GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management: Balancing the Technical- Political Equation

Transcription

1 GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management: Balancing the Technical- Political Equation Stan Morain, Editor SUB Gdttlngen A NW0RD PRESS

2 V? % \<. fv ~v^ Contents Introduction. Xlll Section I Approaches to Natural Resource Management 1 Chapter 1: Development of the Spatial Domain in Resource Management 5 Historical Context 6 Examples of GIS Management Models 10 Descriptive 10 Predictive 11 Prescriptive 11 Using GIS to Create Models 12 Data Exploration and Analysis 12 Algorithm Specification 12 Accuracy Assessment 13 Future Directions 14 References 15 Chapter 2: Spatial Pattern Analysis Techniques 17 Landscape Ecology 28 Point versus Patch Analysis Techniques 19 Point Data Analysis Techniques 22 Nearest-neighbor Methods 22 Join-count Analysis 22 Lacunarity Analysis. > 26 References 34

3 vi GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management Section II GIS Requirements for Natural Resource Management 41 Chapter 3: Multi-scale Framework Data 45 NSDI Strategy 47 Framework Overview 48 Goals of Framework Infrastructure 48 Composition of Framework 48 Implementation 51 Data Themes 52 Geodetic Control 52 Digital Orthoimagery 52 Elevation Data 53 Transportation 54 Hydrography 54 Governmental Units 55 Cadastral 55 Framework Issues 56 Technical Issues 56 Coordinate Data Development 56 Implement Standard Practices 57 Horizontal and Vertical Data Integration 57 Implement Metadata Standards 58 Feature Based Updating 60 Archive Data 62 Administrative Issues 63 Policies 63 Theme Expertise 64 Framework Management 64 Area Integration 64 Data Production 66 Data Distribution 66 Implementing Framework 67 Summary ".V 70 References 70

4 Contents vii Harmonizing Framework and Resource Data across Political Boundaries: The Tijuana River Watershed GIS 71 Resource Management Requirement 71 Objectives and Phases 74 Harmonizing Framework Data 76 Hypsography and Derived Themes 76 Hydrography 78 Roads 79 Harmonizing Resource Data 81 Vegetation 81 Soils 83 Geology 87 Geomorphology 87 Land Use 89 Census Enumeration Units 90 Summary 91 Acknowledgments 92 Endnote 92 References 92 A Modular Ground Water Modeling System 95 Resource Management Requirement 95 GWZOOM Concept 96 GWZOOM System 97 Implementation 97 Results 101 Conclusions 103 References 104 Locating the Continental Divide Trail in New Mexico 105 Resource Management Requirement 105 Challenges in New Mexico 105 Enabling Legislation 107 Multiple Interests 107 Government Agencies 107 Continental Divide Trail Society 108 Continental Divide frail Alliance 108

5 viii GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management Status of Continental Divide Trail 108 Status of Trail in New Mexico Ill Issues in New Mexico Ill Solution 112 Database Prototype 113 Conclusions 114 Cartographic Support for Managing Washington State's Aquatic Resources 115 Research Management Requirement 115 Aquatic Ownership Records Program 116 Shellfish Management Program 118 Nearshore Habitat Program 121 Spartina Control Program 124 Conclusions 124 Chapter 4: Multi-scale Resource Data 125 Map Scale 129 Map Error 131 Sources of Error 131 Measuring Error 135 Conclusions 138 References 138 Modeling Conservation Priorities in Veracruz, Mexico 141 Resource Management Requirement 141 Methodology 142 Results 147 References 150 Development of a GIS Hydrography Data Base of Phosphorus Transport Modeling in the Lake Okeechobee Watershed 151 Resource Management Requirement 151 Basin Description 152 Database Development 154 Hydrography Coverage\ 154 Linkage with Cross-section Data 155

6 Contents ix Stream Reach Numbering 157 Results and Discussions 160 Summary 162 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 Chapter 5: Indicators of Resources and Landscapes 165 Composition Metrics 167 Pattern Metrics 169 Dominance and Diversity Indices 170 Connectivity Indices 171 Fragmentation Indices 172 Shape Metrics 173 Scale Metrics 175 Discussion 177 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgment 178 References 178 Global Vegetation Production and Human Activity 183 Resource Management Requirement 183 Methodology 184 Results 185 Other Factors 189 Conclusions Acknowledgments 191 References.' 191 Using Population Data to Address the Human Dimensions of Environmental Change Resource Management Requirement 193 Methods 196 Results and Discussion 198 Acknowledgments 204 References 204

7 GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management Section III Translating Applications to Social Significance 207 Chapter 6: Multi-scale Economic and Demographic Data 209 Remote Sensing of Urban/Suburban Attributes 210 Computing Environments for Handling Remotely Sensed Data 211 Experiments with Spatial Resolution 214 Neighborhood Change Detection 219 Conclusions 231 References 233 Coping Strategies in the Sahel and Horn of Africa: A Conceptual Model Based on Cultural Behavior and Satellite Sensor Data 235 Resource Management Requirement 235 Social Science Approaches 235 Earth System Science Approaches 236 Environmental Limits of the Study Area 238 Remotely Sensed Measurements of Primary Production 242 Human Responses to Primary Production and Interannual Variability. 243 Conclusions 248 References 249 Landscape Characterization through Remote Sensing, GIS, and Population Surveys 251 Resource Management Requirement 251 Study.Area 252 Data and Methodology 255 Land Cover Changes and GIS Development 255 Population Survey 256 Village Boundaries " 256 Topographic Surfaces 259 Pattern Metrics 260 Geographic Accessibility and Competition 261 Results and Discussion 262 Acknowledgments 264 References 265

8 Contents xi Societal Dimensions of Ecosystem Management in the South Florida Everglades 267 Resource Management Requirement 267 Conceptualizing and Implementing Ecosystem Management 268 Methodology 269 Implementing the GIS 271 Dependent and Independent Variables 275 Results and Discussion 277 Conclusions 280 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 People and Place: Dasymetric Mapping Using ARC/INFO 283 Resource Management Requirement 283 Methods 285 Results 288 Conclusions 290 Acknowledgments 291 Chapter 7: Modeling 293 Paradigm Shift 294 Models 296 Good Models 297 Types of Models 299 Dynamic Spatial Modeling 304, Dynamic Models 306 Anatomy of a Dynamic Spatial Model 308 Computational Considerations WWW Resources 316 References ^ '. 317 Analyzing Phosphorus Loads and Transport in the Lake Okeechobee Watershed 325 Resource Management Requirement 325 Driving Force 326 Data and Methodology 327 System Design 327

9 XI'I' GIS Solutions in Natural Resource Management GIS-PLAT Databases 331 GIS-PLAT User Interface 334 Summary 337 Acknowledgments 337 References 337 Global Commons Risk Assessment 339 Resource Management Requirement 339 Results 342 Conclusion 344 Disclaimer 344 References 344 Planning Emergency Response at a Federal Laboratory 347 Resource Management Requirement 347 Methodology 348 Results 350 References 350 Contributors 351 Index 361