Microdeformation: combining direct fracture height measurement with microseismic response Natalia Verkhovtseva, Greg Stanley
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1 Microdeformation: combining direct fracture height measurement with microseismic response Natalia Verkhovtseva, Greg Stanley Principal Geophysicist Pinnacle a Halliburton service
2 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2
3 Shallow Microseismicity What is it? Bakken example Dohmen et al. SPE Side view of zones of microseismicity in two wells in the Bakken Large amount of activity 800 to 1,000 ft above the Bakken 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3
4 Fracture Height Interpretation How do we interpret the isolated shallow events? Fracturing & fluid movement Hydraulically connected? Stress effects above fracture Shear slippage along interfaces Shear slippage on faults/fractures 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4
5 Vertical Deformation Where is deformation occurring relative to the microseismicity Indicative of fracture dilation Higher probability of proppant placement 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5
6 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6
7 What is a Microseismic Event? Microseisms are micro-earthquakes that originate in an envelope surrounding the hydraulic fracture Increase in pore pressure reduces net effective stress causing preexisting flaws to undergo shear slippage Looking down WELLBORE MICROSEISMS INDUCED BY LEAKOFF MICROSEISMS INDUCED BY STRESS CHANGES NEAR TIP ENVELOPE NATURAL FRACTURES 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7
8 INTERPRETATION is KEY LEAKOFF TENSILE COMPRESSIVE PRESSURE STRESS P f c LEAKOFF P i SHEAR DISTANCE NORMAL TO FRACTURE Map View 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8
9 Offset-Well Microseismic Mapping Microseismic Monitoring is Applied Earthquake Seismology Based on principles known for decades Has been used since Mid-1970 s (Hot Dry Rock) Primary difference is the use of a Downhole Array Treatment Well Observation Distance Depends on Seismic Attenuation and Event Magnitudes Typically 20 3C 15M Observation Well Recorded Events Perforated Interval 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9
10 Locating Microseisms P S Side View Distance Depth P-S Separation P Moveout S Moveout Receivers Event Distance Obtained Primarily From P-S Separation Event Depth Obtained Primarily From Moveout Event Direction Obtained From Wave Particle Motion (Vibration) P-Wave: Always Pointed In Direction Of Wave Propagation (Back To Source) S-Wave: Orthogonal To P Wave Monitor Well P-Wave Particle Motion Microseism 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10
11 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11
12 Principle of Microdeformation Fracture Mapping Induced volumetric changes will produce a measurable deformation of the earth. For a hydraulic fracture, this deformation field is not isotropic. The gradient of the deformation is easily measured with tiltmeters. On the surface or offset well HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12
13 (A) Site: downhole Fracture Perforation interval (A) 552(A) 2552 Fracture Top (TVD): 5543 Fracture Bottom (TVD): 5912 Fracture Height (ft): 369 Depth Relative to Injection Well (feet) (A) 2529(A) 2539(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tilt(uR) 13
14 FracHeight Service new Hybrid MS/Tilt tool No rotation Max rotation Frac top Depth fracture No rotation Max rotation Frac bottom No rotation (-) (+) 0 100um 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14
15 Hybrid (Downhole) Offset Well Technology Deformation (in) Tilt (micro-radian) Fracture covering pay zone Maximum tilt at Fracture top and Bottom bbl fracture 100 ft tall 0.5 in wide Cross-section Absolute tilt magnitude (shown in following figures) frac 100 ft observation well 3200 Rock deformation at 100 ft 3200 Tilt at 100 ft Actual tilt magnitude 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15
16 Changes in Theoretical Tilt Well with DH tilt array Half-length = 200 ft Half-length = 300 ft Half-length = 400 ft Half-length = 500 ft ft Depth (ft) 5000 Height Frac well 300 ft Tilt magnitude (microradians) 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16
17 Changes in Theoretical Tilt 4000 Height = 100 ft 4200 Height = 200 ft Height = 300 ft 4400 Height = 400 ft Well with DH tilt array Depth (ft) Frac well ft Tilt magnitude (microradians) 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17
18 Downhole Microdeformation Mapping H=200ft H=200ft -600 H=400ft -400 H=400ft -800 Depth (feet) Distance=200 ft Distance=400 ft Depth (feet) Distance=360ft Distance=480 ft X=100 ft X=400 ft Tilt(microradians) Tilt(microradians) Half-Length (L=400 ft) Width (W=0.05 ft) X The distance between two DH tilt peaks is mostly a function of fracture height and the distance between fracture and DH tilt array Well with DH tilt array 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18
19 Downhole Microdeformation Mapping Well with DH tilt array HalfLength=1000 HalfLength=1100 HalfLength= ft Depth (ft) Frac well 300 ft Dip= Tilt (microradians) 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19
20 Downhole Microdeformation Mapping Dip=90 N 60 E N 60 W 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20
21 Downhole Microdeformation Mapping Dip=90 N 60 E N 60 W 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21
22 Downhole Tiltmeters: Large Signal Responses X Tilt -106 Movement during breakdown Fracture treatment Y Tilt microradians -112 Difference in slope Tilt magnitude microradians /30 9:40 5/30 9:50 5/30 10:00 5/30 10:10 5/30 10:20 5/30 10:30 5/30 10:40 5/30 10:50 5/30 11:00 5/30 11: /30 11: HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22
23 Tiltmeter Data: Tilt and Fracture Growth No movement in formation, before injection 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23
24 Tiltmeter Data: Tilt and Fracture Growth Injection period, frac growing at a constant rate 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24
25 Tiltmeter Data: Tilt and Fracture Growth Frac no longer growing tools not mapping closure (leakoff) 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25
26 Tiltmeter Data: Tilt and Fracture Growth Frac closing after shutdown: tools need to be close to fracture 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26
27 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27
28 Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool (DHT + MSM) microseismic Tiltmeters are deployed in a nearby observation well on single conductor wireline (hybrid fiber) Standard oilfield centralizers or magnetic decentralizers (hybrid decentralizers) Move tiltmeter string to capture multiple stages Data can be acquired in real time to provide results during injection 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28
29 Fracture Height Versus Downhole Tiltmeter Data 4400 M-Site Comparison of tiltmeter and microseismic data DEPTH (ft) B SAND ALONG FRACTURE LENGTH (ft) Linear gel minifracs 2 identical injections 400 bbl 22 bpm DEPTH (ft) FE ft 5B data 6B data Inverted tilt fracture height Microseismic depth histogram HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TILT (microradians) Frequency
30 Microdeformation Principle of a Tiltmeter A tiltmeter is like an extremely sensitive carpenter s level When the sensor tilts the resistance between the electrodes changes excitation electrodes gas bubble glass case conductive liquid pick-up electrode It can measure tilt down to approx 1 nanoradian. 1 billionth of a radian or approximately one thousandth of a millimeter per km 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30
31 FracHeight Tools 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31
32 Integrating Diagnostics Microseismic Monitoring + Microdefomation Monitoring Plan View Two unique views of the fracturing process Downhole microseismic array Downhole tiltmeter array Observation Well Microseismic & Tilt Value Proposition See where actual deformation is occurring relative to microseismic activity Obtain actual fracture height Sensitive to volume % (i.e. multi-zone fracs) Potential indicator of fracture half-length Observe deformation time history Calibrate fracture and reservoir Model Side View 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32
33 Downhole Tiltmeter Assessment of Height Growth Hybrid tools with both microseismic and tiltmeter monitoring provide additional information Where actual deformation is occurring Likelihood of hydraulic connectivity Possibility of horizontal shear displacement Hybrid tools Side view Microseisms Tilt Plan view 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33
34 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34
35 FracHeight Example 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35
36 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 36
37 Real Data Examples: Magnitude Bias 750 from the toolstring 500 from the toolstring Mismatch between MS and Tilt Good correlation between MS and Tilt *Small magnitude events are not detected at 750 from the toolstring: wrong interpretation about fracture height can be made 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 37
38 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 38
39 Outline Introduction Microseismic processing background Downhole (Hybrid) Microdeformation Mapping Integrated Diagnostics: FracHeight Tool Real Data Examples Summary and Conclusion 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39
40 Microdeformation & Microseismic Microdeformation responds to a fundamentally different mechanical process than does Microseismic. Microseismic Locates and characterizes small shear displacements liberated by a reduction in normal stress or induced by frac related strains. This is often a secondary process often associated with fracture growth. Microdeformation Characterizes the deformation field directly produced by fracture growth. It is relatively unaffected by fluid motion that is not parting rock. It s the differences that can produce a more complete understanding of treatment behavior HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40
41 Microdeformation Summary Tilt observes a unique geomechanical response to fracturing See where the fluid is going Powerful independent diagnostic and microseismiccompliment Complex & horizontal fracturing Aseismic fracturing detection Volumetric placement (aerial w/ STM, vertical w/ DHT) See where deformation is occurring relative to microseismicity Indicative of fracture dilation Fracture height determination Higher probability of proppant placement 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41
42 Microdeformation/MS Conclusion Microdeformation confirms fluid placements within formation Fracture geometries based only on MS data are only valid for the most representative/closer stages Gaps in the MS data can be related to lack of MS events not the lack of fluid 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42
43 Thank you 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43
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