7. What do Earth scientists study? The processes that make and shape the Earth

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1 Geo Science Final Exam 1 st Semester Review Guide NAME: Complete the following review guide accurately and completely. Use this guide to help you prepare for your final exam. Guide is due on final exam day. All information is in your books and/or your notes. I have asked you to save notes from the beginning of the year. If you have notes missing all PowerPoint s are posted on the class website for your use. Section One- Nature of Science, Scientific Method, Geo Science. Use chapter one of your textbooks and pages in the back of your textbooks. 1. What part of an experiment is kept the same for each trial? Control 2. List and describe each part of the scientific method. Identify the Problem Research the Problem/Make Observations Form a Hypothesis Create and Perform an Experiment Analyze the Data Communicate Results OR- Modify the Experiment and Start Over 3. What does Earth Science study? Earth science studies the group of sciences that deals with Earth (geology, oceanography, and meteorology) and its neighbors in space (astronomy). 4. What are the four main branches of Earth Science and what does each one study? Geology- studies the earth and its history Oceanography- studies the composition and movements of seawater; coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life Meteorology- studies atmospheric processes, weather, and climate Astronomy- studies the universe 5. What is quantitative data? What is qualitative data? Quantitative data- data you can physically count; numerical data Qualitative data- descriptive data that deals with the 5 senses 6. What is a scientific law? What is a scientific theory? Scientific law- a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe. Scientific theory- an idea that is well-tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and explains observable facts. 7. What do Earth scientists study? The processes that make and shape the Earth 8. Define independent and dependent variable. Independent- the variable that the scientists manipulate Dependent- results from the manipulation of the experiment

2 9. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below. After learning about recycling, members of John s biology class investigated the effect of various recycled products on plant growth. John s lab group compared the effect of different-aged grass compost on bean plants. Because composition is necessary for release of nutrients, the group hypothesized that older grass compost would produce taller bean plants. Three flats of bean plants (25 plants/flat) were grown for 5 days. The plants were then fertilized as follows: (a) Flat A: 450 g of 3-month-old compost, (b) Flat B: 450 g of 6 month-old compost, and (c) Flat C: 0 g compost. The plants received the same amount of sunlight and water each day. At the end of 30 days the group recorded the height of the plants (cm). a. What is the independent variable in this study? The age of the compost b. What is the dependent variable? The height of the plants c. In this study is the scientist approaching the problem in a qualitative way or a quantitative way? Explain. Quantitative because they are collecting numerical data. 10. How can the study of science impact society? The most significant impact of science on society is in specific sectors, such as information, communication, physical sciences and energy 11. Define hypothesis. Define theory. Hypothesis- a prediction based on research of what a scientist thinks is going to happen in an experiment. Scientific theory- an idea that is well-tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and explains observable facts. 12. Can scientific theories and laws change? Explain. Yes they can be changed. A hypothesis that is tested over and over without being contradicted can become a law or principle. All other competing hypotheses must be eliminated for this to occur. If a scientist finds evidence that contradicts a hypothesis, law, or principle, then the law, hypothesis or principle must be changed or abandoned. 13. How does a scientific hypothesis become a theory? When a hypothesis has survived extensive testing and when competing hypotheses have been eliminated, a hypothesis may become a scientific theory. 14. What are the 2 main sources of energy for the Earth system? Earth s core and the sun 15. What is the difference between an observation and an inference? Be able to determine if a statement is describing and observation or an inference. Observation- Any factual information collected with the senses Inference- Conclusions or deductions based on observations; they may be influenced by prior knowledge 16. If a hypothesis is tested and is shown to be accurate what is it called? theory 17. When means for measurement were first invented what were used as standards? The first measurement system was the metric system in the 18 th century. 18. In reference to the ladder method of converting units what does each of the following letters stand for? K H D B d c m

3 Kilo-Hecta- Deca- BASE- deci- centi-milli 19. Use the ladder method to convert the following. a: 50 cm = meters b: 1 liter = ml 50 cm= 0.5 meters 1 liter= 1000 ml 20. How are mass and weight different? If you went to the moon, would your mass change? Would your weight change? Mass- a measure of the amount of matter in an object Weight- a measure of the attraction between two objects due to gravity Your weight on the moon may differ due to the amount of gravity, however your mass will always be the same. 21. Describe the steps of the scientific method? see Question 2 Earth Chemistry- Use your notes and chapter 2 of your textbook to answer the following. 22. What does the atomic theory of matter state? 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. 23. What are the 8 most abundant elements in Earth s crust? Oxygen- 46.6% Silicon % Aluminum- 8.1 % Iron- 5.0 % Calcium- 3.6 % Sodium- 2.8 % Potassium- 2.6 % Magnesium- 2.1 % 24. What is the most abundant element in Earth s crust? Oxygen % 25. What are the building blocks of minerals? Elements 26. What is an atom? An atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element. 27. What is the central region of an atom called? The nucleus 28. What are the 3 subatomic particles and in what part of the atom are they located? Protons- positively charged particles in the nucleus Neutrons- neutrally charged particles in the nucleus

4 Electrons- negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus 29. What is an isotope? Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of an element. 30. How is the mass number of an atom determined? The mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. 31. What is the atomic number of an element? The number of protons and element has. 32. How do compounds differ from mixtures? Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. Mixtures are two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. 33. What are the 3 main types of chemical bonds? Ionic- formed between positive and negative ions. Covalent- formed when atoms share electrons. Metallic- formed when electrons are shared by metal ions. 34. What is a mineral? A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals and Crystals- Use Chapter 2 of your text and your notes. 35. Why is ice in a glacier considered a mineral, but water from a glacier is not? An ice glacier is considered a mineral because it is solid while water from the glacier is not. 36. Describe the ways in which a mineral can be formed? (precipitation, crystallization, etc) 1. Crystallization from magma- as magma cools, elements combine to form minerals. 2. Precipitation- if water from lakes, rivers, ponds, and oceans evaporates, some of the dissolved substances can react to form minerals. 3. Changes in pressure and temperature- an increase in pressure can cause a mineral to recrystallize while still solid- the atoms are rearranged to form more compact minerals. 4. Hydrothermal solutions- when hydrothermal solutions come into contact with existing minerals, chemical reactions take place to form new minerals. 37. Where would mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures most likely occur? (lava flow, ocean, cave, deep within Earth) Deep within the earth 38. What is Mohs Scale used to help determine? Mohs Scale is used to determine the hardness of minerals. 39. How are minerals classified? Minerals are classified by their chemical composition.

5 40. What is a crystal? A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. 41. What element(s) would the mineral type oxides contain? Oxides contain oxygen. 42. Minerals that have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron are classified into which group of minerals? Any mineral containing the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron are classified as silicates. 43. Draw a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. 44. Minerals in the sulfate and sulfide groups contain which element? They contain the element sulfur. 45. What is the most common mineral group in Earth s crust? Silicates are the most common mineral group in Earth s crust (oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements). 46. What properties are used to identify minerals? Color, Streak, Luster, Crystal Form, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, and Density are the properties used to identify minerals. 47. Color is the least useful in identifying minerals. Why? Color is the least useful because different minerals can be the same color and be easily confused. 48. What causes differences in color among minerals? Color within minerals can vary depending on other elements present within the mineral. 49. What is density? Ratio of an objects mass to its volume D= M/V 50. Calculate the density of a mineral with a mass of 41.2g and a volume of 8.2cm 3? D= M/V D=41.2g/8.2 cm 3

6 D=5.02g/ cm How might you determine if a sample of gold is pure? Test it for its density. 52. What determines properties of a mineral? Properties of minerals are determined by composition and structure. 53. What is luster? How light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. 54. What is cleavage? What is fracture? Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave or break along flat, even surfaces. Fracture can be described as the uneven breakage of a mineral. 55. What is lava? What is magma? Lava is when magma reaches the Earth. Magma is molten rock that occurs deep within the Earth. 56. List 5 of the seven physical properties used to identify minerals. Color, Streak, Luster, Crystal Form, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, and Density are the properties used to identify minerals. Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Use notes and Chapter 3 of your textbook. 57. What are the three types of rocks? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 58. How are the three types of rocks classified? They are classified by how they form. 59. Draw and label a sketch of the rock cycle. (use the Earth science textbooks for this) 60. How are metamorphic rocks formed?

7 Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks have changed due to temperature and pressure increases or those undergo changes in composition. 61. Where does the energy come from which drives the rock cycle? The sun and Earth s core 62. What type of rock formation is powered by the sun? Sedimentary rocks 63. What is the energy source for igneous and metamorphic rocks? Earth s core 64. What is an intrusive igneous rock? What is an extrusive igneous rock? An intrusive igneous rock forms below the Earth s surface and it cools slowly and forms large crystals. An extrusive igneous rock forms when lava cools at or near the Earth s surface and cools quickly and forms small crystals. 65. When large masses of magma solidify beneath Earth s surface what type of crystals will the rock have? Large crystals 66. When lava cools very quickly so that the crystals do not have time to arrange themselves what texture will the rock have? Small crystals 67. Basaltic magma is dark in color and granitic (which contains lots of silicates) is light in color. If a rock forms from basaltic magma that cools slowly underground what would the resulting rock look like? It will be dark in color and have large crystals present. 68. As the cooling rate of a rock increases the size of crystals that form. Increase/get larger 69. How are conglomerate rocks formed? Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock formed from rounded gravel and boulder sized clasts cemented together in a matrix. 70. Put the following processes for sedimentary rock formation in the correct order- (deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, and weathering). Weathering, deposition, erosion, cementation, compaction 71. How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed? When dissolved minerals precipitate from water solutions. 72. How are clastic sedimentary rocks formed? Made of weathered bits of rocks and minerals

8 73. Using the table on page 79 of your text answer the following. a. How is rock gypsum formed? (need to use answer to 49 to help with this) i. formed by the evaporation of solutions such as seawater. b. What type of rock is composed of very fine crystalline quartz? Chert and flint c. How would you classify a course grained rock with angular fragments? Breccia d. A clastic sedimentary rock with particles that are 1.5 mm in diameter would be classified as. Sandstone 74. Where would a sedimentary rock with ripple marks have formed? The rock may have formed along a beach or stream bed. 75. Where do metamorphic processes take place? A few kilometers below Earth s surface and extend into the upper mantle. 76. What is the primary agent for contact metamorphism? Hot magma moving into the rock. (HEAT) 77. What changes may occur during metamorphism? In geology this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to pressures and temperatures 78. What is a foliated metamorphic rock? A metamorphic rock that that has a layered or banded appearance. 79. Explain the rock cycle by describing how and igneous rock can become a sedimentary rock, then a metamorphic rock, then an igneous rock again. Igneous rocks get weathered down and eroded into sediments. These sediments get compacted and cemented together to form a sedimentary rock. When sedimentary rocks undergo extreme heat and pressure they form metamorphic rocks. When metamorphic rocks melt down into magma and that magma cools, they form back into igneous rocks again. Fossils and Geologic Time- Use notes and chapter 12 of your book for this section. 80. What do sedimentary rocks record? 81. Define- index fossil, cast, mold, petrification, mummification, amber Index fossil- fossils that are widespread geographically, are limited to a short span of geologic time, and occur in large numbers. Mold- created when a shell or other structure is buried in sediment and then dissolved by underground water; only shows the shape and surface markings of the organism. Cast- created if the hollow spaces of a mold are later filled with mineral matter. Petrification- Mummification- Amber-

9 82. In what type of rock would you most likely find evidence of past life forms? Sedimentary rocks 83. Which of the following could be recorded in the rock record? (civil war, occurrence of sun spots, volcanic eruption, lunar eclipse) Volcanic eruptions 84. What does the Law of (or principle of) Uniformitarianism state? The forces and processes that we observe today have been at work for a very long time. 85. According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, an intrusive rock body is (older, younger) than the rocks into which it intrudes. Younger 86. What is relative dating? Tells us the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago. 87. What does the law of superposition state? States that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it. 88. In what type of rock are most fossils found? Sedimentary 89. What type of fossil is petrified wood? Altered remains 90. What type of fossil are the footprints of a dinosaur? Trace fossil 91. Circle which of these would be most important for an organism to become a fossil- (rapid burial, slow burial) (hard parts, soft parts) Rapid burial and hard parts 92. What is an index fossil and how is this type of fossil beneficial to geologists? Fossils that are widespread geographically, are limited to a short span of geologic time, and occur in large numbers. These are important because they help match rocks of the same age. 93. What is a half-life of a radioactive sample? Half-life: the amount of time necessary for one half of the nuclei in a sample to decay to its stable isotope. 94. Atoms that have the same atomic number (# protons) and different mass numbers (# protons + # neutrons) are called? Isotopes

10 95. If you began with a 10g sample of a radioactive parent isotope and the sample went through 2 half lives, how much of the parent isotope would remain? 2.5 g 96. Radiometric dating is possible because the rates of decay of radioactive isotopes (are constant or vary widely). Circle the correct one Constant 97. If you were to date an igneous rock what does the date tell you (when it was eroded, when it was formed, or relative age of the rock). Circle the correct one. Relative age of the rock 98. Radiocarbon dating can be used to date up to years ago. 75,000 years 99. What is the current recognized age of Earth? 4.6 billion years 100. What is an index fossil? Fossils that are widespread geographically, are limited to a short span of geologic time, and occur in large numbers 101. Describe some of the ways fossils can form- cast, mold, petrification, mummification, and in amber. See question What is latitude and longitude? Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator measure in degrees. Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian measured in degrees Where is the prime meridian located? The prime meridian is located at 0 degrees longitude and runs through Greenwich, England How could you distinguish 2 points 35 degrees north of the equator using map coordinates? (one site is in North America and the other in China) If both points are at 35 degrees north, to determine each coordinate, you should map their longitudes as well What type of map shows differences in elevation? Topographic map 106. What does a Mercator projection show? Mercator projections show directions accurately; they distort sizes and distances On a topographic map, contour lines that form a circle indicate what? They represent a hill A map has a scale of 1:24,000. What does that mean?

11 This means that 1 unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units on the ground Know how to find a contour interval, index contour, and elevations on topographic maps. The following are general characteristics of contour lines: 1. Contour lines do not cross each other, divide or split. 2. Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes, conversely, contour lines that are spaced far apart represent gentle slopes. 3. Contour lines trend up valleys and form a "V" or a "U" where they cross a stream. Contour line - connects points of equal elevation Elevation- distance below or above sea level The difference in elevation between side-by-side contour lines is the contour interval Contour lines marked with their elevation are index contours Contour lines close around hills and basins (hachures point down) Contour lines never cross Contour lines form V s that point upstream whenever they cross streams. If the contour lines are close together, then that indicates that area has a steep slope If the contour lines are far apart, then that indicates the land has a gentle slope (low slope A depression, such as the inside of a dead volcano, is represented by Hachure lines. Hachure lines are regular contour lines with small segments sticking out from it. The first hachure like is at the same elevation as the contour line before it. Contour lines form V s that point upstream when they cross a stream. It is important to remember that they point in the opposite direction as the flow of water.