Geoinformatika, smjer: istraživački studij geografije, 5. i 6. semestar

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1 Geoinformatika, smjer: istraživački studij geografije, 5. i 6. semestar Dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić, izv. prof. Geografski odsjek PMF-a Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

2 Različitost vektorskih modela podataka Spaghetti model Shapefile (ArcView/ArcGIS; ESRI) Topološki model (npr. Coverage) Triangulated irregular network (TIN) Dime files i TIGER files Digital Line Graph (DLG) Mrežni model (Network model) Drugi: HPGL, PostScript/ASCII, CAD/.dxf

3 ESRI GIS - Razvoj Arc/Info (coverage model) Verzije 1-7 from Arc Macro Language (AML) 160,000 licenci 1,200,000 korisnika 2009 ArcGIS (geodatabase model) Verzije 8.0,, OD Python scripting ArcView (shapefile model) Verzije 1-3 from Avenue scripting language

4 GIS modeli podataka File-based and Databased Geodatabase Features Workspace Images Coverages Tins Grids Shapes Tables Grids Images Relationships Rules Tables One Repository Izvor: ESRI,

5 Geo-relacijske baze podataka Stari klasični pristup Coverages - ArcInfo (INFO database) Javno dostupni shapefiles ArcView 3.2 (dbiv database) Temelji se na točki, liniji, poligonu Rasterski podaci (GRIDS) i TIN (za 3D) u zasebnim datotekama Geodatabase GIS User SDE Novi pristup Zamjena za coverage, podržava: Simple features (jednostavni elementi): točke, linije, poligone Complex features (složeni elementi): entiteti iz stvarnog svijeta modelirani kao objekti sa svojstvima, ponašanjem, pravilima, odnosima ArcView - simple features Personal Geodatabase (osobna) Jednokorisničko uređivanje Pohranjena kao xxx.mdb datoteka Max 2GB & 250,000 objekata po sloju Multiuser Geodatabase (višekorisnička) Više korisnika istovremeno editira (versioning) ArcSDE koristi se kao middleware za pohranu u standardnim bazama podataka: ORACLE, MS SQL Server, db

6 Modeli podataka Razine apstrakcije u GIS-u Geodatabase - Približavanje fizičkog modela logičkom bliže našem shvaćanju svijeta Stvarnost Ljudski orijetiran Apstrakcija Konceptualni model Logički model Kompjutorski orijentiran Fizički model Izvor: Longley i dr

7 Geodatabase model podataka Jedinstveni repozitorij raznovrsnih prostornih podataka u jednoj bazi Unos i uređivanja podataka točnije (pridržavanje pravila validation rules) Korisnici umjesto da rade s generičkim elementima (točkama, linijama, poligonima) sada mogu raditi s objektom njihovog interesa (cestama, jezerima i dr.). Intuitivni objekti.

8 Geodatabase model podataka Pokušava se pridati objektima pametno ponašanje i omogućava vrlo širok koloplet međusobnih odnosa. Pravila ugrađena u softver (domain, validation rules i dr. funkcije u ArcInfo-u). Pisanje pravila u softverskom kodu nužno samo kod složenijih specijalističkih pravila. Kontekstualnost ako se neki element izbriše što se događa sa njime povezanim elementima može se definirati

9 Geodatabase model podataka Bolje kartografsko modeliranje (bolje karte) može se sofisticiranije definirati metode prikazivanja (kroz pravila prikazivanja, npr. različita mjerila različitost prikaza) Dinamičnost objekata prilikom prikaza (reakcija na promjene u prikazu susjednih elemenata)

10 Geodatabase model podataka Oblik elemenata bolje definiran ( Bezierova krivulja) Veliki broj entiteta moguće prikazati u tom modelu (kontinuitet nije potrebna prostorna podijeljenost) Više korisnika može istovremeno uređivati podatke

11 Geodatabase model podataka Može sadržavati: Vektorske podatke Rasterske podatke TIN model podataka Adrese i lokatore

12 GEODATABASE (geobaza podataka) Pohranjuju se lokacijski (geometrijski) podaci i atributivni podaci u jednoj bazi (tablici) Feature classes (geografski objekti istog geometrijskog tipa točka, linija, poligon) Feature dataset skupina geografskih objekata koji dijele isti koordinatni sustav (feature classes + tables) Mogu se definirati odnosi između objekata (npr. država i administrativne jednice, ili kupci i informacije o računu relationship class) Elektrodistribucijska mreža može biti organizirana kao mreža (kao skupina objekata koja se sastoji od niza objekata vrsta) točke i linije s izgrađenom topologijom

13 Geodatabase

14 Geodatabase (gdb) Feature datasets Spatial Reference Object classes and subtypes Feature Classes and subtypes Relationship classes Network Topology Planar topology Domains Validation Rules Anatomija Geobaze podatka Geodatabase može sadržavati: feature datasets, rasterske podatke, TIN podatke, lokatore Feature datasets vektorski podaci (geometrijski podaci) Svi podaci u jednoj grupi vektorskih podataka (single feature dataset) dijele isti prostorni koordinanti sustav Raster Datasets rasters TIN datasets nodes, edges, faces Locators addresses x,y locations Zip codes place names route locations

15 Geodatabase i Feature Dataset geodatabase je relacijska baza podataka koja pohranjuje geografske informacije. feature dataset (grupa vektorskih podataka ) je skupina objekata koji su pohranjeni u istom koordinatnom sustavu

16 Geodatabase model Pohranjuju se geografske koordinate kao atribut (shape)u relacijsku bazu podataka MS Access za Personal Geodatabase (single user) Oracle, SQL/Server, db2 ili dr. komercijalne relacijske baze podataka za Enterprise Geodatabases (mnogo korisnika istovremeno) Shape

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18 ArcGIS Geodatabase Workspace Geodatabase Feature Dataset Feature Class Geometric Network Relationship Object Class

19 Odnos (relationship) Odnos - veza između dva objekta u bazi podataka Odnos između prostornih objekata (features in feature classes) zgrada povezana s parcelom prostornih i neprostornih objekata parcela povezana s vlasnikom neprostornih objekata (objects in object classes) vlasnik parcele povezan s matičnim poreznim brojem

20 Odnos Odnos između neprostornih objekata Podaci o Kvaliteti vode Parametri Kvalitete vode

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24 ArcGIS Geodatabase Workspace Geodatabase Feature Dataset Feature Class Geometric Network Relationship Object Class

25 Geodatabase - Koraci u izgradnji

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