7th Grade. Changes and Signals. Slide 1 / 119 Slide 2 / 119. Slide 3 / 119. Slide 4 / 119. Slide 5 / 119. Slide 6 / 119. Chemical Reactions and Energy
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1 Slide 1 / 119 Slide 2 / 119 7th Grade hemical Reactions and nergy Slide 3 / 119 Slide 4 / 119 Table of ontents: hemical Reactions and Definitions of nergy lick on the topic to go to that section What is a change and what are the signals? Physical change versus chemical reaction onservation of Mass Types of nergy hanges in nergy During a Reaction Temperature versus Thermal nergy nergy Flow Summary Slide 5 / 119 hemistry In the last chapter, we defined hemistry as the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes. hanges and Signals Slide / 119 hemical hange Return to Table of ontents A change is when the properties of a substance are different before and after something happens. What does it mean to say that matter changes? But how do you know when the properties are different? Write your ideas down here. ow do you know when matter changes?
2 Slide 7 / 119 bservations Slide 8 / 119 Brainstorm: The Five Senses The key is observations. Unless you can observe something, you don't have proof that it happened. The easiest way to make observations is with your five senses. List the senses on the lines above. Slide 9 / 119 Sight Slide 10 / 119 earing ur eyes let us see properties such as color (example: red turns green) shape (example: rolling chewed gum into a ball) size (example: inflating a balloon) phase - solid, liquid, or gas (example: ice melting) and things like light and smoke (example: logs burning) ur ears do one thing really well they hear sounds. Something must have happened for a sound to be produced. XAMPL: a pair of cymbals being crashed together Slide 11 / 119 Touch Slide 12 / 119 IMPRTANT NT ABUT Sense of touch ur sense of touch can let us know things such as texture change : like solid to slimy (example: solid hamburger grease melts) temperature change: warmer or colder (example: a glass of water with ice in it) B ARFUL! Unless your teacher tells you it is okay, never directly touch substances in the laboratory. Some substances are dangerous and can cause serious injury. Bringing your fingers near a container like a beaker is close enough to let you know if it is getting hotter or colder while staying safe.
3 Slide 13 / 119 Taste ur taste buds can let us know how something tastes. (xample: strawbery ice cream - yum!) BUT... Slide 14 / 119 Smell ur noses let us smell things as they happen in the laboratory. When a new smell is present, something must have happened to cause the smell. (example: rotten banana - yuk!) NVR taste anything in the laboratory unless your teacher tells you to do so, especially if there is another way to get information safely. RMMBR: Always waft chemicals instead of deeply breathing them. Slide 15 / 119 Laboratory Tools Sometimes we use tools in the laboratory to help us make observations, because it is safer or because we get more accurate information than what our senses alone can provide. Slide 1 / What is always different when a change occurs? A the substances involved B at least one property of a substance the phases of the substances (xample: a ruler can measure how long a line is accurately and a thermometer can measure the temperature of boiling water both accurately and safely.) Slide 17 / What do you make during an experiment to show whether something is happening or not? A bservations B xplanations Predictions Slide 18 / Which of the following are NT possible to observe with your eyes? A olor B Formula Size
4 Slide 19 / Which one of your senses should you never use in the laboratory unless your teacher tells you to do so? A earing B Touch Taste Slide 20 / Which tool is best for helping determine the temperature of a substance? A Ruler B Graduated ylinder Thermometer Slide 21 / 119 Slide 22 / 119 Which tool is best for helping determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object? A Ruler B Graduated ylinder Thermometer Physical hange vs hemical Reaction Return to Table of ontents Slide 23 / 119 Slide 24 / 119 Physical hange vs. hemical Reaction What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical reaction? Brainstorm with someone close by right now.
5 GAS Slide 25 / 119 Review: Phase hanges are Physical hanges LIQUID Slide 2 / 119 hemical Reaction A chemical reaction is when a substance changes its properties by changing what substance it is. The key idea is that the formula does change. SLID Drag and drop the terms next to the correct arrow. condensation vaporization freezing melting ethyl alcohol carbon dioxide Slide 27 / 119 Signs of a hemical Reaction Slide 28 / 119 Good Science Reminder! fire bubbles color changes rust precipitate bservations do not prove what happened. They only record what you observed. It is up to you to explain your observations. Someone else may explain things differently using your observations. Sometimes further testing is required to get more information. When two solutions mix and a solid forms, the solid is called the precipitate. Slide 29 / Is evaporation a physical change or a chemical reaction? Slide 30 / Is dissolving in water a physical change or a chemical reaction? A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either
6 Slide 31 / Is burning paper a physical change or a chemical reaction? A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either Slide 32 / Is baking a cake a physical change or a chemical reaction? A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either Slide 33 / Are smoke and flame signs of a physical change or a chemical reaction? Slide 34 / Are bubbles a sign of a physical change or a chemical reaction? A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either A Physical hange B hemical Reaction May be either Slide 35 / 119 Slide 3 / 119 Lab: lassifying Reactions What properties of substances are most helpful in determining if a physical change or a chemical reaction has occurred? onservation of Mass Return to Table of ontents
7 Slide 37 / 119 When a chemical reaction happens, atoms are not allowed to be created or destroyed. If we start with 4.2g of substances, we must end with 4.2g of substances. This is known as conservation of mass. onservation of Mass Slide 38 / 119 onservation of Matter The atoms are also not allowed to change type. If we start with three carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms, we must end with three carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms. This is known as conservation of matter. Slide 39 / 119 To make sure that all of the mass and the matter is conserved, equations need to be balanced. A balanced equation is one that has the same numbers and types of atoms on both the reactant side and the product side. Slide 41 / 119 Slide 40 / 119 ne of the tools that can help to balance an equation is called a RP Table. RP = To use a RP Table, each element must have a row of its own. Generally, the element symbol is placed in the middle column to make them easier to track. In the Reactant and Product columns, the number of atoms of each element are written. When each element has matching numbers in both Reactant and Product columns, the equation is balanced. Slide 42 / 119 3
8 Slide 43 / 119 Slide 44 / Slide 45 / 119 Slide 4 / Slide 47 / 119 Slide 48 /
9 Slide 49 / 119 Slide 50 / Slide 51 / 119 Slide 52 / 119 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis = = 8 Slide 53 / 119 Photosynthesis Slide 54 / 119 Photosynthesis = = = = 8
10 Slide 55 / 119 Photosynthesis Slide 5 / 119 Iron xide Teacher Notes 12 + = = 18 Slide 57 / 119 Slide 58 / Which of the following must be followed when balancing chemical equations? 14 Does the following equation follow onservation of Mass? A onservation of Mass B onservation of Matter Yes No neither D both a Br Br Slide 59 / Does the following equation follow onservation of Mass? Slide 0 / Does the following equation follow onservation of Mass? Yes No Yes No Br Br Br 2Na + l 2 2Nal a a Br
11 Slide 1 / Does the following equation follow onservation of Mass? Slide 2 / What number should be in front of the 2 to make the equation balanced? Yes No A 1 B D 4 2 S 4 + 2Na Na 2 S 4 +?? 2 Slide 3 / 119 Slide 4 / 119 Lab 2: Atomic Rearrangement ow do the atoms of reactants form the products? Types of nergy Return to Table of ontents Slide 5 / 119 Slide / 119 Kinetic energy Kinetic energy is energy something has because it is moving. The bigger the object or the faster it is moving the more kinetic energy it has. RMMBR: Molecules and atoms are constantly moving even if you can't see them.
12 Slide 7 / 119 Potential nergy Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object. When you hang something from a spring and the spring stretches, you are storing elastic potential energy. To get the energy back, you would release the object and let the spring return to normal length. Slide 8 / 119 Potential nergy lectromagnetic energy is the energy of electromagnetic radiation such as sunlight, radio waves, microwaves that is stored in the electric and magnetic fields. This energy can be absorbed by an object. When energy is stored in chemical substances, it is called chemical potential energy. To release this energy, a chemical reaction must occur. Slide 9 / 119 Thermal nergy Slide 70 / 119 onversion of nergy Thermal nergy is the portion of an object's average potential and kinetic energies per atom or molecule, depending on what substance it is. Thermal nergy is responsible for the object having a measurable temperature. eat is the energy that is transferred between two objects that are at different initial temperatures. A wind turbine uses the wind as its source of energy. The wind actually has kinetic energy since it is moving that the turbine converts to electromagnetic energy. The faster the wind is moving the more energy the turbine can convert. RMMBR: Types of energy are different from sources of energy. Slide 71 / Which type of energy is best illustrated by a bee moving very quickly? Slide 72 / Which type of energy is best illustrated by calories in food? A kinetic energy B chemical potential energy electromagnetic energy A kinetic energy B chemical potential energy electromagnetic energy
13 Slide 73 / Which type of energy is best illustrated by a a waterfall being used to turn a turbine? Slide 74 / Which type of energy is best illustrated by burning fossil fuels to release energy? A kinetic energy B chemical potential energy electromagnetic energy A kinetic energy B chemical potential energy electromagnetic energy Slide 75 / Which type of energy is transferred between objects that are different temperatures? Slide 7 / nergy can be created from nothing as part of a chemical reaction. A heat B chemical potential energy True False electromagnetic energy Slide 77 / 119 Slide 78 / 119 hemical Reactions nergy hanges During Reactions onservation of Mass and onservation of Matter mean that atoms are not allowed to be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. They are only allowed to change the way they are attached to each other. Return to Table of ontents What about energy? Is it allowed to change during a chemical reaction?
14 Slide 79 / 119 onservation of nergy Slide 80 / 119 ndothermic Reactions onservation of nergy explains that energy may not be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. It may be transferred between substances or change its type. ndothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings. This makes the area around the reaction feel cold. Making scrambled eggs requires adding energy by heating the pan on the stovetop. That energy transfers into the eggs until they cook. Slide 81 / 119 xothermic Reactions Slide 82 / 119 Good Science Reminder! xothermic reactions release energy to their surroundings. This makes the area around the reaction feel warm or hot. When using a gas stovetop, the heat energy is released by the natural gas as it burns. The system is chosen by the scientist and typically involves the reacting substances. The surroundings are everything else that isn't part of the system. The system and surroundings combine to form the universe. Matter, mass, and energy must be constant in the universe during chemical reactions. Flames are a good indication that an exothermic reaction is taking place. Slide 83 / 119 nergy Diagrams nergy diagrams are used to visually show if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic. It also can give hints about if the reaction is likely to happen or not. Slide 84 / 119 nergy Diagrams For an endothermic reaction, the energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. nergy was absorbed. N R G Y N R G Y reactants products RATIN MPLTIN RATIN MPLTIN
15 Slide 85 / 119 nergy Diagrams For an exothermic reaction, the energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants. nergy was released. Slide 8 / An instant cold pack is an example of what kind of reaction? A ndothermic Reaction N R G Y reactants products B xothermic Reaction RATIN MPLTIN Slide 87 / An instant hand warmer is an example of what kind of reaction? A ndothermic Reaction B xothermic Reaction Slide 88 / Burning oil in a camping lantern is an example of what kind of reaction? A ndothermic Reaction B xothermic Reaction Slide 89 / Which reaction pictured is endothermic? Slide 90 / Which reaction pictured is most exothermic? N R G Y A B N R G Y A B RATIN MPLTIN RATIN MPLTIN
16 Slide 91 / 119 Slide 92 / Which reaction has products with the most energy? N R G Y A B Temperature and Thermal nergy RATIN MPLTIN Return to Table of ontents Slide 93 / 119 Brainstorm Slide 94 / 119 Reminder What is the relationship between temperature and thermal energy? Why not use temperature instead of energy for the reaction diagrams? FRM BFR: Thermal nergy is the portion of an object's average potential and kinetic energies per atom or molecule, depending on what substance it is. Thermal nergy is responsible for the object having a measurable temperature. NW: Temperature is not energy. It is related to energy but also is influenced by what the substance is and what phase of matter it is. Temperature is something we can directly measure. Slide 95 / 119 Similar Science Slide 9 / 119 Similar Science Size is not the only thing that influences how much mass an object has. It depends on what the object is made of as well. A soccer ball filled with air will have a different mass than a soccer ball filled with water or a soccer ball filled with cement, even though they are the same size. When making a pizza, sometimes the recipe calls for preheating a pizza stone in the oven. This allows the pizza stone to be the same temperature as the oven. The air inside the oven also heats up to the temperature of the oven.
17 When you open the oven, if you touch the pizza stone or the oven itself, you will probably get burned. The air inside the oven doesn't burn you, though. Slide 97 / 119 Similar Science Slide 98 / 119 Phase hanges Thermal energy also changes when a substance changes phase. If you measure the temperature of ice cream when it melts or of water when it boils, the temperature stays constant until the phase change finishes. xtra energy must be added to make those phase changes happen. That is because, even though everything in the oven is the same temperature, the air has a lot less thermal energy than the oven or the pizza stone. The interactions of the atoms in each substance cause them to require different amounts of energy. Sometimes, objects need to lose energy for a phase change to happen. When water freezes energy must be released before the ice can form. Slide 99 / Which has more thermal energy, 5.0g of solid candle wax or 5.0g of liquid candle wax if they have the same temperature? Slide 100 / Which has more thermal energy, 5.0g of solid candle wax or 15.0g of solid candle wax if they have the same temperature? A the solid wax B the liquid wax they have the same A the 5.0g sample B the 15.0g sample they have the same Slide 101 / What energy change must happen for a gas to condense to a liquid? Slide 102 / What energy change must happen for sublimation to occur? A decrease energy B increase energy more information is needed A decrease energy B increase energy more information is needed
18 Slide 103 / If substance one and substance two are at the same temperature, which one has more thermal energy? Slide 104 / If 150g of iron skillet and 150g of water are both at 100 degrees elsius, which has more thermal energy, the iron or the water? A substance one B substance two More information is needed. D They have the same energy. A the iron skillet B the water More information is needed. D They have the same energy. Slide 105 / 119 Slide 10 / 119 Brainstorm nergy Flow If two objects can have the same amount of thermal energy but different temperatures, or different thermal energies and the same temperature, when does energy transfer between them? Return to Table of ontents Slide 107 / 119 nergy Flow When two substances touch, if they have different temperatures, energy will flow from the hotter substance to the colder substance until their temperatures are the same. nce the temperatures are the same, the energy transfer process stops. Slide 108 / 119 nergy Flow In science, unless you are talking about a disease, "cold" is an adjective, not a noun. eat is the energy that transfers between objects. Ice doesn't transfer cold to the juice in the glass. The juice actually transfers energy to the ice. So what physically happens? xplain it in your own words.
19 Slide 109 / What quantity tries to balance out when energy is transferred via heat? Slide 110 / Which direction does heat flow? A thermal energy B temperature They both must be the same. A higher temperature to lower temperature B lower temperature to higher temperature higher thermal energy to lower thermal energy Slide 111 / Which of the following best describes how energy transfers when you cook an egg in a skillet on a stovetop? Slide 112 / Which of the following best describes why energy transfers when you cook an egg in a skillet on a stovetop? A The stovetop transfers energy to the egg. B The egg absorbs energy from the stovetop. The egg absorbs energy from the skillet. A The stovetop has a higher temperature than the egg. B The skillet has a lower temperature than the egg. The egg has a lower temperature than the skillet. Slide 113 / If object one is the same temperature as object two but has twice as much thermal energy, what happens when the objects touch? Slide 114 / If object one is the same temperature as object two but has twice as much mass, what happens when the objects touch? A bject one warms object two. B No energy is transferred. bject one gives energy to object two. A bject one warms object two. B No energy is transferred. bject one gives energy to object two.
20 Slide 115 / 119 Lab 3: Temperature & Thermal nergy ow can the difference between temperature and thermal energy be observed? Slide 11 / 119 Lab 4: nergy Transfer Build a device that takes the thermal energy change from a chemical reaction and uses it to do something different than it would normally be used for. Slide 117 / 119 Slide 118 / 119 Fill in the Blanks When a substance has different properties before and after something happens, a has taken place. Summary bservable changes can be either changes where the substance does not change its formula or where the substance changes into a new substance with a new formula. Return to Table of ontents When changes occur, conserved and may not change. and must be Slide 119 / 119 Fill in the Blanks A equation shows the correct ratios of reactants and products that allow mass and matter to be conserved. There are several types of such as kinetic, chemical potential, and thermal. nergy may be absorbed or released during a reaction. energy is different from temperature. nergy flows from temperature to temperature.
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