GEOSPATIAL BASED ANALYSIS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES FOR RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY FROM BHUTAN

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_10_087 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed GEOSPATIAL BASED ANALYSIS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES FOR RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY FROM BHUTAN SS.Asadi Associate Dean Academics & Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur(D.t), A.P, India M.V.Raju Assistant Professor, Dept. of.civil Engineering, Vignan s University, Vadllamudi, Guntur (Dt), A.P, India M.Sujatha Associate Professor, Division of Ecology and Environment, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur(D.t) A.P, India K. Rajyalakshmi Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur(D.t) A.P, India ABSTRACT Topographical information is required for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, urbanization and many other developmental activities satisfying human needs. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools could be helpful in getting the precise and valuable spatial information in understanding and predicting the future trends. The main objective of the study is to topographical characteristics in the study area and to develop methods for its efficient utilization of resources. The study area is Woochu, Paro District, Bhutan laying between Longitude: 89º20 to 89º26 E Latitude: 27º21 30 to 27º24 30 N covering the Survey of Bhutan Toposheet no 78E/7 with scale 1:50000 and Multi-Spectral imageries from Land sat 7 (TM), RADAR (SRTM) data and IRS-1D, LISS-III geocoded Satellite data are acquired as primary and secondary data for analysis. Interpretation techniques are used to preparation of different thematic maps by applying both pre- interpretation, ground truth and post visual interpretation technique. The interpreted maps Topology is created by linking the spatial data file and attribute data file The study of topographical characterization of an area is useful to plan the basic minimum needs of farmers, thereby improving editor@iaeme.com

2 Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan their socio-economic conditions and helps in evolving a broad national policy which can be applied by decision makers for sustainable development of any given area. Keywords: topographical futures, characterization, Sustainable development RS &GIS. Cite this Article: SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi, Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(10), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION In recent years the advancement in satellite and computer technology along with different models and basis. Some of the parameters are we can abstract the attributed datas for the required applications with the help of RS and GIS softwares that will immensely benefit for proper determination of of it leads to a proper quantification of the catchment water balanc components and thereby proper assement of the hydrologic behaviors of the catchment. In this study, study of run off from sub watershed catchment of Woo-chu area located in Paro Distrct, Bhutan has been assessed using catchment water balance method. This component of water balance were derived using ground based data collected from concerned offices. While the sattelite images were used for derivation of various components for preparation of base map, interipatation and analysis.woochu water shed area is located at the slope ranging from gentle slope to very steep slope where there is no potential of exploring ground water. Due to the mountainous and steep terrain of the country, most of the rainfall immediately flows as surface runoff despite the significant vegetation cover and adequate annul rain fall. While water resources are seemingly abundant with the stream flowing through the middle of the catchment area, there have come signs of water scarcity as more people put increasing pressure on the scarce and erratic waters for irrigation and drinking purposes. A significant portion of the agricultural lands depend on the seasonal rainfall due to there is no proper conservation of runoff (excess water) during seasonal and more over this area being located in the hills, the stream flowing in deep gorges joining with main river PA CHHU is out of reach and the lack of flat terrain also limits the utilization of water for irrigation 1.1 Description of Study Area The study area is located in Luni Geog under Paro Dzongkhag (refer Fig.1). The watershed extends from Pa Chhu in the east to Chelela in the west and the Paro Haa highway passes through the watershed. The watershed is located between 27º 22 6 and 27º N and between 91º and 91º E. The survey area covers about 2810ha (about acres). The study area stretches from an altitude of about 2240m asl (above sea level) near the Pa Chhu to about 3910m asl, which is about 2.0km NW upslope along the ridge of Chelela Pass. It falls within a wide range of climatic zones, stretching from warm temperate to sub-alpine. The survey area has approximately equal cover of cool and cold temperate zones, with broadleaf forest as the dominant natural vegetation along the later stages of Jew Rongchhu and coniferous forest on the surrounding hill slopes. The survey area has predominantly southerly and northerly aspect editor@iaeme.com

3 SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. To extract and understand the topographical characteristics of the study area for effective management and future development 2. To create spatial digital database consisting of, Base Map, Slope Map, Drainage, Aspect map, View Shed Map, Digital Elevation Model Map, Soil Map. Using satellite data, SOB toposheets and ground data on ARC/INFO GIS platform 3. METHODOLOGY The two types of data products are spatial data and non-spatial/attribute data. The spatial data comprised of drainage, base details, slope maps. The non-spatial or attribute data is composed of rainfall, geology, topography, climate, soil data and cropping pattern and crop water requirement in Bhutan, all those had been collected from the various departments. In this study the steps involved in deriving all these data products, the sources of the data acquisition and the ways transforming these data products which are suitable to GIS software are discussed Data Collection The GIS data used in this study are classified as Topographical data, Thematic data, Field data, Collateral data. The topographical and thematic data are classified as spatial data and the field data and collateral data as attribute data. The details of these types of data products are discussed below. Spatial data: The spatial is derived from satellite sensing system and survey of Bhutan topo-sheets. Survey of Bhutan topo-sheets are 78E/7 on 1:50,000 scale. Figure.1 Figure 2 LAND SAT data editor@iaeme.com

4 Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan 3.2. Collateral Data The collateral data is acquired from various offices of the Government Organizations in Bhutan like Department of Agriculture, Meteorology Department, Survey of Bhutan and National Soil Service Center, MoAF, Bhutan. In the present study four different sources are used to collect the required data. The four sources are remote sensing satellite systems, survey of Bhutan topo-sheets, related Government and private agencies for existing data products and field surveys for collection of primary data products. In transforming this raw data to data compatible to GIS, care is taken for appropriate level of data precision and accuracy. Building Digital Database: The database development consumes substantial resources particularly, in the initial stages of system development. The geographic information databases are developed from multiple sources and by a variety of methods, namely, digitization, scanning and automated digitization, coordinate geometry (COGO), remote sensing, SOB topo maps and other sources. Data Creation: In GIS, topology is the term used to describe the geometric characteristic of objects, which do not change under transformations and are independent of any coordinate system. The topological characteristics of an object are also independent of scale of measurement. Topology as it relates to spatial data and non-spatial data consists of three elements, namely adjacency, containment and connectivity. Broadly, topology can be explained in two ways. Topology consists of metric aspects of spatial relations, such as size, shape, distance and direction. Many spatial relations between objects are topological in nature, including adjacency, containment and overlap. The geometric relationship between spatial entities and corresponding attributes are very crucial for spatial analysis and integration in GIS. In topology creation both the spatial and attribute data are linked from which different parameter maps are generated. These maps depict the special distribution of non-spatial information on spatial locations. Digital Thematic Mapping: Using the image interpretation key, preliminary interpretation of satellite imagery is carried by transferring the features from base map on to the transparency. This transparency with base line data feature is then overlaid on the satellite imagery. Then the features of thematic maps are extracted and transferred from the satellite pictorial data. Data Integration: The work schedule gives the following principle steps involved. 1) Collection of toposheet from survey of Bhutan(1:50,000 scale) 2) Data from satellite imagery LAND SAT 3) Delineation of the study area and conversion of raster data into vector data. 4) Preparation of thematic maps with the help of secondary data and primary data. 5) The above data is then exported to ARC GIS /INFO and further processed in ArcView GIS software to create digital database for subsequent data analysis. Study of the thematic maps and their application in obtaining values for resources management in this study area editor@iaeme.com

5 SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Thematic Map Figure 3 Methodology flow chart Base Map For our study purpose the base map of our study area was generated from the toposheet acquired from Survey of Bhutan. This base map was extracted from the Toposheet no. 78E/7, scale 1:50000, year The area is locatated between 27º 22 6 and 27º N and between 91º and 91º E. It covers an area about 2810ha (about acres).the basic information like contour interval of 40m, settlements, highway (Paro-Ha), stream called Jewrongchu and few landuse/land classification were given.( figure 4) editor@iaeme.com

6 Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan Drainage Map The difference in drainage density are commonly attributed to difference of rainfall relief, infiltration capacity of the soil terrain, and initial resistive of the terrain to erosion. Smith(1950) and Strahler (1957) described the drainage density value less than 5 as coarse, between 5 to 13.7 as medium, between 13.7 to as ultra-fine. High drainage density indicates low infiltration, high run off, high relief and impermeable stratum. In this study area the drainage density is coarse which indicates the area is vulnerable to high infiltration and low run off. The drainage network has been created from the Base Map in GIS Arc Map. The main outlet joins into the Pachu River, besides this main outlet other nine suboutlets has been generated at various elevation [ fig.5] which will be useful for identifying the location of Check Dam. Table 1 Stream Density, Drainage density and Average stream slope Sl No Item Quantity Unit 1 Stream Density 26 Nos/Km 2 2 Drainage Density Km/Km 2 3 Average Stream slope 13% Percentage (%) editor@iaeme.com

7 SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi Slope Map Slope aspect and altitude are important terrain parameters from land utilization point of view. Among the three, slope is very vital one for land irrigability and Land capability assessment. The water shed is divided into five slope categories as shown in table 2, fig.6 The maximum percentage is being covered with the very steep sloping followed by steep sloping. For the moderately sloping the area consist of 0.46km 2, can be convert into the agriculture land by developing contour bund. Contour bunding in areas with open forest and slope 30 60%. Afforestation in areas with open vegetation cover. Intense Agriculture in areas with high drainage and favorable soil. Table 2 Distribution of slope classes in study area Type of slope Slope in % Area (sq.km) Gently Slope Moderately sloping Strongly sloping Steep Sloping Very steep sloping > Aspect map Aspect identifies the steepest down slope direction from each cell to its neighbors. Aspect map was prepared from DEM map as shown in Figure.7. The data obtained from the aspect map is used in the fully distributed modeling. In the study area maximum area coverage is Northeast aspect followed by Southeast. The agriculture land under Woochu area is being partly covered by northeast and southeast aspect editor@iaeme.com

8 Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan View Shed Map View shed identifies the cells in an input raster that can be viewed from one or more observation points. Each cell in the output raster receives a value that indicates how many observer points can be viewed from each location. If one observer point is available, each cell that can see that observer point is given a value of 1. All cells that cannot see the observer point are given a value of 0. View shed map has been developed from DEM using Arc Map of Arc GIS 9.3 in 3D analyst as shown in Fig.8. The view shed map can be used for flood mapping of the study area. Digital Elevation Model Digital Elevation Models are the spatial data created from the base map (topo sheet or satellite image) that contain the elevation of the terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed grid interval over the "Bare Earth". The intervals between each of the grid points will always be referenced to some geographical coordinate system. This is usually either latitude-longitude or UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate systems. The closer together the grid points are located, the more detailed the information will be in the file. The details of the peaks and valleys in the terrain will be better modeled with small grid spacing than when the grid intervals are very large. Elevations other than at the specific grid point locations are not contained in the file. As a result peak points and valley points not coincident with the grid will not be recorded in the file. Figure editor@iaeme.com

9 SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi DEM-derived products are Terrain roughness Sampling density (elevation data collection method) Grid resolution or pixel size Interpolation algorithm Vertical resolution Terrain analysis algorithm Common uses of DEMs include: Extracting terrain parameters Modeling water flow or mass movement (for example Landslide) Creation of relief maps Rendering of 3D visualizations Creation of physical models (including raised-relief maps) Rectification of aerial photography or satellite imagery Reduction (terrain correction) of gravity measurements (gravimetry, physical geodesy) Terrain analyses in geomorphology and physical geography Soil Map The drift parent materials of the soils are mainly colluvial in origin as evidenced by angular to sub-angular boulders and stones found on the surface and within escarpment edges such as break of slopes and cuttings by the roadside. However, alluvial deposits are also a common sight at the foot of the watershed. This was evidenced by the presence of sub-rounded to rounded stones and gravels. Figure editor@iaeme.com

10 Geospatial Based Analysis of Topographical Features for Resources Management: A Model Study from Bhutan Sl. No. Table 3 Classification of Soil for study area Types of soil Name of place Area covered 1 Fine Sandy Loam Woochu Km 2 2 Fine sandy Clay Loam Chundu Km 2 3 Sandy Clay Loam Tajosa Km 2 4 Fine Sandy clay Loam Jiphu Km 2 5 Deep peat with Brown clay loam Nashi Km 2 6 Grey Loam with grey fine sandy loam Changna Km 2 7 Dark greyish Loamy Zarchu Km 2 8 Dark Brown loam Gangulu Km 2 9 Dark Grey Silt Kila 4.13 Km 2 10 Black Silt Soil Chelela Km 2 REFERENCES: Unit Total Area covered Km 2 [1] Gautam, N.C. and Narayanan, L.R.A. (1983). Landsat MSS data for land use / land cover inventory and mapping: A case study of Andhra Pradesh. J. Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 11 (3): [2] Jaiswal, R.K., Saxena, R. and Mukherjee, S. (1999). Applications of remote sensing technology for land use / land cover change analysis. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 27(2): [3] Minakshi, Chaurasia, R. and Sharma, P.K. (1999). Land use / land cover mapping and change detection using satellite data a case study of Dehlon Block, District Ludhiana, Punjab. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 27(2): [4] Obi Reddy, G.P., Suresh Babu, R. and Sambasiva Rao, M. (1994). Hydrogeology and hydrogeomorphological conditions of Anantapur district, using remote sensing data. Indian. Geog. Jour., 69(2): [5] Perumal, A. (1990). Hydromorphological investigation in parts of Athur Valley, Tamil Nadu, India, using remote sensing data. Ph. D Thesis (unpublished) University of Roorkee. [6] Prithviraj, N. (1980). Geomorphic studies in Sarada river basin, Visakapattanam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D Thesis (unpublished), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India editor@iaeme.com

11 SS.Asadi, M.V.Raju, M.Sujatha and K. Rajyalakshmi [7] Vaidyanathan, R. (1964). Geomorphology of Cuddapah basin. Jour. Indian Geosciences Assoc., 4: [8] Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development- Indian Perspective., U.R. Rao, Natural Resources Management- a new perspective, first edition, [9] Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.T., Roach, J.t. and Witmer, R.E. (1976). A Landuse and Landcover Classification system for use with Remote Sensor Data, USGS Prof. Paper No. 466: [10] Bhan, S.K. Bhattacharya, A., Guha, P.K. & Ravindran, K.V. (1991) IRS-1A applications in Geology and Mineral Resources, Curr.Sci., Special Issue, 61, (3 & 4) 247. [11] R.S. Rao, G. Meher Baba, G.V.A. Ramakrishna and A.Nageswara Rao, ( 1997), Natural Resources development and management using remote sensing techniques: A case study of R allavagu watershed, A.P., India, National Symposium on Remote Sensing for Natural Resources with special emphasis on infrastructure development, 1997 [12] SS. Asadi, B. Harish kumar, M. Sumanth, P. Sarath Chandra, T. Eswar Rao, Evaluation of soil quality using Geospatial technology, International Journal of Applied Chemistry. ISSN Volume 12, Number 1 (2016) pp [13] SS.Asadi, P. Neela Rani,B.V.T.Vasantha Rao and M.V.Raju, Estimation of Ground Water Potantial Zones Using Remote Sensing and Gis: A Model Study, International Journal Of Advanced Scientific Research And Technology Issue 2, Volume 2 (April 2012) Issn: [14] SS.Asadi, Rakesh Kumar Yadav, Yettapu Sai Sruthi, Sanjay Yadav, Gauri Shankar Sah, Land Sliding Zones Identification Using Remote Sensing And Gis: A Model Study From Pokhara To Kurintar, Prithvi Highway, Nepal, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN Volume 10, Number 8 (2015) pp [15] SS. Asadi, Padmaja Vuppala, K. Santosh Kumar and M. Anji Reddy, Evaluation And Mapping Of Groundwater Prospects Zone Using remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Jour. of Geophysics January-April-July & October 2009,Vol. XXX No.1-4, pp 63 to 7. [16] Sunil, S S Asadi and Reddy S R K Geospatial Analysis of Rampant Urban Sprawling In Seismically Fragile Zones and Its Adverse Scenarios in The Western Part of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com