Available online at ScienceDirect. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2 ( 2014 )

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1 Aville online t SieneDiret Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) ST26943, 2n Interntionl Conferene on Agriulturl n Foo Engineering, CAFEi2014 Suitility of Coir Fiers s Pulp n Pper Nor Mzln Min,, Rosnit A Tli,, *, Rushn Irhim, Russly Aul Rhmn,, Ainun Zuriyti Mohme e Deprtment of Foo n Proess Engineering, Fulty of Engineering, Universiti Putr Mlysi, UPM Serng, Selngor, Mlysi Deprtment of Mehnil Engineering, Fulty of Engineering Tehnology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Mlysi, Btu Pht, Johor, Mlysi Hll Prouts Reserh Institute, Universiti Putr Mlysi, UPM Serng, Selngor, Mlysi Forest Reserh Institute Mlysi (FRIM),52109 Kepong, Selngor, Mlysi e Institute of Tropil Foresty n Forest Prouts, Universiti Putr Mlysi, UPM Serng, Selngor, Mlysi Astrt This stuy ws to investigte the suitility of oir fiers s n lterntive mteril in mking pulp n pper. Mertion proess ws use to hrterize the fier. So-AQ pulping with vrious omintions of tive lkli (18-22%) n ooking time ( minutes) t fixe temperture ws one. Physil properties evlute were ensity, rightness, opity, sttering oeffiient, ter, urst n tensile inex. As onentrtion of tive lkli n ooking time inrese, the physil properties vlues lso inrese, exept for the opity n sttering oeffiient. The optimum onition for prouing the strongest pper is using 22% tive lkli in 120 minutes The The Authors. Authors. Pulishe y y Elsevier B.V. B.V. This is n open ess rtile uner the CC BY-NC-ND liense ( Peer-review uner responsiility of the Sientifi Committee of CAFEi2014. Peer-review uner responsiility of the Sientifi Committee of CAFEi2014 Keywors: Coir fier; hrteriztion; so-aq pulping; pulp n pper; pper properties 1. Introution Pper is one of the most signifint inventions n proue in ll regions of the worl. Currently, pper is more thn just sustrte for writing, printing n pkging; the reent sientifi reserh hs estlishe its potentil s ioegrle, renewle, inexpensive n flexile polymer sustrte. Pper is efine s felte sheet forme on fine mesh from ellulose fiers. Pper proue for pkging pplitions in the yer 2009 ounte 51.7% of * Corresponing uthor. Tel.: ; fx: E-mil ress: rosnit@upm.eu.my The Authors. Pulishe y Elsevier B.V. This is n open ess rtile uner the CC BY-NC-ND liense ( Peer-review uner responsiility of the Sientifi Committee of CAFEi2014 oi: /j.spro

2 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) totl mnufturer proution with the funtion y proteting the ontins prout from mge, strting from the mnufture point to the finl onsumer (Jukk, 2011). Normlly, Mlysi pkging inustry use seonry fier suh s ol orrugte ontiners n wste ppers s the min rw mteril for the ppermking. However, the importe virgin long fier pulp from softwoo nee to e e to mintin the fier strength for pkging purposes. Suitle non-woo iomss suh s gsse, whet n rie strw, moo, hemp, ree n kenf re eing use in the worl-wie mnufture of pulp n pper. The most ommon pulping proess for non-woo fiers is the so proess. The ition of nthrquinone (AQ) in the so pulping proess hs given n enourging result, generlly inrese elignifition rtes even with reue lkli hrges (Kues et l., 1980). AQ ts s the most ost effetive sulfur free elertor n is wiely use in lkline pulping. For instne, Ang et l. (2010) hve suessfully proue pper from Mlysin kenf fiers using three lkline pulping proesses whih were krft, krft-aq n so-aq. The results inite tht the sulfur free so-aq pulping imprte higher rightness, tensile n ter inies s well s similr urst inex to the pper properties in omprison to those krft se-ppers. Coir is one of the lignoellulosi nturl fier whih nowys extensively use in mny pplitions. Coonut, the fruit of Coos nuifer, is tropil plnt of the Areee (Plme) fmily n unntly growing in ostl res of tropil ountries. In Mlysi, oonut is the fourth importnt inustril rop fter oil plm, ruer n py. There re out 108,828 hetres of oonut plnttions in 2011 with proution of 577,647 metri tons tht worth roun RM 264 million (MOA, 2014). The oonut husk is ville in lrge quntities s resiue from the oonut proution in mny re, thus yieling numerous orse oir fiers, whih is see-hir fier otine from the outer shell of the oonut. Sine the vilility of oir fier is plenty, this inite tht from the soure of rw mteril supply, it shows potentilly useful lignoellulosi rw mteril for onversion into pulp n pper. Fewer reporte on the usge of oir s sustituting the rw mteril for pulp n pper prouts exept the stuy reporte y Mohm Jni n Rushn (2014). The ojetive of this stuy is to investigte the suitility of oir fiers s n lterntive mteril in mking pulp n pper. The experiments in this stuy explore the oir fier hrteriztion in estimting the qulity of fier. The suitility to proue goo qulity pper is then vlite y so-aq pulping n oir pper properties. 2. Mterils n methos 2.1. Mteril Coir fiers use s rw mteril were supplie y Seng Kit Coonuts Inustries Sn. Bh., Perk, Mlysi. Fiers were then ut to size of 20 to 50 mm using fier utter n store for lter usge. All the vrious hemils use for mertion n pulping were purhse from lol suppliers Morphology Mertion proess ws use to etermine the morphology or physil imension of fiers. The fiers were ut into mthstik size of 25 to 30 mm in length. This ws followe y the ition of 1.5 g soium hlorite with 25 ml istille wter n 8 rops of eti i into three (3) ifferent test tue. The test tues were oile in wter th uner fume hoo until oir fiers were ompletely white. Susequently, the oir fiers were wshe gently using istille wter, then ple in seprte test tues n shkene in istille wter to get the iniviul fiers. One rop of sfrnine-o ws e into the fier n left for 1 hour. A smll mount of iniviul fier from ifferent test tue were then trnsferre into slie. The fier length (L), fier with (), lumen with (l), ell-wll thikness (w) were then mesure using the Quntimeter Imge Anlyzer equippe with Lei mirosope (Leitz DMRB, Germn). Derive vlues suh s runkel rtio, flexiility rtio n felting power were lso lulte using fier imensions through these equtions: (1) (2)

3 306 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) (3) 2.3. Chemil pulping In the so-aq pulping trils (Tle 1), eh hrge of 300 g (se on oven rie fier) ws ooke in lortory igester (MK system). Tle 1. So-AQ pulping onition for oir fiers. Pulping onition Vlues Ative lkli (s N 2O se on o. fier), % 18, 20, 22 AQ (se on o.. fier), % 0.1 Liquor to rw mteril rtio 8:1 Time to ooking temperture, min 90 Time t ooking temperture, min 90, 120, 150 Cooking temperture, o C 170 The experiment ws onute with 2 replitions using ompletely rnomize esign s full ftoril with two ftors, whih were tive lkli n ooking time (eh ftor h three levels). Thus, the totl numer of pulping runs to e one se on this set-up is 18. The runs were onute in rnom orer using Minit R softwre to reue isness of the pulp otine s shown in Tle 2. Tle 2. Full ftoril DOE oir pulping settings. Stnr orer Run orer Ative lkli (%) Cooking time (minutes) Cooking temperture, time to reh ooking temperture n liquor to the rtio of rw mterils uring ll experiments ws hel onstnt. After igestion, the pulp ws wshe thoroughly with wter, isintegrte in

4 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) hyropulper n sreening through virtory flt sreen of 0.15 mm mesh size. Then, the sreene oir pulp ws spin-rie, isintegrte y Hort mixer n use for pper mking s well s their hrteriztion Preprtion of lortory pper mking n hrteriztion The lortory pper (60 g/m 2 ) ws prepre in orne with Tehnil Assoition of the Pulp n Pper Inustry (TAPPI) T 205 sp-02 (Forming Hnsheets for Physil Tests of Pulp) from the resultnt pulps using British hnsheet former. Menwhile, the hrteriztion of pper properties ws onute oring to the Mlysin Stnr Methos (MS ISO). Before pper formtion, the pper mhine opene n the surfe of wire ws lene wy from hering fiers y wter. The mhine ws lose n wter ws e until it fille the mhine to hlf of its epth. The ilute oir pulp stok (1000 ml) ws then poure into the pper mhine. Then, the slurry ws mixe with the perforte stirre y rpily moving up n own five times. After mixing, the rin ok of the mhine ws opene to relese the wter uner sution. The pper mhine ws opene n three lotting ppers were ple on the rine pper. The rss flt ouh plte ws then li own n the rss ouh roll ws ple gently in the mile of the plte. The roll ws rotte forwr n kwr for 5 times. The pper ws therefter remove from the wire sreen, overe with three lotting ppers n metl plte, n presse t 275 kp for 10 minutes to further remove exess wter. Then, the two lotters ginst eh other were hnge n sme pressure ws pplie for itionl 5 minutes. Next, eh plte with its tthe pper ws then fixe into the pile of stnr rings. A hevy weight of metl lok ws ple on the stk of rings to restrin the eges of the pper uring rying. Finlly, the hn stk ppers were onitione t 23 o C ± 1 o C n 50% ± 2.0% RH (T 402 sp-03) for t lest 24 hours prior to testing. Eight ppers were use for test their physil properties suh s Grmmge (MS ISO 287: 1985, IDT), Thikness (MS ISO 534: 2005, IDT), Brightness (ISO 2470), Opity (ISO 2471), Tensile Strength (MS-ISO : 2008, IDT), Bursting Strength (MS ISO 2758: 2001, IDT) n Tering Strength (MS ISO 1974 : 1990, IDT) Sttistil nlysis Dt on pper physil properties (pprent ensity, rightness, opity, sttering oeffiient, ter inex, urst inex n tensile inex) were sujete to sttistil nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) using Minit R softwre. Men omprisons were performe y Tukey s Group Rnge Test (TGRT) t P Results n isussion 3.1. Morphologil hrteristis Tle 3. Fier hrteristis of oir fier. Chrteristis Averge Rnge (Min & Mx) Fier length (L), mm 0.84 ± Fier with (), μm ± Lumen with (l), μm ± Cell wll thikness (w), μm 4.41 ± Runkel rtio (2w/) 0.65 ± Felting power (L/) ± Flexiility rtio ((l/)x100) ± * ± = Stnr evition The results of oir fier morphology were given in Tle 3. Coir fiers hrterize s short fiers s their length rnge etween 0.48 to 1.5 mm with the verge length of Menwhile, the men fier with, lumen with n ell wll thikness were μm, μm n 4.41μm respetively. The erive morphologies vlues of Runkel rtio, felting power n flexile rtio were 0.65, n respetively. The ell wll thikness of

5 308 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) the results ws slightly higher, ut the length, with n the lumen imeter re in greement with previous stuies (Vn Dm et l., 2006; Mwikmo, 2006). From the results otine, it n e seen tht oir fier hs low Runkel rtio (elow 1.0), wherey it is expete to improve the tensile n ursting strengths (Ogonny, 1997). The fiers with low Runkel rtio re onsiere s thin wll fiers, thus they offer etter onformility n fier oning (Dutt et l., 2005) with goo mehnil properties. Fier imeter n wll thikness govern the fier flexiility whih oir fiers signifintly high vlue in flexiility oeffiient (67.68) n omprle to eulyptus grnis (63.51) n hrwoo (55-70) (Smook, 2003; Dutt n Tygi, 2011). The felting power is n importnt prmeter n hving positive effet on the strength properties of pper. Coir fiers hve felting power n omprle to the hrwoo speies (40 to 60) whih is expete n yiel pulp with eptle ter, urst n tensile inies. However, oir fiers hve short fier (0.84 mm) whih my reue their mehnil strength properties when ompre to the long fiers espeilly the property of ter inex Physil properties of pper Struturl n strength properties Bsilly, pprent ensity is struturl property n use s preitor of pper strength, sine fier oning in the pper inreses oth strength n ensity (Kline, 1982). It n e simply lulte from the grmmge n thikness of pper. The pprent ensity lso hrterize y fine fier (Kenneth, 1970). In generl, fine fiers improve sheet onsolition n oning formtion euse of their lrge speifi surfe re. More fine fier will hve more surfe re for oning n the inrese of tive lkli onentrtion n ooking time will inrese the pprent ensity vlue (Fig. 1). e e * Brs with ifferent letters (,, et.) re signifintly ifferene (P 0.05). Fig. 1. Comprison of ifferent perentge of tive lkli n ooking time oring to the pprent ensity of oir pper. It n e expline tht the iniviul fiers ten to remin stiff in their struture formtion ue to the lower perentge of tive lkli onentrtion use with lower ooking time for exmple in the pulping onition y using 18% n 20% tive lkli for 90 minutes. Menwhile, inresing tive lkli onentrtion n time of ooking resulte in the gret fier swelling n fier flexiility, hene the interfier oning within the pper formtion ws onsierly etter. Fig. 1 shows tht pulping with 22% for 150 minutes gives the highest pprent ensity vlue n followe y using 22% tive lkli for 120 minutes n 20% tive lkli for 150 minutes. Tering, urst n tensile strength re the most importnt strength or mehnil properties of pper. Tering test is very sensitive to the physil properties of the fier. Fier length n interfier oning re oth importnt ftors in tering strength. Fig. 2 shows the omprison of oir pper ter inex t ifferent perentges of tive lkli n ooking time.

6 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) * Brs with ifferent letters (,, et.) re signifintly ifferene (P 0.05). Fig. 2. Comprison of ifferent perentges of tive lkli n ooking times, oring to the ter inex of oir pper. Aoring to ANOVA nlysis, it ws seen tht there were no signifint ifferenes of ter inex for pper in pulping onition of 18% tive lkli for 150 minutes, 20% tive lkli for 120 minutes, 22% tive lkli for 90, 120 n 150 minutes. Pulping onition of using 20% tive lkli for 150 minutes gives the highest vlue of ter inex. As the interfier oning inreses with the inresing ooking time n lkli onentrtion for ll onition, the ter vlue rises to mximum n then ereses ue to the rohyrte egrtion. A low egree of interfier oning gives low ter, euse the fiers pull prt esily n ny egrtion of fier in ooking shows up rmtilly in loss of ter (Kenneth, 1970) for exmple when oir fiers ooke for 120 n 150 minutes using 22% tive lkli. * Brs with ifferent letters (,, et.) re signifintly ifferene (P 0.05). Fig. 3. Comprison of ifferent perentge of tive lkli n ooking time oring to the () urst inex; () tensile inex of oir pper. The inherent oning ility of the fiers of pper is outstningly importnt in pper strength. Two ftors tht re responsile for urst n tensile test results re interfier oning mount n iniviul fier strength. Fig. 3() n 3() show the omprison of ifferent perentges of tive lkli n ooking times oring to the urst n tensile inex of oir pper respetively. For the 18% n 20% of tive lkli onentrtion, the urst n tensile inex inreses with inrement in ooking time. Menwhile, for the 22% tive lkli, the urst n tensile inex goes own fter 150 minutes ooke in the igester. This phenomenon ws most proly ue to the rohyrte egrtion n rnom levge retion y AQ (Folke et l. 1979) with the omintion of high tive lkli n ooking time. As n inresing ooking time t given tive lkli, the elignifition lso inrese n more ellulose eome expose to the iret tion of the tive lkli in the liquor espeilly through the fiers t surfe, whih proue pulp with lower yiel n qulity. Nevertheless, the time t ooking temperture is not ffeting the pulp qulity s expete if

7 310 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) the onentrtion of tive lkli h een reue (Kenneth, 1970), for exmple, using 18% n 20% tive lkli onentrtion t 150 minutes ooking time. From the Fig. 3, it is ler tht the optimize vlue for urst n tensile inex of oir pper when using pulping onition t 22% tive lkli for 120 minutes. However, the pulping onition t 20% tive lkli for 150 minutes n 22% tive lkli for 90 minutes still h the sme results of urst n tensile inex respetively se on the ANOVA nlysis Optil properties The otine optil test results n TGRT for 9 onitions of pulping re summrize in Tle 4. Sttistilly, some of the results re ifferent etween the prmeter ssesse. There is signifint inrement in rightness resulte from the inresing of tive lkli n ooking time, ut reverse result ws otine on the opity vlue of the oir pper. However, the vlues of opity re very high for ll onitions (over 99%) n omprle to the pper from oil plm fron (Wnrosli et l., 2007) n oil plm empty fruit unh (Rushn, 2003). Opity is funmentl optil property n influene y the pper thikness. Sine the inresing of AA n ooking time were resulting in slight erese of pper thikness, the opity vlue lso iniretly uses slight eline. Tle 4. Optil properties of oir pper. Pulping onition Brightness (%) Opity (%) Sttering oeffiient (m 2 /kg) 1. 18% AA, 90 min f % AA, 120 min e % AA, 150 min e % AA, 90 min e % AA, 120 min % AA, 150 min % AA, 90 min e 8. 22% AA, 120 min e 9. 22% AA, 150 min f * Mens with sme letters in olumn re not signifintly ifferent t the (P 0.05). * AA = tive lkli; min = minutes. For rightness, the intensity of the elignifition retions uring the lkline proess is the min ftor for olortion of the pper n showe further orreltion optimlly with onition 9 (22% tive lkli, ooke for 150 minutes). This orrespons to 26.46% of improvement ompre to the onition 1 (18% tive lkli, ooke for 90 minutes). As pprent ensity, the fier flexiility n reltive oning re lso relte to the light sttering oeffiient. The light sttering oeffiient n inite the exten of the unoune re etween the fier omponent, thus proviing n inverse estimte the re of oning etween the omponent fiers (Clrk, 1985). Therefore, it n e seen tht the light sttering vlue is erese with the inresing of lkli onentrtion n ooking time. 4. Conlusions In this stuy, the suitility of oir fiers s n lterntive mteril in mking pulp n pper were investigte n otine. Severl onlusions were rwn from the result nlysis. Coir fiers re hrterize s short fiers with n verge length of 0.84 mm, μm in with, μm in lumen with n 4.41 μm in ell wll thikness. They hve felting power omprle to hrwor, hve goo flexiility n Runkel rtios, whih n yiel pulps with n eptle ter, urst n tensile inies. Coir fier ooke using So-AQ pulping trils hve een foun ffete n inrese in terms of their physil properties y the ition of tive lkli onentrtion n the extension of ooking time (exeption for opity n light sttering oeffiient). The strength properties nnot further e improve when oir ooke with 22% tive lkli for 150 minutes. The strongest oir pper ws

8 Nor Mzln Min et l. / Agriulture n Agriulturl Siene Proei 2 ( 2014 ) proue with So-AQ pulping onition of 22% tive lkli with L:M rtio of 8:1 with 0.1% AQ n ooke for 120 minutes t 170 o C. Aknowlegements The uthors re grteful to the Universiti Putr Mlysi through GP-IPS/2013/ for proviing the finnil funing of this reserh, the Ministry of Eution Mlysi n Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Mlysi uner SLAB finnil sheme. Referenes Ang, L.S., Leh, C.P, Lee, C.C., Effets of Alkline Pre-Impregntion n Pulping on Mlysi Cultivte Kenf (Hiisus Cnninus). BioResoures 5(3), Brnon, C. E., Properties of Pper. In Pulp-Chemistry n Tehnology (3 r E.). John Wiley n Sons, New York. Clrk, J. A., Pulp Tehnology n Tretment for Pper. Miller-Freemn, Sn Frnsio. Dutt, D, Uphyy, J.S., Mlik, R. S., Tygi, C. H., Stuies on Pulp n Pper Mking Chrteristis of Some Inin Non-Wooy Firous Rw Mteril: Prt-1. Journl of Cellulose Chemistry Tehnology 39(1-2), Dutt, D., Tygi, C.H., Comprison of Vrious Eulyptus Speies for their Morphologil, Chemil, Pulp n Pper Mking Chrteristis. Inin Journl of Chemil Tehnology 18, Folke, L. A. A., Leln, L. R. S., Normn, S. T., Erl, W. M., Anthrquinone Inue Sission of Polyshrie Chins. IPC Tehnil Pper, The Institute of Pper Chemistry, Wisonsin. Kues, G. J., Fleming, B. I., MLeo, J. M., Bolker, H. I., Alkline Pulping with Aitive. A Review. Woo Siene Tehnology 14, Jukk, T., Highlight on Pper n Pperor: Retrieve June 22, pperor.pf. Kenneth, W. B., Hnook of Pulp n Pper Tehnology (2 n e.). Vn Nostrn Reinhol Compny, New York. Kline, J. E., Pper n Pperor Mnufturing n Converting Funmentls. Miller Freemn, Sn Frniso. Mohm Jni, S., Rushn, I., The Effet of Blehing on Coonut Coir Pulp n Pper Properties. Journl of Tropil Agriulture n Foo Siene 1. MAO (Ministry of Agriulture n Agro Bse Inustry), Reinfore Vegetles n Fruits Inustry s well s Revive the Coonut Inustry. Retrieve Mrh 10, 2014, from Mwikmo, L.Y., Review of the History, Properties n Applition of Plnt Fires. Afrin Journl of Siene n Tehnology 7, 2, Ogonny, C.I., Roy-Muley, H., Nwlozie, M.C., Annerose, D.J.M., Physil n Histohemil Properties of Kenf (Hiisus Cnninus L.) Grown uner Wter Defiit on Sny Soil. Inustril Crops n Prouts 7, Rushn, I., Struturl, Mehnil n Optil Properties of Reyle Pper Blene with Oil Plm Empty Fruit Bunh Pulp, Journl of Oil Plm Reserh 15(2), Smook, G.A., Hnook for Pulp n Pper Tehnologists. (3 r e.). Angus Wile Pulitions, Vnouver, Cn. Vn Dm, J. E. G., Vn Den Oever, M. J. A, Keijsers, E. R. P., Vn Der Putten, J. C., Anyron, C., Josol, F., n Perlt, A., Proess for Proution of High Density/ High Performne Binerless Bors from Whole Coonut Husk Prt 2: Coonut Husk Morphology, Composition n Properties. Inustril Crops n Prouts 24, Wnrosli, W. D., Zinuin, Z., Lw, K. N., Asro, R., Pulp from Oil Plm Frons y Chemil Proesses. Inustril Crops n Prouts 25, Aepte for orl presenttion in CAFEi2014 (Deemer 1-3, 2014 Kul Lumpur, Mlysi) s pper 258.