Razvoj GIS-a i GIS softvera
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1 Razvoj GIS-a i GIS softvera Geoinformatika, smjer: istraživački studij geografije, 5. i 6. semestar Dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić, izv. prof. Geografski odsjek PMF-a Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
2 Pregled razvoja GIS-a 2 osnovna razloga širenja primjene GIS-a danas: Cijena hardvera Svaka odluka koju donose pojedinci, tijela, institucije jest prostorno uvjetovana (promet, tržište, poslovanje tvrtki, prostorno planiranje) 80 % informacija prostorno su aspektirane GIS dominantna tehnologija koja služi rješavanju geografski uvjetovanih problema Prvi GIS u širem smislu nastao kada i prva karta (prvi analogni GIS) Najraniji izvor razvoja GIS-a razvoj tematske kartografije Mnogi su planeri i prije koristili GIS ručno preklapajući tematske slojeve (grafo folije i sl.) Primjer :Jacqueline Tyrwhitt u svojoj knjizi o prostornom planiranju iz 1950.
3 Preklapanje slojeva SOLUTION MASK SOILS PARKS URBAN FOREST Figure 1.3 Map overlay as presented in Design with Nature by Ian McHarg. Each transparent layer map blacked out areas excluded as unsuitable locations. Izvor: Clark, K. (2001.)
4 Za razvoj GIS-a bio je važan razvoj digitalne kartografije i CAD-a (Computer Aided Design, kompjutorski podržano oblikovanje) i sustava za upravljanje bazama podataka (Data Base Managment System DBMS) što je bilo uvjetovano padom cijena računalne tehnologije kasnih 60-ih g. Waldo Tobler objavio jednostavni model aplikacije računala u kartografiji (MIMO model map in map out) Taj model i danas definira osnovne postupke u GIS-u (unos, upravljanje i analiza, ispis)
5 US Census Bureau uvodi DIME (dual independent map encoding) sistem kodiranja kao eksperiment u digitalnoj kartografiji i upravljanju podacima. Rezultat toga bile su GBF datoteke (geographic base files) integracija karte i podataka kasnije zamijenjeni : TIGER (Topologicaly Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing)l
6 Canada Geographic Information (CGIS) Minnesota Land Management System (MLMIS) Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory System in New York (LUNR) Harvard University - ODYSSEY značajan utjecaj na razvoj poglavito zbog svoje topološke arc-node (vektor) strukture podataka Od 80-ih se GIS počinje razvijati odvojeno od CAD-a
7 GIS-Razvoj Faze razvoja danas 1990te (kraj) 1990te (sred.) mobilni GIS, LBS Telekommunikacije, Internet, Multimedija generiranje novih korisnika: Web-GIS, Geoportal, Desktop GIS, digitalna kartografija, Nastajanje tržišta geopodataka 1980te (kraj) 1970te (kraj) otvoreni sistemi: Workstations (UNIX), Mikrocomputer (PC) brzi porast korisnika Pionirska faza: Kompjutorska grafika početni proboj GIS-a Izvor: Asche, 2002.
8 GIS-Razvoj Trendovi prije 10 godina GIS pretežno usmjeren na razvoj proizvodnje karata stručne specifične zbirke geopodataka Specijalizacija tržišta neznatni porast viša cijena po kupcu Stanje i razvoj geoinformacije integrirane u IS raspoloživost u svim situacijama i medijima integracija prostornih baza podataka opće korištenje golemo tržište Prilagođavanje specifičnim potrebama povoljna cijena Geoinformacije: specifična strukovna uporaba Geoinformacije: masovni proizvod Izvor: Asche 2002.
9 Krajem 80-ih i početkom 90-ih GIS ulazi u zrelu fazu razvoja U 80-im pojavljuju se mnogobrojne verzije GIS programa Danas se GIS integrira s GPS sustavom Internet omogućio nove pravce razvoja GIS je došao na Word Wide Web kao Web GIS Mobilni GIS Location Based Services (LBS)
10 GIS softver Organizacija Komponente, Obilježja, Trendovi
11 Programi skup postupaka koji služe obradi digitalnih podataka u računalu Operativni softver Aplikacijski softver (korisnik ostvaruje interakciju s programom) GIS programi Najčešće na CD/DVD medijima Shareware (pokusni period) Liteware (shareware s nekim ograničenim mogućnostima) Freeware (slobodni softver ali s restrikcijama vezanim uz autorska prava) Public domain softver (slobodan bez ograničenja) Open source softver (postoji osnova koja se bez ograničenja može usavršavati i dograđivati) otvoreni kod Internet postaje glavni medij softverske distribucije
12 Softverski sustavi Arhitektura GIS softverskih sustava Organizacija prema projektima, odjelima ili tvrtkama (ustanovama) Trokomponentna struktura - graphical user interface (grafičko korisničko sučelje), alati, pristup i obrada podataka.
13 Software Komponente GUI-primjene user interface applics Alat za modeliranje Geo tools Izlaz output Prikaz display Prilagođavanje customisation Krajnji korisnik-primjena Softverski sustavi Glavni funkcionalitet Transformacija translation Uređivanje editing Analiza analysis Pristup podacima data access Prost. ref. sust. spatial ref Vektor vector Raster raster Upravljanje podacima Upravljanje p. data manager DBMS DBMS LONGLEY et al. (2001) Mreža network opcija: Sustavi za upravljanje bazama podataka
14 Softverski sustavi Arhitektura Desktop GIS A - sve tri komponente instalirane na PC (nepovezano svaka licenca za sebe) B server sa podacima (sharing files) kojima se pristupa kroz lokalnu mrežu LAN (Lokal area network), ali GIS funkcionalnost na osobnom računalu (prvotno instalirani GIS u kompjutorskoj učionici na našem Odsjeku prije 5 godina)
15 Softverski sustavi Arhitektura Serverski GIS (klijentskoposlužiteljski) Kad postoji više korisnika, u radnim grupama ili odjelima, tri osnovne komponente mogu biti instalirane na različitim mjestima (npr. GUI i alati na PC, a softver za upravljanje bazama podataka na drugom mjestu u mreži) Kod ovog tipa korisnik postavlja zahtjev za podacima ili procesiranjem tih podataka koji se rješava na serveru Desktop GIS i serverski GIS veliki dio GIS funkcionalnosti nalazi se na osobnom računalu LAN Lokal area network WAN Wide area network Komunikacija korisnik-server može se odvijati i preko Interneta, ali najčešće lokalnom mrežom
16 Softverski sustavi Arhitektura Za razliku od prijašnjim tipova softverskih sustava na centraliziranim sustavima GUI i alati se nalaze na centraliziranom serveru (aplikacijski server) Centralizirani desktop GIS Posebni dio sofvera instaliran na aplikacijskom serveru koji omogućava korisnicima da koriste GIS softver preko LAN ili WAN (kao da se softver nalazi na PC) Centralizirani serverski Komunikacija se odvija preko središnjeg servera (više od 10 servera i stotine ili čak tisuće korisnika)
17 Software Arhitektura > Pregled Stacionarna GIS arhitektura GIS za stručnjake: Standardni-GIS, Geodataserver, Geodatabase Desktop GIS: upravljanje podacima (uređivanje i aktualiziranje) Web-GIS (Internetski GIS): Obrada, bez uređivanja i aktualiziranja Mobilni GIS Pregled, obrada, aktualiziranje bez GPS uključuje GPS, LBS Primjeri GIS softvera (ESRI) Server-GIS: ArcSDE (Gateway za standardni RDBMS), ArcIMS (Publiciranje na Intranetu/Internetu) ArcSDE (od 9.2. integriran u ArcGIS for server.) Desktop-GIS: ArcGIS
18 Softverski sustavi Pregled Korisnici + Web-GIS + Cijena GIS-Preglednici Komponentni-GIS Mobilni GIS Desktop-GIS - GIS za stručnjake - Funkcionalnost LONGLEY et al. (2005)
19 Softverski sustavi Skupine programa Proizvođač GIS za stručnjake Desktop-GIS Mobilni GIS Komponentni-GIS Web-GIS GIS-Preglednik Autodesk ESRI Intergraph Mapinfo AutoCAD/World ArcGIS/Arcinfo GeoMedia Pro MapInfo Prof. World ArcGIS/Arcview GeoMedia MapInfo Prof. OnSite ArcPad (razvija se) MapXtend (integrirano) MapObjects (integrirano) MapX, MapJ MapXtreme MapGuide ArcIMS GM Web Map GM Enterprise MapXsite AutoCAD LT ArcExplorer GM Viewer ProViewer Serv. baze pod. Vision ArcSDE (Oracle Spatial) SpatialWare CAD AutoCAD MAP ArcCAD (integrirano) (integrirano) modificirao ASCHE prema LONGLEY et al. (2005)
20 Softverski sustavi Korisnici GIS za stručnjake Desktop GIS Mobilni GIS Komponentni-GIS Web-GIS procjena broja korisnika modificirao ASCHE prema LONGLEY et al. (2005)
21 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja Profesionalni GIS (GIS za stručnjake) (Professional GIS) Tip: Najviši stupanj GIS funkcionalnosti Funkcionalnost: Prikupljanje podataka, uređivanje podataka Upravljanje bazama podataka Opširno modeliranje i analitičke funkcije Specijalizirana funkcionalnost/specijalizirani alati Korisnici: GIS stručnjaci (npr. Geoinformatičar, Informatičar) Cijena individualne licence ( ): Primjeri: Arcinfo/ArcGIS (ESRI), Smallworld (GE Small-world)
22 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja Stolni GIS (Desktop GIS) Tip: standardni softverski sustavi s ograničenom funkcionalnošću Funkcionalnost: Korištenje podataka (manje prikupljanje) Prikaz podataka, vizualizacija Standardne operacije/alati Korisnici: GIS korisnici (primjena) (npr. geografi, prostorni planeri, ekonomisti, vojska) Cijena individualne licence ( ): Primjeri: ArcView (ESRI), GeoMedia (Intergraph), Map-Info Professional (Mapinfo), Idrisi (Clark Lab), Mappoint (MS)
23 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja Mobilni GIS (Handheld GIS) Tip: tanki softverski sustavi za mobilni terenski rad Funkcionalnost: usporediv sa desktop GIS-om Upiti Prikaz podataka Jednostavne analize Posebnost: Program, podaci u radnom prostoru Korisnici: GIS korisnici (primjena) (npr. geografi, prostorni planeri, ekonomisti, vojnici) Cijena individualne licence ( ): Primjeri: OnSite (Autodesk), ArcPad (ESRI), Scout (GE Smallworld)
24 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja Komponentni GIS (Component GIS) Tip: Softverski različit GIS funkcionalitet Funkcionalnost: Specifično GIS programiranje Umetanje GIS funkcionalnosti u druge aplikacije upiti, prikaz podataka (slabija kartografska vizualizacija) Korisnici: GIS stručnjaci, GIS korisnici Cijena ( ): po aplikaciji Primjeri: MapObjects (ESRI), MapX (Mapinfo)
25 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja GIS Preglednici Tip: Pregled GIS podataka i osnovni upiti; Funkcionalnost: Pregled podataka Upiti Bez editiranja, modeliranja, analize Korisnici: GIS korisnici (primjena), GIS laici Primjeri: Arcexplorer (ESRI), Geomedia Viewer (Inter-graph),
26 Softverski sustavi Tipovi > Obilježja Web GIS (Internetski GIS, Web GIS) Tip: softverski sustavi na Web serveru funkcioniraju putem web pretraživača Funkcionalnost: Pregled i prikaz podataka upiti Standardne operacije: obrada podataka, analize, kartografska vizualizacija Posebnost: medij koji omogućava najširi krug distribucije Korisnici: GIS stručnjaci, GIS korisnici, GIS laici Cijena jedne licence ( ): Primjer: Mapguide (Autodesk), ArcIMS (ESRI), Geo-media Web map (Intergraph), Mapxtreme (Mapinfo) Arc IMS je od verzije 9.2 integriran sa ArcSDE
27 GIS softver: Najznačajnije kompanije ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA Vodeći softver na tržištu (oko 1/3 tržišta) Komercijalni GIS (prvi softver: ArcInfo iz 1981.) Dvije glavne Koristi se naročito u upravi, obrazovanju, komunalnim službama, čisto GIS poslovnoj sferi kompanije MapInfo, Troy N.Y. Pojavio se u ranim 1990-im, sada se probio Prisutnost u poslovnoj sferi, posebno u građevinarstvu i telekomunikacijama Intergraph (Huntsville, AL) Ishodište u CAD softveru Softver GeoMedia je bio prvi pravi na Windows-ima utemeljen GIS Uspješan u konstruiranju, javnom sektoru, i komunalnom sektoru, Bentley Systems (Exton, PA) MicroStation GeoGraphics, razvijan zajedno s Intergraphom, Tehnički sektor geoengineering, geodezija Autodesk (San Rafael, CA) Razvoj počeo kao PC temeljen CAD, Prvi proizvod: AutoCAD Map predstavljen Sitnija poduzeća
28 Open source GIS softver GRASS GIS QUANTUM GIS (QGIS) SAGA GIS MapWindow GIS ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) od 1. srpnja gvsig GIS softver u Java jeziku Jump GIS
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