Lecture 1 Introduction to GIS. Dr. Zhang Spring, 2017

Transcription

1 Lecture 1 Introduction to GIS Dr. Zhang Spring, 2017

2 Topics of the course Using and making maps Navigating GIS Map design Working with spatial data Geoprocessing Spatial data infrastructure Digitizing File geodatabases Geocoding Interactive maps Map Animations Map layouts Spatial analysis 3D GIS Proximity analysis Raster analysis Analyzing Spatial data Network analysis Data mining Spatial regression

3 Outline GIS overview GIS data and layers GIS applications and examples Software overview GIS Tutorial 1 overview 3

4 Lecture 1 GIS OVERVIEW

5 What is GIS? Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computerized systems designed for the storage, retrieval and analysis of geographically referenced data GIS uses advanced analytical tools to explore at a scientific level the spatial relationships, patterns, and processes of cultural, biological, demographic, economic, geographic, and physical phenomena 5

6 Unique capabilities of GIS GIS stores related geographic features in separate collections of files called map layers Map layers can be reused easily and assembled into any number of map compositions and overlaid for analysis 6

7 GIS answers the following Location: What is at...? Where is it? Condition: Status of features? Trends: What has changed since...? Patterns: What spatial patterns exist? Modeling: What if? 7

8 Scale of GIS data Global to local 8

9 Vector data Map features Points, lines, polygons Feature attributes Every feature has attributes (e.g. name, area, population) Shape Name Class Pop2000 State Point New York City 8,008,278 NY Point Los Angeles City 3,694,820 CA Point Chicago City 2,896,016 IL 9

10 Raster Data Stored electronic image or picture taken as an aerial photograph or satellite image Composed of a rectangular array of square cells, called pixels, with a number in each cell representing the solid color fill of that cell 10

11 The evolution of GIS Computerized Years Early Years Specialized Years Connect & Collaborate Special thanks to Eric Hoel, Matt McGrath, and Graig Gillgrass of ESRI, UC 2009

12 Early years 1960s Roger Tomlinson Father of GIS Canadian Geographic Information System First computerized GIS Assisted in regulatory procedures of land-use management and resource monitoring 12

13 Early years 1960s Howard T. Fisher Harvard Graduate School of Design Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis Important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed 13

14 Early years 1960s Jack Dangermond Environmental science and landscape architecture degrees (Havard GSD, 1969) Founded ESRI with wife Laura in

15 Early years 1960s and 1970s GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Space based positioning, navigation and timing system U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) 15

16 Specialized years (1980s and 1990s) Desktop GIS applications released ArcINFO (ESRI) Map Info ArcGIS (ESRI) Mapguide (Autodesk) Bentley Map, PowerMap (Bentley Systems) Geomedia (Intergraph) Smallworld (GE) Grass, udig, URDAS 16

17 Current and future GIS Desktop GIS Advanced analysis and geoprocessing tools Mobile GIS GIS web solutions ArcGIS Online ArcServer Google Earth Bing maps 17

18 Lecture 1 GIS DATA AND LAYERS

19 GIS example Identify polluting companies and their proximity to populations in poverty, water features, or schools Start with Databases Map layers 19

20 Databases Not easy to interpret 20

21 Data shown as GIS layers 21

22 Political features Municipalities 22

23 Physical features Lakes, rivers, etc. 23

24 Administrative data Schools 24

25 Interactive GIS Identify features on map 25

26 Interactive GIS Select features in table and map 26

27 Proximity selections Polluting companies near water 27

28 Buffers Schools and children within 2 mile buffer of polluting company. 28

29 Statistics to support visuals US Census data (tracts within pollutant buffers) The mean percentage of total population in poverty in these tracts is 23.25% as opposed to 9.54% who are outside of these tracts. The mean percentage of children under the age of 18 living in poverty within these tracts is 26% as opposed to 11.74% of children living in poverty who are outside of these tracts. The mean median income of the tracts whose centroid is within the top/multiple polluter buffers is $29,290 as opposed to a mean median income of $53,690 for those outside of these buffers. 29

30 Statistics to support visuals Schools There are 25 schools within the top/multiple pollutant buffers. The total enrollment of these schools is 1754 students. Of these schools, there are 1.9% Native American, 7.3% Asian, 25.3% Black, 8.2% Hispanic, and 20.7% White students. This supports racial inequalities found by environmental justice projects. 30

31 Lecture 1 GIS APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES

32 GIS Industries 32

33 GIS examples Instructor could add examples specific to their industry or teaching here 33

34 Lecture 1 SOFTWARE OVERVIEW

35 ArcMap (Desktop GIS) Main menu Standard toolbar Table of contents Map document window Identify results window Tools toolbar 35

36 Map documents (.mxd) extension Points to layers Saves layer colors, symbology, etc. 36

37 Tutorial 1-1.mxd Two layers USCities (red points, restricted to major cities) USStates (yellow polygons) 37

38 Adding map layers Separate files added to a map document 38

39 Geodatabases The geodatabase is a "container" used to hold a collection of datasets (GIS features, tables, raster images, etc). Country layer World.gdb Graticule layer 39

40 ArcCatalog Arranges and manages geographic information in workspace folders and geodatabases. 40

41 ArcToolbox Advanced tools with form-based input by users 41

42 Lecture 1 GIS TUTORIAL 1 OVERVIEW

43 Part I Using and making maps Chapter 1: Introduction Learn the basics of working with existing GIS data and maps Chapter 2: Map design Learn how to create maps Chapter 3: GIS outputs Learn how to build and export maps using GIS data, map animation, and ArcGIS Online 43

44 Part II Working with spatial data Chapter 4: File geodatabases Learn how to create geodatabases and import data into them Chapter 5: Spatial data Explores the basic data types used within GIS and then shows how to use the Internet to gather GIS data Chapter 6: Geoprocessing Perform spatial analysis using geoprocessing tools Chapter 7: Digitizing Learn how to digitize vector data and transform data to match realworld coordinates Chapter 8: Geocoding Learn how to map address data as points through the geocoding process 44

45 Part III Analyzing Spatial Data Chapter 9: Spatial analysis Use buffering points for proximity analysis, conduct site suitability analysis, use multiple ring buffers for calibrating a gravity model, use data mining with cluster analysis Chapter 10: ArcGIS 3D analyst Introduces ArcGIS 3D Analyst, allowing users to create 3D scenes, conduct fly-through animations, and conduct line-of-sight studies Chapter 11: ArcGIS spatial analyst Introduces ArcGIS Spatial Analyst for creating and analyzing raster maps, including hillshades, density maps, site suitability surfaces, and risk index surfaces 45

46 Chapter structure Tutorials Multiple tutorials in every chapter Include step-by step exercises Your turns Reinforce the skills learned in the step-by-step exercises Advanced assignments Found at the end of each chapter. Provokes critical problem-solving skills 46

47 Data \EsriPress\GIST1\Data\ Map layers, file geodatabases, data tables, etc. 47

48 Maps \EsriPress\GIST1\Maps\ Map documents Starting place for tutorials 48

49 MyAssignments \EsriPress\GIST1\MyAssignments\ Empty folders Location to save end of chapter assignments 49

50 MyExercises \EsriPress\GIST1\MyExercises\ Location to save tutorial exercises 50

51 FinishedExercises \EsriPress\GIST1\MyExercises\ FinishedExercises Completed exercises from each chapter 51

52 Summary GIS overview GIS data and layers GIS applications and examples Software overview GIS Tutorial 1 overview 52

53 Lab and Assignments 1. Lab: 1-1 to 1.9 Assignments: 1-1 to 1.2 Due : 2/6/