3-4 year research program funded by GeoScience BC, Industry Collaborators NSERC Collaborative Research Development. E. Munson - R.

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1 Petrophysics and hydrocarbon generation, retention and production from ultra-low permeability rocks: HC liquid potential from Western Canadian Shales- a study in progress 3-4 year research program funded by GeoScience BC, Industry Collaborators NSERC Collaborative Research Development E. Munson - R. Marc Bustin

$permeability diffusion fabrics/ fractures$ effective stress reservoir exploration and

2 thickness TOC Porosity HCs in place permeability diffusion fabrics/ fractures effective stress reservoir exploration and development hydrocarbons in place deliverability

3 Shales are heterogeneous rocks at a scale that is difficult to appreciate or quantify and.. strange things happen in small places Hand Spec. Outcrop Light SEM FESEM nm nm 200 nm Background

4 Reservoir Characterization Hydrocarbon: Generation Organic richness Diagenesis Thermal Mechanical Chemical Storage Production Total porosity Surface area Net thickness Matrix permeability Depositional environment Mineralogy Fabric/Texture 4

5 objectives of the study two interrelated components: 1) investigate the fundamental petrophysical properties of low permeability rocks to better understand hydrocarbon retention, storage, and production. 2) apply methods and concepts developed in the first part to quantify the gas and liquids in place, the flow capacities, and liquid production potential of important shale oil reservoirs in Western Canada.

6 People Eric Letham, PhD student Mark LeMessier, MSc Jennifer Owen, MSc Pablo Lacerda Silva Phd Tessa Wilson MSc Amanda Bustin, Research Assoc. Erik Munson, PhD student Armin Hosseinian Post Doc Kristal Li Geo. Tech. Geo. Tech 60% (database management)

7 Petrophysics- Quantifying Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shale Gas and Liquid Reservoirs a) Pore compressibility, Klinkenberg Slip and Effectives stress laws- PhD thesis Eric Letham in progress (Eagle Ford Shale; Muskwa) b) Stress Dependent and Relative permeability of shales (Munson, PhD, 2015) c) Fluid-Rock and Rock-Fluid interaction- MSc thesis Jennifer Owen in progress d) Fracture flow: PDF, A. Hosseinian e) Sensitivity analyses of petrophysical properties Res. Assoc. A. Bustin in progress f) Earth model-state of stress NE. Res. Assoc. A. Bustin in progress

8 Eric Letham PhD student a) pore structures characterisation Relative Permeability Kro Krw Water Saturation

9 Pore Structure Evolution Summary Erik Munson PhD b) permeablility and pore 9

10 Erik Munson PhD a) permeablility and pore Wet Gas Window Pore Structure and Permeability Avg. Perm: Median: 1.8 x10-4 md 9.5 Med x10 TOC -5 md High Qtz Low Carb Variable 10

11 Petrophysics- Quantifying Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shale Gas and Liquid Reservoirs d) Fracture flow: PDF, A. Hosseinian

Liquid Reservoirs c) Fluid-Rock and Rock-Fluid

)- MSc thesis Jennifer Owen recognize damage or

12 Petrophysics- Quantifying Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shale Gas and Liquid Reservoirs c) Fluid-Rock and Rock-Fluid interaction (MONTNEY_ FM.)- MSc thesis Jennifer Owen recognize damage or potential for damage to fluid system and/or reservoir properties by drilling, fracture fluids or leachate

13 Petrophysics- Quantifying Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shale Gas and Liquid Reservoirs d) Sensitivity analyses of petrophysical properties

14 Petrophysics- Quantifying Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbons in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shale Gas and Liquid Reservoirs e) Organic Geochemistry: Muskwa Retained HCs

15 2. Liquids and Gas in Place and Flow Characteristics of Shales in Western Canada PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSES: Basin Modeling and Mapping of Liquids: MSc LeMessueir, MSc Tessa Wilson, PhD Pablo Lacerda Silva - map existing production (public data) - update regional maturation/kerogen types/toc maps- EXbase - collect additional data to fill holes in EXbase - obtain preserved samples from new drills to measure retained hydrocarbons and calibrate retained hydrocarbons in archived samples - measure reaction kinetics of kerogens - build basin model to predict hydrocarbon generation, pressure generation, migration and retention- BASINMOD - Mapping liquids production- - -Assessing metrics that can be mapped- geochemical & petrophysical

16 Prospective Gas/Oil Shales Dunvegan/Shaftsbury Buckinghorse/Moosebar/Wilrich Fernie/Nordegg/Gordendale Montney/Doig Golata, Banff/Exshaw Besa River/Muskwa Tetcho/RedKnife canadian shales

17 NE SW google earth

18 Geothermal Gradient Adapted from Geological Atlas of the WCSB Estimated Reservoir Temperatures, Devonian strata, NE BC

$Muskwa/Otter Park/Evie, Duvernay Nordegg Buckinghorse Shaftsbury Montney fracture or$

19 Muskwa/Otter Park/Evie, Duvernay Nordegg Buckinghorse Shaftsbury Montney fracture or fraced controlled permeability Complexities and Predictions facies controlled permeability

20 Bustin and Bustin, 2016

21 Bustin and Bustin, 2016

22 Artificial Neural Network Models 50% data used to train model (Training Set) 50% data used to assess accuracy of model (External Examination Set) 22

23 Expected Deliverables: Maps of the distribution of strata with liquids production potential Quantification of flow characteristics of the shale matrix to reservoir gases and liquids and differentiation of the relative fluxes due to advection and diffusion, as well as relative permeability Better correlation between laboratory-based measurements and well logs such that well logs may be better calibrated from rock data Quantification of the impact of fluids (drilling and frac fluids) on producibility of the reservoirs (i.e. imbibition, phase blocking, retrograde condensation) Developed of new methods and protocols to screen stratigraphically large sections of the prospective northeastern B.C. shales for optimal zones for laterals and completions for liquids Training of highly qualified individuals

24 support:

Integrating Geomechanics and Reservoir Characterization Examples from Canadian Shale Plays

Integrating Geomechanics and Reservoir Characterization Examples from Canadian Shale Plays AAPG Geosciences Technology Workshops Geomechanics and Reservoir Characterization of Shale and Carbonates July