks to my juniors Mr. Ganesh Prasad, Miss Vedika Pant, Mr. Paritosh Upreti, Mr. H. Chandra, Mr. Kamal Joshi and Mr. Sanjay Rawat. I am very thankful to my family members, my elder brother Mr. N.K. Joshi and dear Bhabi, my Mamaji Mr. Vishnu Dutt and my Mami, my younger brothers Bhuwan Joshi, Surendra Dutt and Pankaj Dutt, my sister Neelam, my nephew Sourabh and my niece Rashmi. At Last but not least I dedicate this thesis to my mother Mrs. Meera Joshi for her indomitable courage which filled me with enthusiasm for completing this thesis. Dated: Puran Ch. Joshi 6

7 Certificate Preface Acknowledgement Contents Contents Contents Preface 03 Acknowledgement 05 Contents 07 List of Tables 09 List of Figures 10 List of List of Plates Introduction Objective Study area Physical Setup Geology Soil Characteristics Drainage System Natural Vegetation Climate Data Collection Methodology Procurement of satellite data Visual interpretation of satellite data Ground truth data collection Cartographic work GIS analysis LHZ Modeler Developing the AHP hierarchy Comparing the decision elements on a pair wise base Constructing an overall priority rating LHZ and LHM modeling procedure Compilation of landslide data and preparation of final maps Review of Literature 46 7

8 2.0 Geology Structural Setting Lithology Lineaments Geomorphology Drainage System Landforms Types and Distribution Mass wasting and weathering Types Coverage Slope Slope Magnitude Slope Aspect Slope morphology Soils Soil depth Soil texture Land use/ land cover Pattern Types and Distribution Landslide hazard zonation Factors causing landslides Importance of the parameters Landslide hazard zonation and management maps Mitigation Strategy for Landslide Hazard 163 Recommendation 187 Conclusion 188 Selected Bibliography 189 Annexure 196 8

9 List of Tables Table No. Name of the Table Page No. 1.0 Some of the Major Landslides in India ( ) Classification of slope movements Some of the major Landslides in Uttarakhand Distribution of vegetation Mean monthly temperature at Dharchula Rainfall at Dharchula in August Mean monthly rainfall at Dharchula Mean monthly rainfall at Nagling Mean Seasonal rainfall at Nagling Parameters for Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps Length and frequencies of lineaments Main tributaries of the river Kali and Dhauliganga Area covered by different types of landforms Area covered by different Slope Angles Area under Slope Aspects Area under different Slope Morphology Soil Distribution as per depth and area covered Soil texture classes and area covered Soil type and landslide susceptibility rating of soils of the study area Area covered by different types of land uses The most important factors causes landslides Area Covered by Different Hazard Zones List of villages falling in different Landslide Hazard Zone categories No. of villages in different LHZ categories Village wise Management Practices Mountain Zone Classification Estimation of Rock Material Strength Rock Types and their Scores Soil Types and their Scores Landuse and their scores Drainage and their scores Terrain Hazard Classification 171 9

10 List of Figures Figure No. Name of the figure Page No. 1.0 Fall Topple Flows Debris flow Creep Slide Location Map of the study area Mean monthly temperature at Dharchula Rainfall at Dharchula in the month of August Mean monthly rainfall at Dharchula Mean monthly rainfall at Nagling Mean seasonal rainfall at Nagling Cross section across the Great Himalaya and the Tethys Himalaya between Dharchula and Kalapani Lithological Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Structural Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Diagrammatic cross-section, near the source of the Kali River, southwest of Lipulekh Drainage Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Geomorphological Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Landslide Map of Sheet No. 62B/16A Slope Magnitude Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Slope Aspect Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Slope Morphology Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Soil depth of the study area Soil depth Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Soil texture of the study area Soil texture Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Land use pattern of study area Landuse Map of Sheet No. 62B/16(A3) Distribution of epicentres of large and moderate magnitude earthquakes in relation to active faults and thrusts in the central sector of the Himalaya a Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Sobla Area of Pithoragarh 10

11 District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62b/8(C3) b Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Baling-Baun Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A1) c Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Gyongrung Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A2) d Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Kanchuti-Tijam Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A3) e Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Chal-Galthang Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B1) f Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Baling-Sela Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B2) g Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Jhalgaon-Dar Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B3) h Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Jipti-Galagad Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(C3) i Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Budhi Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A2) j Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A3) k Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Gunji-Kalapani Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B1) l Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Garbyang Area of Pitoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B2) m Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Garguwa-Khet Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(A1) n Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Khela-Pangu Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(B1) o Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Maidu-Mangti Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(C1) No. of villages in different hazard categories a Landslide Hazard Management Map Sobla Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62b/8(C3) b Landslide Hazard Management Map Baling-Baun Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A1) c Landslide Hazard management Map Gyongrung Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A2)

12 6.3d Landslide Hazard Management Map Kanchuti-Tijam Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(A3) e Landslide Hazard Management Map Chal-Galthang Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B1) f Landslide Hazard Management Map Baling-Sela Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B2) g Landslide Hazard Management Map Jhalgaon-Dar Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(B3) h Landslide Hazard Management Map Jipti-Galagad Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/12(C3) i Landslide Hazard Management Map Budhi Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A2) j Landslide Hazard Management Map Malpa Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(A3) k Landslide Hazard Management Map Gunji-Kalapani Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B1) l Landslide Hazard Management Map Garbyang Area of Pitoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 B/16(B2) m Landslide Hazard Management Map Garguwa-Khet Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(A1) n Landslide Hazard Management Map Khela-Pangu Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(B1) o Landslide Hazard Management Map Maidu-Mangti Area of Pithoragarh District, Uttrakhand Sheet No. 62 C/9(C1) The mitigation strategy: The Procedural Steps Mountain Zone Classification Rock Structure Climate a Sketch of Landslide and Surroundings b Measurement of landslides Natural instability due to rock structure (in LS/1 zone) a Simple Design Criteria (If rock is shallow use Revetments to prevent Weathering and crossing) b Simple Design Criteria ( If rock is deep use Retaining Walls) Gabions Stone and Mesh Size

13 6.12 Packing of Stones into Boxes Construction of Gabion Boxes Drainage, River Bank Protection Works, Aprons Aprons-Revetments or spurs must be protected by aprons Dimensions of spurs Protect Existing Hill and Gullies from Further Erosion Checkdam rules-foundation Checkdam rules-longitudinal space Checkdam rules-dimension

14 List of Plates Plate No. Name of the Plate Page No. 1 Exposed intrusive granite rock structure way to 53 Kailash Maansarovar Pilgrims 2 River Kali at Dharchula 64 3 Najang fall in the way to Malpa 65 4 Confluence of The Dhauli and Kali River at Tawaghat 66 5 Confluence of the Symkhola and Kali river at Mangti 66 6 Confluence of the Malpa Gad and Kali river at Malpa 67 7 River terrace near Najang Gad 70 8 Huts of Kumaun Mandal Vikas Nigam at Malpa on 71 a river terrace 9 Deep valley of the Kali river From Bindakoti top Highly Dissected Malpa peak Highly Dissected Denudational Structural Hills 75 near Lakhenpur 12 Moderately Dissected Denudational Structural Hills Low Dissected Denudational Structural Hills near Bindakoti Scar of an old landslide near Malpa Reactivated Chautuladhar landslide near Tawaghat Blocked Kali river due to Chautuladhar landslide Landslide at Mangti village Landslide at Tintola village Landslide on the both sides of The Kali river at Lakhenpur village Settlement at Jipti village Agricultural land at Pangla village Barren land non rocky near Jipti village Dense forest near Najang Medium forest of oak near Garba village Scrub and grasses near Najang Snow covered area