Dr. Orit Rotem-Mindali Department of geography and environment, Bar Ilan University, ISRAEL. Barcelona, ERSA Conference, 2011

Transcription

1 Retail fragmentation vs. urban livability: Applying ecological methods in urban geography Dr. Orit Rotem-Mindali Department of geography and environment, Bar Ilan University, ISRAEL Barcelona, ERSA Conference, 2011

2 Retail centers and the consumption era Importance of retail centers: Consumer demands Economic implications Local authorities Entrepreneurs Arena for competition Facilitating land use development Affecting Neighboring localities Overcrowding and over-splitting retail centers in Israel Unsuccessful retail centers Mobility and accessibility implications in the city

3 Spatial fragmentation of retail centers To what extent spatial fragmentation of retail centers corresponds residential/ social distribution? What are the mobility and accessibility implications of retail fragmentation?

4 What do we know about fragmentation? Fragmentation of activities: A process whereby a certain activity is divided into several smaller pieces which are preformed at different times and locations (Coucelelis, 2003). Spatial fragmentation: The development of socio-spatial specialized zones in relation with segmentation of infrastructures (Graham and Marvin 2001) Urban fragmentation a spatial phenomenon that results from an act of disjointing pre-existing form and structure of the city and systems of cities (Burgess, 2010).

5 Understanding fragmentation (1) Adopted from ecology: Habitat fragmentation Habitat Usually conceived as the range of environments or communities over which a species occurs (Whittaker et al., 1973). Habitat fragmentation (1): A process in which a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original (Wilcove et al., 1986)

6 Understanding fragmentation (2) Habitat fragmentation (2): The discontinuity, resulting from a given set of mechanism (Franklin et al, 2002) breaking off from the pre-existing structure.

7 Analogy from ecology theory to urban theory 'City as organism' (Burgess, 1925).. Lewis Mumford (1938 ) and by Le Corbusier (1933; 1947) Metabolism of cities' (Wolman, 1965). Urban environment as an ecosystem Ecosystems: functional units that result from the interactions of abiotic, biotic, and cultural (anthropogenic) components

8 Retail fragmentation Vs. Habitat fragmentation Fragmentation is attributed more to changes in pattern of habitat and not habitat loss CHANGES IN PATTERN: 1. Increase of number of habitat patches 2. Change in sizes of habitat patches 3. Variation in shape/pattern of the fragments 4. Variation in spatial configuration The isolation and relative position of patches

9 Number of patches. Size of patches.

10 Variation in shape/pattern Spatial configuration

11 Jerusalem as a case study Methodology Jerusalem as a case study GIS tools to map: main retail centers location Main routes Least cost modeling Estimating travel time according to mode of travel

12 Least cost modeling Used for nature reserved management in order to assess connectivity of existing and proposed reserves. Map of ecological networks for landscape planning Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East

13 Population by group Segregation by religion

14 Socio-economic Retail centers adjacent to Jewish Orthodox areas Jerusalem (Malcha) Shopping center

15 Retail centers by type NAME OF FRAGMENT Type of fragment Store diversity SQM Harel Shopping mall Medium Central station Shopping mall Medium 7,000 Hameshulash City center Medium Mamila Life style center High 20,000 Malha Shopping mall High + 37,000 Israel Talpiyot Shopping mall Low 5500 Lev Talpiyot Outlet/discount shopping mall Low 15,000 Hadar Shopping mall Medium 18,000 Uptown Neighborhood shopping mall Low 10,500 Rav Shefa Discount shopping center (orthodox affinity) Low 7,000 Pisgat Zeev Neighborhood shopping mall Low Center 1 Discount shopping center (orthodox affinity) Low 5,900

16 Effects of retail fragmentation (1) Effects on abiota = Effects on land use Hub and spoke: tunnel effect ( to traverse non-valued areas) Ecological corridors : Corridors are expected to increase population viability via offsetting local extinction Connecting distant neighborhood mainly for travel by the automobile

17 Effects of retail fragmentation(2) Effects on biota = Effects on residents/consumer Effect on individual spatial behavior Travel for longer distances Equity problems: reduction in human interaction Number of human interaction Type of interaction (less integration between different sector of the population) Accessibility for week sectors in the population due to ecological corridors

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20 Transit accessibility using least-cost modeling

21 Private car accessibility using Least-cost modeling

22 Summary and conclusion Transportation Larger travel distances = Automobile dependence increases Lower transit accessibility to retail centers from peripheral neighborhoods Less trip chaining Urban livability Human interaction: Decrease in local interactions (Orthodox excluded) Interactions according to sectors Large competition for city center Retail fragmentation inevitable and desired: Considering the configuration and related tunnel effects

23 Questions