Georeferencing. Where on earth are we? Critical for importing and combining layers for mapping
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1 Georeferencing Where on earth are we? Critical for importing and combining layers for mapping
2 1. The Geoid Earth is not a perfect sphere, it is ellipsoidal.. earth is the 'Geoid'. The difference between the length of the two axes = the amount of 'polar flattening' is about 1/300 (0.3%)
3 Name Official Ellipsoids (from J. Snyder, Map Projections--A Working Manual) Date Equatorial Radius a (metres) Radius b (metres) Polar Flattening WGS ,378,137 6,356, / GRS ,378,137 6,356, / WGS ,378,135 6,356, / International ,378,388 6,356, /297 Clarke ,378, ,356, / Everest ,377, ,356, /300.8 Each ellipsoid has defined a 'Datum' = "a set of values that serve as a base for mapping" For Canadian and North American mapping, the two most important are: a. North American Datum, NAD27 (1927) based on Clarke 1866 b. North American Datum, NAD 83 (1983) based on GRS80 / WGS 1984 NAD27 was the datum for topographic mapping over most of the 20th century; NAD83 is the datum for contemporary digital mapping and GIS data collection. The two can differ by up to 70 metres (x) and 170 metres (y) Topo 101:map datum
4 2. The Earth's Graticule Latitude and Longitude The graticule is the imaginary grid of lines running east-west (lines of latitude = parallels) and north-south lines of longitude (meridians). The system was first devised by Hipparchus ( BC)
5 Latitude Latitude = the angle formed between the equatorial plane and a line from the centre of earth to the location e.g. Prince George is at 54 N, Quesnel is at 53 N Latitude is 0 on the equator, 90 (N and S) for the poles. Latitude was measured thousands of years ago using the height of the sun at noon, or by the north star position. 1 degree = 60 (minutes) 1 = 60 (seconds)
6 Longitude Longitude = based on the arbitrary 'prime meridian' running through Greenwich, England = 0 longitude Longitude ranges from 0 to 180 W and 180 E (the same line). Prince George = 123W Lines of longitude converge at the poles World Time zones are based on longitude one hour zone per 15 degrees longitude (=24 zones/ hours per 360 longitude) Longitude : a book by Dava Sobel
7 Latitude and Longitude Length of One Degree of Longitude Length of a Degree of Latitude Latitude Kilometres Miles Latitude Kilometres Miles 0º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º º degree graticule intersections are logged at confluence.org
8 The problem with geographic referencing The geographic graticule is used for data storage but is not ideal as a co-ordinate system for digital mapping A. It is not rectangular - 1 degree longitude varies
9 local example: pg-phonebook 2007 pg-phonebook 2008 Projected Geographic
10 B. The origin (0,0) creates negative coordinates to South and West C. It is not a decimal system (degrees/minutes/seconds) (degrees, minutes and seconds are sexagessimal ) degrees, minutes, seconds, can also be expressed in decimal degrees e.g. 53d30m36s = see
11 3. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System this bit is hard so pay attention The world is divided into 60 x 6 º longitude strips These are numbered 1-60 from 180 degrees West east to 180 degrees East.
12 Canada: UTM zones the width of each zone varies from 666 km (6 x 111km) at the equator to ~80 km at 80 N/S
13 UTM coordinates are given in metres Within each zone The Y coordinate Northings (N): from the Equator (0) increase to the n. pole (10,000,000)
14 The x coordinate - this is the hardest part Eastings (E) for each zone based on the zone Central Meridian at 500,000 the easting value increases to the east, but not above 1,000,000 ~ 300, ,000 in BC Coordinates repeat for each zone
15 Canadian NTS map 1:50,000 including graticule and UTM coordinates UTM zone Eastings are 6 digit, Northings are 7-digit (in Canada)
16 It may make more sense here : PGMAP: (must use Internet Explorer) - Try this in next week s lab The UTM system works well for a local area coordinates in metres
17 BC: UTM zones How do we deal with multiple UTM zones: Eastings coordinates switch from ~700,000 at the east edge of one zone to ~300,000 at the west edge of the next?
18 BC Albers coordinate system BC uses UTM for local areas But Albers for the whole province
19 Summary: BC mapping coordinates Could be one of: 1. Geographic latitude / longitude for reference 2. UTM zones for local mapping 3. BC Albers - for provincial data View all 3 on (maybe!) : (imap) Why is it important because we import data from different sources.. and they need to line up with each other.
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