STANDARDIZED DATABASE OF LAND EVALUATION FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

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1 STANDARDIZED DATABASE OF LAND EVALUATION FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Nguyen Xuan Hai, Pham Thi Ha Nhung, Nguyen Quoc Viet VNU University of Sciences, Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam ABSTRACT This research has built and standardized database of land resources, integrated interdisciplinary fully with the land evaluation framework of FAO. On this standardized database was proposed assessment of suitability with 3 main land use types (rice, vegetable and flower cultivations) in former Ha Tay province s districts (a part of new Hanoi), serving the proper land use, planning and management. The application of remote sensing methods and GIS showed flexibility in digital data handling, storing, extracting and providing information fully and quickly on the thematic map. Soil map and map of suitability for 3 land use types, presenting the result of land evaluation in 1: 50,000 scales, were established according to VN2000 projection (2012). On soil maps, in addition to the soil type elements, shows the results of natural factors such as slope, topography, soil depth, soil texture, stoniness and depth of gley. Keywords: integrated interdisciplinary database, agricultural land evaluation. INTRODUCTION The process of urbanization and modernization have strong impact to agricultural land in both quantity and quality, while the information of land resources is not update and not synchronous. In fact, management of information and data of land using traditional methods based on records, books and paper maps in the local area is difficult to update, lookup and exploitation of information on land resources. Therefore, it is necessary to have a new capable tool to provide information accurately and quickly for sustainable land management, assessment and planning. Among the current applications, the technology of remote sensing and GIS can meet these requirements, with the ability to widely applied in many fields, especially in support of planning, overlay maps, information management of natural resources. Database was built based on GIS technology has the advantages in management of spatial and attribute data. In addition, standardized information, the search engine, spatial analysis is very useful in the land management, which is difficult to perform by the traditional methods. Former Ha Tay province is a gateway to the Hanoi capital, with agricultural production played a key role in economic development, provides many agricultural products for Hanoi capital and neighboring areas. After joining to Hanoi in 2008, land areas of former Ha Tay province for agricultural production have been strongly changed. Although belongs to Hanoi capital, but this area still is the main source of agricultural products for the Hanoi. Therefore, the study on standardized database of land evaluation for production of these districts was chosen in this research. STUDYING OBJECTS AND METHODS Objects Research object is the information, data on land resources in the districts of former Ha Tay province, Hanoi including: Spatial data Background map. Basic thematic layers: current land use, transportation systems, hydrological systems, infrastructure, border provinces, districts, and communes. Attribute data The documents related to the current land use in study area. The research results of soil resources under the land evaluation criteria: soil type, slope, topography, soil depth, soil texture, irrigation, flood level. METHODS Methods of collecting secondary data: aggregate, collect and process the information, documents, results from previous studies. The land evaluation framework of FAO was applied. The method maps: MapInfo 8.5 software was used to build and edit the thematic maps that are full of ingredients necessary information. In addition, with this software, database can be standardized according to VN2000, as well as storage and export data quickly [1]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Aggregate basis of land evaluation criteria Decentralization of natural targets Land characteristics in relation to the ability to adapt different land use types should be carried out [2]. The natural elements are used to build landmapping units, including: slope (on the hills), topography (on the plains), soil layer depth, soil texture, irrigation, flood level. 219

2 a. Soil groups (G): 24 soil types are in 17 groups: G Name of soil according to classified Vietnam Corresponding to FAO G1: - Sand dunes and sand beach riparian (Cb) Haplic Arenosols G2: - Alluvial soil slight acidic and neutral (Pbe) Eutric Fluvisols G3: - Alluvial soil acidic (Pbc) - Alluvial soil by other river system (Pb) - Alluvial soil slight acidic and neutral (Pe) - Alluvial soil are not acidic (Pc) - Alluvial soil not by other river system (P) - Alluvial soil with patchy yellow red horizon (Pf) Dystric Fluvisols Fluvisols Eutric Fluvisols Dystric Fluvisols Fluvisols Plinthic Fluvisols G4: - Gley alluvial soil (Pg) Gleyic Fluvisols G5: G6 G7 - Alluvial waterlogging soil (Pj) - Alluvial beck soil (Py) - Gray soil (X) Mollic Gleysols Areni Distric Fluvisols Haplic Acrisols G8: - Gley gray soil on ancient alluvial (Bg) Gleyic Acrisols G9: G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17 - Soil steep valleys converge (D) - Peat land (T) - Boggy land (J) - Yellow red soil on sandstone (Fq) - Yellow red soil on acid magma (Fa) - Soil russet on base and neutral magma (Fk) - Soil degradation russet on the limestone (Fv) - Gold red soil on clay shale (Fs) - Gold brown soil on ancient alluvial (Fp) - Yellow red soil changed by plant rice (Fl) - Humus red gold on mountain (Hk) Umbric Gleysols Histosols Gleysols Haplic Acrisols Feralic Acrisols Rhodic Ferrasols Rhodic Ferrasols Feralic Acrisols Feralic Acrisols Gleyic Anthrosols Humic Acrisols b. Slope (SL) 0-8 o SL o SL o SL3 > 25 o SL4 c. Topography (E) Very high High E1 E2 Medium E3 Low E4 Very low E5 d. Soil layer depth (D) > 100 cm D cm D cm D cm D4 < 30 cm D5 e. Soil texture (C) Sand C1 Loamy sand, light loam C2 Medium loam C3 Clay loam, clay C4 f. Irrigation (I) Irrigated I1 Nonirrigated I2 g. Flood level (F) Non flooded F1 Flooding F2 Identify the land use requirements of the land use types Each type of land use demands on kind of soil, and various natural elements. The determination of land use requirements is based on: Soil characteristics; physiological and ecological requirements for plant; Ensure long-term economic efficiency, protect the fertility of the land and environment. In addition, farming practices and other local conditions were also considered. Classification method was applied by the method of limit conditions proposed by FAO, adaptation level was divided into 4 levels [3], in which: Class S1- Highly suitable: Land having no significant limitations or only minor limitations, easily to overcome. Production on this land is favorable, with low investment and give high yield and efficiency. Class S2- Moderately suitable: Land having limitation in medium level. Production on this land requires high investment (about % compared to S1) or gives low yield (about 20-30% compared to S1). However, if production is invested well to renovate, land can be raised to class S1. Class S3- Marginally suitable: Land having many limitations or some serious limitations, difficult to overcome (e.g. very high topography, very hard irrigation, etc.). Production on this land requires very high investment (about % compared to S1) or gives yield only by 30-50% compared to S1 in the same cultivation conditions. 220

3 Class N- Not suitable: Land do not adapted to types of agricultural land use, due having many current serious limitations, very difficult to overcome. If production is practiced on this land, it will not efficient or cause harmful to natural environment. To facilitate the matching and identifying ranking, land use requirements in accordance with the level of adaptation S1, S2, S3, N are: (Table-1). Table-1. Land use requirements of the main land use types. Land use types Paddy (L) Vegetable and upland crop (RM) Flowers and ornamental plants (HC) Elements Adaptive classification S1 S2 S3 N Soil type (G) G3, G4 G2, G8 G5, G6, G15, G16 Others Slope (SL) , 4 Topography (E) 2, 3, Soil layer depth (D) 1, 2, Soil texture (C) 3, Irrigation (I) Flood level (F) Soil type (G) 2, 3, 8 1, 4,7 9,13,15 Others Slope (SL) , 4 Topography (E) 1, Soil layer depth (D) 1, 2, Soil texture (C) 2 3 1, 4 - Irrigation (I) Soil type (G) 3, 6, 15 2,7 4,8 Others Slope (SL) , 4 Topography (E) 1, Soil layer depth (D) 1, Soil texture (C) 2, 3 2, 3 1, 4 - Irrigation (I) Soil mapping with standardized database according to VN2000 projection Ha Tay is a province in the Tokin plain, has a total nature area of 219, 161 ha, and accounts for 0.666% of the total natural area of Vietnam. From the results of field surveys, data collection of analysis show that land resources of former Ha Tay province including 6 soil groups with 16 soil units (Table-2). Soil map were established and standardized according to VN2000 projection [4]. Sand beach and sand dunes - Haplic Arenosols Area is ha, accounts for 0.18 % of the total natural area of province. Haplic Arenosols group is formed along the river, were closely influenced by parent material and mother rock. This soil group has soil texture more roughly than sandy loam. At a depth of at least cm, no bearing on the nature of alluvion and do not have any other diagnostic horizon than a light-colored A horizon. Haplic Arenosols of Ha Tay is specific of Red River Delta by sediment accumulation mainly from raw products of the river system. Alluvial - Fluvisols Alluvial group consists of 78, ha, accounts for 36.01% of the total natural area of province, distributes in all communes, districts of province. Soil units of Fluvisols group are formed from sediments of rivers. The pedologic process occurs weak, soil has placement of sediment due to the accretion by different particle sizes. 221

4 Table-2. Soil types of former Ha Tay province. No. Name of soil according to classified Vietnam Sign Area (ha) Percent (%) I Sand beach and sand dunes C Sand dunes and sand beach riparian Cb II Alluvial P 78, Alluvial soil slight acidic and neutral Pbe 14, Alluvial soil slight acidic and neutral Pe 21, Glay alluvial soil Pg 39, Alluvial soil with patchy yellow red horizon Pf 1, Alluvial waterlogging soil Pj 1, III Boggy land and Peat land T Boggy land J Peat land T IV Gray soil X 3, Gray soil on ancient alluvial B 2, Gley gray soil on ancient alluvial Bg 1, V Yellow red soil F 36, Yellow red soil on alkaline and neutral magma Fk 2, Yellow red soil on the limestone Fv Yellow red soil on shale Fs 11, Yellow red soil on ancient alluvial Fp 17, Yellow red soil modified under wet rice cultivation Fl 5, VI Humus red yellow on mountain H Humus red yellow on alkaline and neutral magma Hk Residential land 18, Reservoir surface, river 17, Rocky mountain 6, Other specialized land 56, Total 219, Boggy land and Peat land - Histosols and Gleysols Boggy land has of ha, accounts for 0.08% of the total natural area of province, distributes in very low topography in Quoc Oai district. This soil is formed from process of deposition, accumulation of soil inorganic and organic, in condition of flooded all year round. In the soil, gley process is mainly affected by groundwater. Peat land has ha, accounts for 0.22% of the total natural area of province, distributes in My Duc district. This soil is formed in low, bottom topography, with organic accumulation from plant thriving in the layer of several meters of thickness. This type of soil is considered as "problem soil" with limitations such as poor nutrition, contains toxins (H 2 S, CH 4...) and permanent submerging. Gray soil - Haplic Acrisols Soil is formed on ancient alluvial, with area of 3,846.2 ha, accounts for 1.75% of the total natural area of province. In process of formation is strongly influenced by leaching process (both by depth and on the surface) leads to soil often has light gray, light soil texture, leached horizon. Gley horizon appearances in flooding rice field. Yellow red soil -Acrisols Province has 36,801.5 ha of yellow red soil, accounts for 16.79% of the total natural area of province. Yellow red soil group is formed by weathering process of mother rocks under the integrated influence of natural factors and human activities. Physical and chemical properties of this soil group depend on the mother rock. 222

5 Humus red yellow on mountain - Humic Acrisols This soil formed from the weathering products of the mother rocks, distributed at altitude more than 900 m, with cool climate, high humidity, good natural vegetation; major process is humus formation and accumulation, in addition, the other processes as ferralitic, erosion are weak level. Types of land adaptability Figure-1. Soil map of former Ha Tay province. Table-3. The area of adaptive land types in research area. Paddy Vegetable and upland crop Flowers and ornamental plants Area (ha) 1 S1 S2 S2 20, S1 S3 N S1 N S3 39, S2 S1 S S2 S2 N S2 S3 S S2 N S3 1, S3 S2 S1 1, S3 S3 N 22, N S1 S N S1 S2 8, N S2 S2 3, N S2 N N S3 S N S3 N N N S3 1, N N N 16, Sub. Total 120, The area of non-agricultural land 98, Total of natural area 219,

Mapping adapted for a number of crops in the study area Based on the current land use status, the land use types selected to evaluate the adaptation are: Paddy land; Vegetable land and upland crop

6 Mapping adapted for a number of crops in the study area Based on the current land use status, the land use types selected to evaluate the adaptation are: Paddy land; Vegetable land and upland crop land, Flowers and ornamental plants land. Results of evaluation of soil adaptation for 3 types of land use shows that the former Ha Tay province identified 17 types of land adaptability. Each type can suitable for one or more types of agricultural land use [5] (Table-3). Synthesis of adaptive degree of each type of land use is shown in Table-4. Among them: Land area of adaptation level S2 is 34, ha, the limitation is irrigation. Land area of adaptation level S3 is 41, ha; the limitations are type of soil and flooded in rain season. a. Paddy land Adaptation level S1 has area of 60, ha. Land area of adaptation level S2 is 5, ha; the limitations are mainly type of soil and irrigation. Land area of adaptation level S3 is 24, ha, the limitations are mainly high topography and cultivation conditions have difficulty. b. Vegetable land and upland crop land Adaptation level S1 has area of 9, ha. Land area of adaptation level S2 is 29, ha; the limitation is type of soil. Land area of adaptation level S3 is 24, ha, the limitations are type of soil, topography: drought in dry season in high topography, flooded in rainy season in low topography. c. Flowers land and ornamental plants land Adaptation level S1 has area of 2, ha. Figure-2. Map adapted for 3 types of land use in study area. No. Land use types Table-4. Adaptation level of land use types in study area (ha). Adaptation level S1 S2 S3 N Total 1 Paddy 60, , , , , Vegetable and upland crop 9, , , , , Flowers and ornamental plants 2, , , , , Orientation of application of RS and GIS technology in use, planning and sustainable land management The result of integrated study on natural elements was used to build soil maps adapted, which were processed, integrated and rapid management by remote sensing and GIS technology. It is showed, high applicability of this technology in use, planning and management of natural resources especially land resources - which brings many distinct characteristics such as complexity of classification, evaluation, influenced from formed conditions and other natural conditions... Especially when the database is stored in digital form to ensure system safety, compact, easy to handle, edit and extract a variety of formats for many different purposes. In addition, information on the database can come close to the user when it is integrated remote sensing and GIS technology, to build the online interactive map has display functions, searches, query, update online, distance measurement, measurement unit selection and choice of spatial objects, adding layers of information from various sources, create spatial objects new, store, extract and print [6]. Remote sensing and GIS technology is proving the first choice, supports for decision-making, policy planning effectively. Therefore, application of remote sensing and GIS is suitable direction with the development of science and technology at present [7]. 224

7 CONCLUSIONS Database on land resources and land evaluation in the districts of former Ha Tay province was built, standardized according to VN2000 projection. This database ensured to provide full information to meet the requirements in production as well as in the planning and sustainable management of natural resources. Soil map and map adapted for 3 types of land use - which presents the result of land evaluation - of former Ha Tay province in 1: 50,000 scale were established according to VN2000 projection. On soil maps, in addition to the soil type element also show the results of research natural factors such as slope, topography, soil layer depth, soil texture, stoniness and depth of gley. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers of this study are grateful to the Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU) for its funding for the Project: Building integrated interdisciplinary database for land use and protection in Hanoi, Code: QGTD Many thanks are given to participants of FES, HUS for their contribution in this project. REFERENCES Nguyen The Than. Establishments geographic information system GIS. Publishing House of Science and Engineering Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, No 10 TCN The evaluation process for agriculture land. Agriculture Publisher, Hanoi, Vietnam Soil Science Society of Vietnam. Vietnam land. Agriculture Publisher, Hanoi, Vietnam. QCVN 42: 2012/BTNMT (dated 19/3/2012) Soil Science Society of Vietnam. Handbook of investigation assessed land classification. Agriculture Publisher Hanoi, Vietnam Nguyen Cong Vinh and colleagues. Mapping Network (Webmap) guidelines planting crops for farmers based on climatic conditions, topography and soil fertility on the scale plots and sub-regions. Scientific report of Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute Giles Foody and Paul Curran. Environmental Remote Sensing from Regional to Global scales. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. 225

Classification according to patent rock material/origin, soil distribution and orders

Classification according to patent rock material/origin, soil distribution and orders Alluvial Soils Shales and Sandstone Soils Limestone Soils Chocolate Hills: Limestone formation Andesite and Basalt