Petroleum geochemistry in the Amadeus Basin, central Australia

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1 Petroleum geochemistry in the Amadeus Basin, central Australia Amber Jarrett, Chris Boreham, Dianne Edwards and David McKirdy Images from CentralPetroleum.com.au, MIT.edu, plos.org

2 Amadeus Basin

3 Stratigraphy Mereenie, Palm Valley & Surprise gas/oil fields Image from ntnews.com.au HVS source rock

4 Stratigraphy Dingo gas field Image from CentralPetroleum.com.au

5 Stratigraphy

6 Remoteness: A major economic limitation Image from: Potential North east interconnector pipeline to eastern market

7 Petroleum geochemistry

8 Petroleum geochemistry Summons & Powell (1991) (Geoscience Australia) Source rock biomarkers (oil- source characterisation) Ordovician G. prisca Pak & Stasiuk (2010) Can. Pet. Geol. 58, Green Algae

9 Petroleum geochemistry Marshall (2005) NTGS Bulk source rock parameters (source quality and thermal maturity maps)

10 Petroleum geochemistry Marshall (2005) NTGS Bulk source rock parameters (source quality and thermal maturity maps) Surprise oil field (2011)

11 Key (geochemical) questions: 1. Are there petroleum bearing source rocks distal to the major producing fields? Expanding on the work of Marshall plotting GA s legacy source rock data and obtaining new data where required 2. Where are the Ordovician oils and condensates sourced from? Biomarker and isotopic analysis oil-source & oil-oil correlations; new petroleum systems? 3. Where are the gases sourced from? Chemical and isotopic composition - gas-source & gas-oil-source correlation; new petroleum systems?

12 Source rocks

13 Source rocks Seven good to excellent source rocks!

14 Source rocks Mt Winter 2A Mt Winter 2A BMR Henbury 4

15 Source rock summary Together with the oil-prone HVS we have non-ordovician source rocks with fair to good generative potential (new target areas for future research) We still have gaps with our data (non complete sample sets) and a low to no coverage of some intervals/areas Future work to analyse more samples for TOC and Rock-Eval to screen larger sections of the basin systematically. Future work to map out source rocks in GIS format - Australian Source Rock Atlas Project

16 89.96 Oils and condensates Palm Valley condensate UCM n-c 8 n-c 17 Mereenie Oil n-c 19 n-c 8 n-c 17 n-c 19 Surprise Oil Min

17 Oils and condensates- bulk isotopes Palm Valley δ 13 C aromatics Surprise Mereenie δ 13 C saturates Palm Valley Mereenie Surprise

18 Oils and condensates- compound specific C-isotopes n-alkane carbon number C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C Palm Valley (higher maturity) Surprise δ13c ( ) Mereenie West Mereenie 6 East Mereenie 1 East Mereenie 4 Mereenie West 2 East Mereenie 6 East Mereenie 8 East Mereenie 4 Mereenie 1 West Mereenie 15 Palm Valley 1 Surprise 1

19 Oils and condensates- compound specific H-isotopes Palm Valley (high maturity) Mereenie Surprise

20 Oils and condensates: HCA (biomarkers and isotopes) Surprise 1 Mereenie West %C 28 sterane variables %C 29 sterane Mereenie West 6 Mereenie West 15 Palm Valley 3 Palm Valley 1 Mereenie West 1 East Mereenie 1 Palm Valley 2 %C 27 sterane

21 Oils and condensates: HCA (biomarkers and isotopes) West Terrace 2 West Terrace 1 Boundary 1 Wattle 1 Sundown 4 Sundown 1 Meda 1 Lloyd 1 West Kora 1 Kora 1 Janpan North 1 Blina 5 Blina 2 Blina 2 Blina 1 Mereenie West 2 Mereenie West 1 Palm Valley 3 Palm Valley 1 Dodonea 1 Mereenie West 15 Mereenie West 6 Surprise 1 East Mereenie 1 Palm Valley 2 Mirbelia Mississippian Devonian Ordovician variables %C 28 sterane %C 27 sterane ster/hopane Pr/Ph %C 29 sterane Edwards et al. (2013) WABSIII- Canning data

22 Liquid hydrocarbon Summary Three geochemically distinct Ordovician petroleum fields have different isotopic and biomarker signals. Could reflect different sources or in-reservoir processes (e.g. biodegradation) Biomarker evidence suggests variable algal source inputs Need in-depth characterisation of potential source rocks HVS facies Elphinstone (1989)

23 Oil- source rock geochemistry 0.00 n-alkane carbon number C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C Palm Valley δd Mereenie HV Slt SR Surprise

24 Oil-condensate summary Biomarkers and compound specific isotopes suggest different source rock inputs and thermal maturities can distinguish the Palm Valley, Mereenie and Surprise fields. Source rock variations within the Horn Valley Siltstone reflect organic facies variations that may contribute disproportionately to the hydrocarbons in different regions.

25 Gas geochemistry Carbon number CH4 C2 C3 C4 C Mereenie δ 13 C( ) Palm Valley Dingo Palm Valley-1 Palm Valley 9 West Mereenie 15 Dingo 3

26 Gas-oil correlations- Ordovician CH4 C2 C3 C4 C5 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 gas oil n-alkane carbon number δ 13 C ( ) Mereenie gas Ordovician oils- HVS source Palm Valley gas Palm Valley-1 East Mereenie-4 East Mereenie-1 East Mereenie-8 East Mereenie-4 Mereenie-1 West Mereenie-6 Mereenie West-2 East Mereenie-6 Surprise-1 West Mereenie-15

27 Gas-source rock correlation- Neoproterozoic? n-alkane carbon number CH gas extract Johnnys Creek Fm Carbon isotope ratio ( ) Loves Creek Fm Aralka Fm Dingo-3 gas Bitter Springs Group SR m- oil Dingo Gas Source rock data from Jarrett (2014)

28 Thermogenic gas? full isotope reversal δ 13 C 2 - δ 13 C 3 ( ) Barnett Fayetteville NAG OAG W. Mereenie-15 Nth American shale gas Burruss and Laughrey (2010) Zumberge et al. (2012) -10 Palm Valley-1, R o 1.5-2% isotope rollover Dingo C 2 /C 3

29 5 4 Abiogenic gas? quasi-anderson-schulz-flory equation (Tavakoli et al., Chem. Engineer. J. 136, product dist'n in Fischer - Tropsch Type (FTT) reactions ln (mol%)/n) D WM West Mereenie-15 Palm Valley-1 Palm Valley-9 Dingo-3 Magee M PV methane ethane propane n-butane n-pentane carbon number (n)

30 Gas geochemistry Carbon number CH4 C2 C3 C4 C Mereenie end member 1? δ 13 C( ) Palm Valley mixture? Dingo end member 2? Palm Valley-1 Palm Valley 9 West Mereenie 15 Dingo 3

31 Thanks to Junhong Chen, Ziqing Hong, Jacob Sohn, Neel Jinadasa, Prince Palatty, Tamara Buckler, Jamie Lankford (all GA) for technical assistance. We would also like to thank NTGS, Central Petroleum, Esso Australia, Exoil, Magellan Petroleum, Santos for access to samples. Phone: Web: amber.jarrett@ga.gov.au Address: Cnr Jerrabomberra Avenue and Hindmarsh Drive, Symonston ACT 2609 Postal Address: GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601

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