AP Human Geography AP Review Guide

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Judith Whitehead
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1 AP Human Geography AP Review Guide People and Models Carl Sauer - American geographer who was an authority on desert studies, tropical areas, the human geography of American Indians and agriculture and native crops of the New World. Thomas Malthus Wrote his An Essay on the Principle of Population in He looked negatively or a Dystopian view of the world. He stated in his essay that "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. Meaning: people will have to die before agriculture can catch up. He had two solutions; positive ones, which raised the death rate, and preventative ones, which lowered the birth rate. The positive checks included hunger, disease and war; the preventative checks, abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage, and celibacy." Ester Boserup Opposed Malthus. A Danish economist and writer Wrote The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. She argued population determines agricultural methods. Main premise: necessityis the mother of invention. Difference between her and Malthus; Malthus, shortage of food, people will die; Boserup, Shortage of food, people will find ways to increase productivity through workforce, machinery, fertilizers She also looked at women s role in economic development in third world countries. Below is a graph of her agricultural model Von Thunen Land Use Model Developed his Land use model.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Jean Gottman Responsible for the term Megalopolis. Washington to Boston; a group of large metropolitan areas closely linked together.

Developed in the 1920s based on observations of Burgess. He established the Concentric Zone Model to describe the divisions of the city.

2 Jean Gottman Responsible for the term Megalopolis. Washington to Boston; a group of large metropolitan areas closely linked together. Boston, MA; Worchester, MA; Hartford, CT; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Wilmington, DE; Baltimore, MD; Washington, DC. Ernest Burgess Responsible for the Burgess Model; A.K.A. Concentric Zone Model. Developed in the 1920s based on observations of Burgess. He established the Concentric Zone Model to describe the divisions of the city. As he CBD (Central Business District) expanded, it put pressure on the zone immediately next to it, known as the Zone of Transition. He concluded that the closer you were to the city, the poorer you were. Homer Hoyt developed the Sector Model. Developed in 1939, Hoyt realized that Burgess was correct about his theories, however low-income housing was also located along railroads and business along business thoroughfares. Basically, you will find low-income housing along railroads and expressway (highways) because wealthier households don t want to be located along them due to pollution, noise and

traffic making them less desirable to live in. So these create a sector thus eliminating parts of the manufacturing zone of the CBD and creating wedges.

They saw that bigger cities would develop with substantial suburban areas and some suburbs were operating like smaller CBDs. Smaller business districts acted like nodes or nuclei of activity.

3 traffic making them less desirable to live in. So these create a sector thus eliminating parts of the manufacturing zone of the CBD and creating wedges. Harris & Ullman - Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed the Multiple Nuclei Model. All three are located to the right. They saw that bigger cities would develop with substantial suburban areas and some suburbs were operating like smaller CBDs. Smaller business districts acted like nodes or nuclei of activity. CBD is the center with light manufacturing along the transportation routes and heavy industry would be on the outside and surrounded by low-income families. John Borchert One of the original Urban Geographers. the University of Minnesota, was asked by the Minnesota Highway Commission to look at the land development around the Twin Cities. He analyzed and mapped the development during the post-war boom and aided in the construction of the highway around the city. So At land Chistaller, Walter Developed the Central Place Theory. Central-place theory attempts to illustrate how settlements locate in relation to one another, the amount of market area a central place can control, and why some central places function as hamlets, villages, towns, or cities. The primary purpose of a settlement or market town, according to central-place theory, is the provision of goods and services for the surrounding market area. Such towns are centrally located and may be called central places. Settlements that provide more goods and services than do other places are called higher-order central places. Lower-order central places have small market areas and provide goods and services that are purchased more frequently than higher-order goods and services. Higher-order places are more widely distributed and fewer in number than lower-order places.

4 Larry Ford Along with Ernst Griffin, developed the Griffin-Ford Model. They looked at Latin American cities and the blend traditional elements of Latin American culture with globalization forces that are shaping the urban scene, combining both sectors and Concentric zones. Jami The principal mosque and the most dominant feature of the traditional Islamic city. It is the center of worship, educatioin and welfare functions. As cities grew, new smaller mosques are built towards the edge of the city, but far enough from the Jami and each other where noise cannot be heard. Kasbah the fortress or citadel containing palace buildings, baths, barracks, and its own small mosques and shops. The Traditional Islamic Cities are walled for defense and have several lookout towers and the Kasbah. Colin Renfrew British scholar who theorized the diffusion of Proto-Indo-European hearth and agriculture. Three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, Fertile Crescent gave rise to three language families. He claims that from Anatolia (Turkey) diffused Europe s Indo-European Languages; from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent came the languages of North African and Arabia; and from the Fertile Crescent s eastern arc ancient languages spread into present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India later to be replaced by the Indo-European Languages. Wilbur Zelinsky responsible for defining and mapping the different vernacular regions of the United States and southern Canada as well as the major religious regions of the United States. Walt Rostow Developed the Rostow Model, the classic model of development for countries he stated that all countries must pass through 5 stages. Model of economic growth suggesting that all countries pass through a series of stages of development as their economies grow. US economist Walt Rostow presented this model in 1960 following a mainly European-based study. Rostow described the first stage of development as traditional society. This is defined as subsistence economy based mainly on farming with very limited technology or capital to process raw materials or develop services and industries. Preconditions for take-off, the second stage, are said to take place when the levels of technology within a country develop and the development of a transport system encourages trade. During the next stage, take-off, manufacturing industries grow rapidly, airports, roads, and railways are built, and growth poles emerge as investment increases. Stage four is termed the drive to maturity during which growth should be self-sustaining, having spread to all parts of the country, and leading to an increase in the number and types of industry. During this stage more complex transport systems and manufacturing expand as transport develops, rapid urbanization occurs, and traditional industries may decline. In Rostow's final stage, the age of mass consumption, rapid expansion of tertiary industries occurs alongside a decline in manufacturing. Ravenstein dealt with migration and why people voluntary migrate. Studied internal migrationin England, and from it be proposed several laws of migration. Law 1: Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration; Law 2: The majority of migrants move a short distance; Law 3: Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations; Law 4: Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas; Law 5: Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. He also stated the number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases. (early forms of the gravity model, BUT HE DIDN T DO THE GRAVITY MODEL!!!)

5 Alfred Weber - German Economist; created the Least Cost Theory, which created a model for the location of manufacturing plants. Remember Triangles!! Standard theory; Weight-Gaining (Cars); Weight- Reducing (Potato chips); Brick-Bunny (making a bunny out of Bricks and feathers). ********Draw them in the space below********* Friedrich Ratzel developed the Organic theory. It stated that a state, which is an aggregate of organisms (humans), would itself function and behave as an organism; basically extreme form of environmental determinism. Basically, he argued a state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and decline to death. In order for it to survive it needs nourishment, in our case more territory which ratzel called lebensraum. If the borders are permanent and static the state would atrophy. Gravity Model A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them. Population 1 X Population 2 Distance ² World Systems Theory Immanuel Wallerstein developed the system which illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. The three-tier structure is the division of the world into the core, the periphery and the semiperiphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy. Core Processes that incorporate high levers of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy. Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy. Semi-periphery Places where Core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. Harold Mackinder Developed the Heartland Theory which is a geopolitical hypotheses stating that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasia interior, its ruler would command the vast heartland to the east.

GEOGRAPHER REFERENCE SHEET

GEOGRAPHER REFERENCE SHEET Unit Nature / Perspectiv es Geographers, Historians, Economists Jared Diamond (1937- ) Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997); geographic luck (environmental determinism) Carl Sauer (1889-1975)