Detailed CO2 Injection and Sequestration Monitoring Through Crosswell Imaging. Mark McCallum Z-Seis Corporation

Transcription

1 Detailed CO2 Injection and Sequestration Monitoring Through Crosswell Imaging Mark McCallum Z-Seis Corporation

2 Who We Are TomoSeis: Innovators in Practical, Low-Cost Crosswell TomoSeis Division of Core Lab: Z Seis: Continuing the Crosswell Seismic Tradition Improving and Innovating Technology Broadening into Reservoir Seismic Services Z-Seis Canada Ltd formed in 2004

3 Surface Seismic Technique

4 4D Surface Seismic

5 Crosswell Seismic Imaging Crosswell: Moving Seismic Into the Reservoir Top seal Oil Non pay Format ion wat er Sea wat er Perfo rat ions Receivers Transmitters After Ed Stoessel / BP

6 Crosswell Seismic Operations - High-Speed Data Acquisition Wireline Deployed Fluid-Coupled Seismic Source Single-Component Multi-Level (10 or 20) Receiver Array Receiver Array Moved 50 or 100 Ft Level Spacing 2.5, 5 or 10 ft Receiver Array Stationed at Position of Deepest Zone

7 High-Speed Data Acquisition - Processing & Interpretation Each Complete Source Travel Results in a Fan Receiver Array Position of 2nd Fan Properties Structure Advanced Interpretation

8 Raw Data Set From CO2 Sequestration Project Charlton, MI

9 Crosswell Operations Powerful Piezoelectric Source Efficient Multi-level Receivers Typical Operating Envelope: Well depth 20,000+ ft Well spacing ½ mile Temperature 350 F Receivers OD 1-11/16 Source OD 3-1/2

10 Why Crosswell Seismic? Reservoir Coverage 1 mm 10 mm 10 cm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 km.0001% 0.01% 1.00% Maximum Vertical Seismic Resolution Cores Wireline Logs Sonic Logs Geostatistics vs. Data Crosswell Seismic Imaging Increasing Resolving Power Vertical Seismic Profiling 100% 3-D Surface Seismic

11 High Resolution Reservoir Imaging

12 CO 2 EOR and Sequestration Site Selection Reservoir Characterization Cap Rock/Seal Integrity Thief Zone Identification Injection Period Sweep Efficiency Model Fit Problem Identification

13 CO 2 EOR and Sequestration Post Injection Long Term Monitoring Movement of CO 2 Plume Measure Stress Changes in Reservoir

14 Wolfcamp Reservoir Characterization 4 132,957 94, BA 15-BA 8-BA 45, ,720 R-35-E 105,268 R-34-E 7 T-17-S 5 94,508 T-17-S , NCT NCT-1 3 O , ,367 91, , NCT , O NCT-1 105,879 19,452 12,719 4,748 69, O CC 14, , ,315 6 AC-1 137, O NCT-1 137,902 ½ Mile 0 1Mile New Mexico Wolfcamp Reentry Candidate Wolfcamp Producer Wolfcamp Abandoned Producer Horizontal Path Possibilities 10/98 (Revised 04/01) R. Martin Vacuum Field

15 Detailed Architecture Crosswell Seismic: An Outcrop Between Wells Crosswell reveals unexpected complexity in a West Texas Wolfcamp reef. Approximately 650 feet (200 m) Clinoforms and structure observed in outcrops and crosswell seismic compartmentalize the reef. 180 feet Horizontal drilling strategy is made possible by enhanced understanding of reservoir architecture through crosswell seismic.

16 Detailed Architecture Horizontal drilling strategy is made possible by Crosswell reservoir imaging increased production 300%.

17 FACT - Attenuation Coefficient Tomogram Depth (ft) a x10e-03 (sec/kft) Interwell distance (ft)

18 FACT - Q-Values Distribution Depth (ft) Quality Factor (Q) Interwell distance (ft)

19 CO2 Flood Monitoring Chevron, McElroy Field TX Raw Data Provides Evidence of 10% Decrease in Velocity or 10% Increase in Travel Time After Injection of CO 2

20 CO2 Flood Monitoring Chevron, McElroy Field TX Imaging and Monitoring of Reservoirs CO 2 Flood Monitoring Understanding Reservoir Heterogeneity Possible Fault 50 Possible Thief Zone Injector Producer

21 SACROC Location Map Hockley Lubbock Crosby Dickens Wellman Field Terry Lynn Garza Kent S. Brownfield Field Horseshoe Atoll 500' Salt Creek Field Cogdell Field Gaines Adair Field Mungerville Fld Dawson 500' Oceanic Field Good Fld Vealmoor Field Borden Diamond M Fld Von Roeder Fld Hobo Fld Howard Kelly-Snyder Fld Scurry SACROC Unit Sharon Ridge Unit S. Von Roeder Fld Reinecke Field E. Vealmoor Fld 0 20 Miles Midland Basin Oklahoma Texas Modified from Vest (1970)

22 SACROC 3-D Structure Platform (Cross-well Area) Central Plain Southwestern Area

23 Structural Variation: Pinnacle Example Horizontal Layering? Mound Growth? Tower Karst China. Photo courtesy of J.B. Ward, Oxy Permian.

24 Cross-well Line: Log Picks Dip Line SW NE

25 Cross-well Line: One Possible Interpretation Dip Line SW NE

26 Outcrop Vs. Crosswell ~ 1700

27 SACROC Cross-well Project Shales and a Sand 100??

28 Time-Lapse (4D) Example 420 out of Plane

29 Steam Monitoring Applications Steam Assisted Gravity Drain (SAGD) Cyclic Steam Operations

30 ~100m ~50m ~700m

31 Reality: Outcrop of McMurray Sandy IHS ~ o ~30m Cross-bedded Sandstone Paleozoic ~100m

32 Shale Continuity / Channels Zhang, et al, CSEG m 50 m Dip angle ~10º Dip angle ~10º dir: SE to NW dir: SE to NW Upper 80 m U.M. IHS Beds Dip NW: ~12 o Mid. U.M. TO16 M.M. EM13 TO16 Paleo. EM13 M.M. L.M. Paleo Paleo TO16 EM13 TO16 EM13

33 SAGD Monitoring MCMR Top Steam Paleo OB wells drilled only to the Paleo Reflection tomography provides coverage

34 Steam Reflectivity Top Steam Base Steam

35 Time-Lapse Monitoring of Steam Injection Pressure 1. Start injection Time Pressure 2. Peak injection Time Pressure 3. Production Time 100 ft

36 Time-Lapse Monitoring of Steam Injection

37 Monitoring Steam in a Faulted Reservoir > 4 Map View

38 Summary Outcrop scale detail of reservoir architecture Ability to see very small changes in reservoir from optimization processes 400+ Surveys Crosswell is Proven and Reliable Technology