Introduction to maps
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1 Introduction to maps
2 What is a map? A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced size Any geographical image of the environment A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomena
3 Why make maps? To represent a larger area than we can see To show a phenomenon or process we can t see with our eyes To present information concisely To show spatial relationships
4 Represent a larger area
5 Show what we can t see
6 Present info concisely
7 Show spatial relationships
8 How do we read maps? Maps are selective views of reality Size of the map relative to reality (scale) What s on the map (symbolization) Shape of the map (projection)
9 Map scale Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground Scale is a fraction Larger area covered means larger denominator Larger denominator means smaller fraction So a large-scale map covers a small area
10
11 Small-scale Large-scale
12 Map scale Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground 1. Graphic: Stays the same when photocopied Might not be right for the whole map
13 Map scale 1. Verbal: 1 inch equals 10 miles Easy to understand Can change if photocopied
14 Map scale 1. Representative fraction or ratio: 1:24,000 Units don t matter Can change if photocopied
15 Map symbolization Symbols are a code instead of text Three kinds: point, line, area Consider shape, size, orientation, pattern, color, value
16
17 Point symbols Every symbol counts as one occurrence Qualitative points Indicate location Can also describe that location Quantitative points Show a distribution Indicate a value (graduated symbols)
18 Indicate location Describe location
19 Show a distribution
20 Indicate a value
21 Line symbols One-dimensional Mostly taken for granted (borders, roads) Isolines connect same values Flow-line maps indicate value by width of line
22
23 Isolines (Contour lines)
24 Flow-line maps
25 Area symbols Each territory or region has one value Differences in kind Differences in value Choropleth maps Usually, darker indicates more Cartograms distort area to show value
26 Differences in kind
27 Differences in kind
28 Differences in value (Choropleth)
29 Cartogram
30 Topographic maps Also called quadrangles Nearly 54,000 for the U.S. Done by the US Geological Survey (USGS) since 1897 Map out the entire country in a standard fashion
31 Topographic maps Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest point and plotted what you could see from there Aerial photography after WWII Two overlapping photos are put in a stereoscope 10 photos for each 7.5 minute map
32 Topographic maps Show 2D features, point, line and area; also show 3D via contour lines Common symbols are in the appendix of the text Note the contour interval at the bottom of the map
33
34 Typical Graph This is an example of a typical graph we are all familiar with. The graph is made up of different points with lines that connect the points.
35 Typical Graph Y axis Each point has two values: The X value that runs along the horizontal X axis The Y value that runs along the vertical Y axis X axis
36 Typical Graph Y (3,8) (9,5) (0,0) X value is always stated first Followed by the Y value The origin is the point where the 2 axes intersect with a X value of (0,0)
37 Typical Graph A point can also have negative (-) values Y Negative X values (-X,+Y) (+X,+Y) (0,0) X are to the left of the origin (0,0) Negative Y values (-X,-Y) (+X,-Y) are below the origin
38 East West, North South on The Earth Y X Let the X axis be the Equator. Let the Y axis be the Prime Meridian that runs through Greenwich outside of London. Lat/Long are the 2 grid points by which you can locate any point on earth.
39 East West, North South on the Earth N Let each of the four quarters W E then be designated by North or South S and East or West.
40 East West, North South on the Earth (N, W) (N, E) (S, W) (S, E) The N tells us we re north of the Equator. The S tells us we re south of the Equator. The E tells us that we re east of the Prime Meridian. The W tells us that we re west of the Prime Meridian.
41 East West, North South on the Earth (N, W) Prime Meridian That means all points in North America will have a North latitude and a West longitude because it is North of the Equator and West of the Prime Meridian.
42 East West, North South on the Earth What would be the latitude and longitude directions in Australia? Prime Meridian If you said South and East, you re right!
43 What is Latitude? 90 N Y 90 S X Latitude is the distance from the equator along the Y axis. All points along the equator have a value of 0 degrees latitude. North pole = 90 N South pole = 90 S Values are expressed in terms of degrees.
44 What is Latitude? 90 N Y Each degree of latitude is divided into X 60 minutes. Each minute is 90 S divided into 60 seconds. This is also true of longitude.
45 What is Latitude? 90 N Y For Example: N X This is close to the latitude where you live. 90 S
46 What is Longitude? Longitude is the distance from the prime meridian along the X axis. Y 180 W 180 E X All points along the prime meridian have a value of 0 degrees longitude. The earth is divided into two parts, or hemispheres, of east and west longitude.
47 What is Longitude? Y The earth is divided into 360 equal slices (meridians) X 180 west and 180 east of the prime meridian 180 W 180 E
48 What is Latitude? 90 N Y Our latitude and longitude might be: X N W 90 S
49 So Where is (0,0)? The origin point (0,0) is where the equator intersects the prime meridian. (0,0) is off the western coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.
50 See If You Can Tell In Which Quarter These Lon/Lats Are Located A C B D N, 21 E N, 76 W S, 141 W 4. 7 S, 23 W N, 29 E S, 151 E
51 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. D
52
53 Positioning on the Earth s Surface East is the direction of rotation of the Earth Prime Meridian 0 o Longitude North Pole Latitude: (90 o N to 90 o S) Longitude: (180 o E to 180 o W) 22 nd Sept 20 th March Tropic of Cancer 21 st June Equator 22 nd December Tropic of Capricorn Longitude 90 o West Longitude 60 o West o 90 o W E o 66½23½ o o ½ o Latitude 23½ o North Latitude 0 o Latitude 23½ o South Longitude 90 o East Longitude 60 o East Longitude 30 o West Longitude 30 o East South Pole Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth s surface.
54 Lat/Long Video
55 The Changing Global Environment
56 Learning Objectives Develop a working knowledge of Earth s environmental systems Geology Climate Hydrology Vegetation Agriculture Set the physical context for understanding humanenvironment interactions in the world s regions Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 56
57 02_00CO.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 57
58
59 Key Concepts Plate Tectonics Convergent vs. Divergent Plate Boundaries Rift Valleys Geologic Hazards Insolation Greenhouse Effect Climate Regions Climographs Global Warming Water Stress Biome Desertification Subsistence Agriculture Green Revolution Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 59
60 Earth s Environmental Systems Geology Climate Water Hydrology Vegetation Agriculture Bio Food Resources Earth Air Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 60
61 Geological Environment Connections between inner earth and surface landscape features. Part of the framework for understanding human settlement patterns. Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 61
62 Plate Tectonics Slow moving geologic plates Figure 2.3 Heat exchange: Convection cells Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 62
63 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 63
64 Global Tectonic Plates Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 64
65 02_04.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 65
66 02_05.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 66
67 02_06.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 67
68 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 68
69 02_07.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 69
70 02_08.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 70
71 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 71
72 Global Tectonics
73 Global Climates Solar Energy Latitude Land/Water Interaction Global Pressure Systems Global Wind Patterns Climatic Controls Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 73
74 02_09.JPG Insolation and the Greenhouse Effect Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 74
75 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 75
76 Atmospheric Energy Balance
77 Influence of Latitude Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 77
78 Global Pressure Systems and Wind Patterns Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff Figure
79 Global Wind Patterns
80 Global Pressure Systems and Wind Patterns 02_11.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 80
81 02_12.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 81
82 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 82
83 Global Warming Anthropogenic Causes: Human-induced Major Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide Chlorofluorocarbons Methane Nitrogen oxides Effects Shifts in agricultural areas Rising sea levels Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 83
84
85 Global Warming
86 02_16.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 86
87 Bangladesh Brick Factory Globalization and Global Warming: Tensions between developed and less developed countries Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 87 Figure 2.15
88 Water Resources If total global water supply was 100 liters (26 gallons), then: 3 liters (0.8 gallons) = fresh water liters (~1/2 teaspoon) would be available to humans Water Stress: greatest water resource problems Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 88
89
90 Water Resources and Stress Too Little Too Much Figure 2.16 Figure 2.17 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 90
91 02_18.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 91
92 Biomes
93 Examples of Biomes - Forests Figure 2.19 Tropical Rainforest Figure 2.21 Temperate Forest Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 93
94
95
96 Agriculture Figure 2.23 Subsistence Agriculture Figure 2.22 Industrialized Agriculture Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 96
97 02_23.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 97
98 02_24.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 98
99 Green Revolution Since 1950s: Increases in food production primarily from expansion of intensive, industrial agriculture into more traditionally farmed areas. Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 99
100 Two Stages of the Green Revolution 1 st Stage: 3 processes Traditional mixed crops monocrops or high yield, genetically modified seeds Increase intensity Water, fertilizer and pesticides Reduce fallow time between seasonal crops 2 nd Stage: Since 1970s New crops bred for tropical and subtropical climates Multiple crops in one parcel Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 100
101 02_25.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 101
102 Increased Food Production High Costs Environmental Fossil Fuel Use Habitat Fragmentation/ Damage Pollution: Water and Air Social Financial Costs Social Inequalities Figure 2.20 What cost does this photograph represent? Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 102
103 Globalization and Food Production Food Supply Local and regional issues Distribution and purchasing power Political Influences Food shortages and Famine Changing Dietary Preferences Two Regions of Concern Africa South Asia Figure 2.24 Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 103
104 02_26.JPG Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff 104
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