Volusia County Schools. Honors. Chemistry. Curriculum Map

Transcription

1 Honors Volusia County Schools Chemistry Curriculum Map

2 Parts of the Curriculum Map Body of Knowledge: the broadest organizational structure used to group content and concepts within the curriculum map Pacing: time frames created by teacher committees, using EOC data, within which the course should be taught in preparation for the Biology EOC Measurement Topics: concepts grouped together by related benchmarks used in Pinnacle for standards-referenced grading Learning Targets and Skills: the content knowledge, processes, and enabling skills that will ensure successful mastery of the measurement topics Benchmark: the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards required in the course descriptions posted on CPALMS by FLDOE Academic Language: the content-specific vocabulary or phrases both teachers and students should use, and be familiar with, during instruction Resources: a listing of available, high quality and appropriate materials, including: strategies, lessons, textbooks, videos and other media sources, that are aligned with the measurement topics RARE week: (Review, Assess, Re-teach, and Enrich) specific days set aside for teachers to administer district assessments, go over the test items in class with students, and identify students who need additional remediation or enrichment DIA:B: (District Interim Assessments: Biology) are content-specific tests developed by the district and teacher committees to assist teachers in monitoring student progress. The secondary goal is to prepare students for the EOC through similar rigor, complexity, and style guidelines as in state assessments. Page A Appendix A

3 Evaluate Elaborate Explain Explore Engage Volusia District Science Office Volusia County Science 5E Instructional Model Description Learners engage with an activity that captures their attention, stimulates their thinking, and helps them access prior knowledge. A successful engagement activity will reveal existing misconceptions to the teacher and leave the learner wanting to know more about how the problem or issue relates to his/her own world. (e.g. ISN-preview, Probe, Teacher Demonstration ) Learners explore common, hands-on experiences that help them begin constructing concepts and developing skills related to the learning target. The learner will gather, organize, interpret, analyze and evaluate data. (e.g. investigations, labs ) Implementation The diagram below shows how the elements of the 5E model are interrelated. Although the 5E model can be used in linear order (engage, explore, explain, elaborate and evaluate), the model is most effective when it is used as a cycle of learning. Learners explain through analysis of their exploration so that their understanding is clarified and modified with reflective activities. Learners use science terminology to connect their explanations to the experiences they had in the engage and explore phases. (e.g. Lecture, ISN-notes, Research, Close-reading, reading to learn, videos, websites ) Learners elaborate and solidify their understanding of the concept and/or apply it to a real world situation resulting in a deeper understanding. Teachers facilitate activities that help the learner correct remaining misconceptions and generalize concepts in a broader context. (e.g. labs, web-quest, presentations, debate, discussion, ISN-reflection ) Teachers and Learners evaluate proficiency of learning targets, concepts and skills throughout the learning process. Evaluations should occur before activities, to assess prior knowledge, after activities, to assess progress, and after the completion of a unit to assess comprehension. (i.e. formatives and summatives) Each lesson begins with an engagement activity, but evaluation occurs throughout the learning cycle. Teachers should adjust their instruction based on the outcome of the evaluation. In addition, teachers are encouraged to differentiate at each state to meet the needs of individual students. *Adapted from The BSCS 5E Instructional Model: Origins, Effectiveness, and Applications, July 2006, Bybee, et.al, pp Page B Appendix A

4 Cognitive Complexity The benchmarks in the Next Generation Sunshine State Standards (NGSSS) identify knowledge and skills students are expected to acquire at each grade level, with the underlying expectation that students also demonstrate critical thinking. The categories low complexity, moderate complexity, high complexity form an ordered description of the demands a test item may make on a student. Instruction in the classroom should match, at a minimum, the complexity level of the learning target in the curriculum map. Low Moderate High This category relies heavily on the recall and recognition of previously learned concepts and principles. Items typically specify what the student is to do, which is often to carry out some procedure that can be performed mechanically. It is not left to the student to come up with an original method or solution. This category involves more flexible thinking and choice among alternatives than low complexity items. They require a response that goes beyond the habitual, is not specified, and ordinarily has more than a single step or thought process. The student is expected to decide what to do using formal methods of reasoning and problem-solving strategies and to bring together skill and knowledge from various domains. This category makes heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. The items require that the student think in an abstract and sophisticated way often involving multiple steps. identify a common example or recognize a concept; retrieve information from a chart, table, diagram, or graph; recognize a standard scientific representation of a simple phenomenon; or calculate or complete a familiar single-step procedure or equation using a reference sheet. apply or infer relationships among facts, terms, properties, or variables; describe examples and non-examples of scientific processes or concepts; predict or determine the logical next step or outcome; compare or contrast structures or functions of different organisms or systems; choose the appropriate formula or equation to solve a problem and then solve it; or apply and use concepts from a standard scientific model or theory. construct models for research; generalize or draw conclusions; design an experiment, given data and conditions; explain or solve a problem in more than one way; provide a justification for steps in a solution or process; analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a methods for correcting it; interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving spatial relationships; or predict a long-term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system. *Adapted from Webb s Depth of Knowledge and FLDOE FCAT 2.0 Specification Documentation Page C Appendix A

5 Chemistry I Instruction and Assessment Calendar Week # Days of Instruction Dates Common Formative Assessment Units Measurement Topics Notes Aug. 20 Sept. 5 Unit 1: Measurement and Lab Skills T01, T02, T04 Sept. 3 Labor Day Sept. 6 Sept. 14 Unit 2: Properties of Matter T Sept. 17 Oct. 8 Unit 3: Atomic Theory and Structure (including the mole) T02, T03, T06, T07, T16 Sept. 21 PD Day Oct. 9 Oct. 23 Unit 4: Electrons and Modern Atomic Theory T02, T03, T05, T06, T08 Oct. 19 PD Day Oct. 23 Mole Day Assessment given in 2 nd Quarter Oct. 24 Nov. 2 Unit 5: The Periodic Table T01, T03, T04, T Nov. 5 Nov. 28 Unit 6: Ionic Bonding and Nomenclature T08, T09 Nov. 12 Veterans Day Nov. 29 Dec. 12 Unit 7: Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature T08, T09 Nov Thanksgiving Holiday Dec. 13 Dec. 20 Review and Semester Exams Semester Exam Jan. 7 Jan. 15 Unit 8: Chemical Composition T01, T08, T Jan. 16 Feb. 1 Unit 9: Chemical Reactions and Rates T04, T05, T07, T11, T16 Jan. 21 MLK Day Feb. 4 Feb. 27 Unit 10: Stoichiometry T01, T11, T07 Feb. 18 Presidents Day Feb. 28 Mar. 19 Unit 11: Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Gas Laws T01, T03, T04, T07, T12 Mar. 11 PD Day Mar. 20 Apr. 9 Unit 12: States of Matter T04, T05, T10, T12 Mar Spring Break Assessment given in 3 rd Quarter Apr. 10 Apr. 25 Unit 13: Solutions and Chemical Equilibrium T07, T10, T14, T13 FCAT Reading Scheduled Apr. 26 May 14 Unit 14: Acids and Bases T10, T14, T13, T15 EOC Subject Exams and AP Exams May 15 May 21 Unit 15: Environmental Chemistry T02, T05, T16, T May 22 May 29 Review and Final Exams End of Course Exam May 27 Memorial Day Page A Appendix B

6 Chemistry I Measurement Topics (T01) Science Process SC.912.N.1.1 SC.912.N.1.4 SC.912.N.1.5 SC.912.N.4.1 SC.912.N.4.2 (T02) What is Science? SC.912.N.1.2 SC.912.N.1.3 SC.912.N.1.6 SC.912.N.1.7 SC.912.N.2.1 SC.912.N.2.2 SC.912.N.2.3 SC.912.N.2.4 SC.912.N.2.5 (T03) Theories, Laws, and Models SC.912.N.3.1 SC.912.N.3.2 SC.912.N.3.3 SC.912.N.3.4 SC.912.N.3.5 (T04) Properties of Matter SC.912.P.8.1 SC.912.P NGSSS Benchmarks grouped into 17 Chemistry Measurement Topics assessed by 15 Common Formative Assessment Units (T05) Energy Transformations SC.912.P.10.1 SC.912.P.10.2 SC.912.P.10.6 SC.912.P.10.7 (T06) Atomic Theory and Structure SC.912.P.8.3 SC.912.P.8.4 SC.912.P.10.9 SC.912.P SC.912.E.5.1 (T07) The Mole Concept SC.912.P.8.9 (T08) Periodicity SC.912.P.8.5 (T09) Bonding and Chemical Formulas SC.912.P.8.7 SC.912.P.8.12 (T10) Intermolecular Forces SC.912.P.8.6 SC.912.L (T11) Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry SC.912.P.8.8 SC.912.P (T12) Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior SC.912.P.10.5 SC.912.P SC.912.P (T13) Equilibrium SC.912.P (T14) Solutions Volusia Specific Benchmark* (T15) Acids and Bases SC.912.P.8.11 (T16) Nuclear Chemistry SC.912.P SC.912.P SC.912.P (T17) Environmental Chemistry SC.912.L.15.2 SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L *Describe solutions as homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances in terms of composition and properties. Page B Appendix B

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8 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 1 Measurement and Lab Skills August 20 September 5 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language Weeks 1-3 Science Process (T01) What is Science (T02) (T01) design a controlled experiment on a chemistry topic (T01) use tools (this includes the use of measurement in metric and other systems, and also the generation and interpretation of graphical representations of data, including data tables and graphs) (T01) collect, analyze, and interpret data from the experiment to draw conclusions (T01) determine an experiment s validity and justify its conclusions based on: o control group o limiting variables and constants o multiple trials (repetition) or large sample sizes o bias o method of data collection, analysis, and interpretation o communication of results (T01) describe the difference between an observation and inference (T01) use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify explanations to others (T01) discriminate between independent and dependent variables and recognize the correct placement of variables on the axes of a graph (T01) convert numbers in scientific notation and standard notation (T01) convert between metric measurements (T01) interpret metric prefixes in terms of relative size (T01) select and correctly utilize appropriate tools for determining mass, volume, and temperature (T01) read the meniscus of a graduated cylinder and record the volume correctly (T01) differentiate between accuracy and precision SC.912.N.1.3 SC.912.N.1.6 SC.912.N.1.7 SC.912.N.2.1 SC.912.N.2.2 SC.912.N.2.4 SC.912.N.2.5 Reliability Validity Bias Peer review Inference Observation Analysis Interpretation Evidence Scientific notation Meniscus Independent variable Dependent variable Control variables Multiple trials Accuracy Precision (T02) explain that science is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation (T02) explain that chemists study matter and the changes it undergoes (T02) differentiate between science and non-science (T02) identify which questions can be answered through science and which questions cannot SC.912.N.1.1 SC.912.N.1.4 SC.912.N.1.5 SC.912.N.4.1 SC.912.N.4.1 Science Non-science Pseudoscience Page 1

9 Properties of Matter (T04) Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes (T04) describe density as a physical property that depends only on the type of substance, not the amount of substance (T04) recognize that the density of water is 1 g/ml at room temperature (T04) calculate the volume of objects by displacement and by formula (LxWxH) (T04) calculate the mass, volume, and density of an object from real world data (T04) predict whether an object floats or sinks in a liquid based on density Resources SC.912.P.8.2 Density Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix No/Non - not Sciencia- wisdom Pre- before Dici- to say -ology- study Sample Assessment During the early 1900 s, Albert Einstein proposed a set of mathematical models that explain the motion of objects approaching the speed of light, 300,000,000 m/s. His now-famous theory is called Special Relativity and is the accepted method to describe almost all motion scientists observe. Why is the Relativity a theory of motion and a law of motion? A. Theories are subject to change as new scientists become famous. B. Theories are subject to change as new evidence is discovered. C. Laws are subject to change as new scientists become famous. D. Laws are subject to change as new evidence is discovered. Page 2

10 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 2 Properties of Matter August 27 September 14 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T04) recognize that all matter is made up of atoms, has mass, and takes up space (T04) differentiate among the four states of matter in terms of particle distance, particle motion, and definite/indefinite shapes and volumes SC.912.P.8.1 Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Definite Indefinite Weeks 3-4 (T04) differentiate between physical and chemical properties (T04) differentiate between a physical change and a chemical change (T04) describe the phase changes that occur between solids, liquids, and gases as physical changes (T04) distinguish between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures (heterogeneous and homogeneous) SC.912.P.8.2 Physical property Chemical property Physical change Chemical change Mixture Heterogeneous Homogeneous Properties of Matter (T04) Page 3

11 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix The table below contains data for mercury and water at standard pressure. Substance Melting Sample Assessment Based on the data in the table, which of the following pairs of substances could exist at the same temperature? A. ice and liquid mercury B. liquid water and solid mercury C. water vapor and solid mercury D. liquid water and mercury vapor Page 4

12 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 3 - Atomic Theory and Structure September 17 October 8 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T02) explain scientific knowledge can change because it is often reexamined by new investigations which makes it more durable and robust (T02) recognize the Rutherford experiment and how it yielded evidence for the existence of the atomic nucleus SC.912.N.2.4 Rutherford experiment Atomic nucleus Weeks 5-7 What is Science (T02) Theories, Laws, and Models (T03) (T03) recognize that a scientific theory represents the most powerful explanation scientists have to offer based on current evidence from many scientific investigations (T03) describe the law of definite proportions as a description of what Dalton observed when combining elements, but not an explanation (T03) recognize that atomic theories will not become laws, because theories explain observations while laws summarize or describe them (T03) describe the function of atomic models as representations of atoms based on evidence from experiments SC.912.N.3.1 SC.912.N.3.3 SC.912.N.3.4 SC.912.N.3.5 Theory Law Model Atomic Theory and Structure (T06) (T06) describe and differentiate atomic models according to Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford (T06) describe how changes in atomic models resulted from new experimental evidence SC.912.P.8.3 Dalton model Plum Pudding model Rutherford model Page 5

13 (T06) describe the structure of atoms in terms of subatomic particles: o protons, neutrons, electrons (T06) differentiate the three subatomic particles in terms of: o mass, charge, and location within the atom (T06) explain how isotopes of the same element are alike and different (T06) recognize that the atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus (T06) recognize and apply the mass number of an atom as the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (T06) describe the average atomic mass of an element is the weighted averages of the commonly occurring isotopes of that element SC.912.P.8.4 Nucleus Proton Neutron Electron Isotope Atomic number Mass number Average atomic mass Atomic Theory and Structure (T06) Mole Concept (T07) Nuclear Chemistry (T16) (T07) identify a mole as unit of measure containing 6.02 x particles of any substance (T07) define molar mass as the mass of one mole of particles of any substance (T07) calculate the molar mass of any substance from the average atomic masses of its elements (T07) convert particles to moles and moles to particles of a substance (T07) convert grams to moles and moles to grams of a substance SC.912.P.8.9 Mole Avogadro s number (T16) describe radioactivity and explain its source based on electrostatic and nuclear forces in the atomic nucleus (T16) describe three primary types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma) in terms of mass, charge, and penetration through various materials SC.912.P Electromagnetic force Weak nuclear force Strong nuclear force Radioactivity/Radiation Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Page 6

14 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Sample Assessment Which of the following statements best describes a difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions? A. Nuclei split during fission and combine during fusion. B. Fission forms heavier elements, and fusion forms lighter elements. C. Fission generates potential energy, and fusion generates kinetic energy. D. Nuclei gain electrons during fission and release electrons during fusion. Page 7

15 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 4: Electrons and Modern Atomic Theory October 9 October 23 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T02) interpret the evidence of the hydrogen emission spectrum in support of the Bohr atomic model with specific quantized energy levels SC.912.N.2.4 Emission spectrum Energy levels (T03) describe the role consensus played in the historical development of the quantum mechanical model of the atom. SC.912.N.3.2 Consensus Weeks 8-10 What is Science (T02) Theories, Laws, and Models (T03) Energy Transformations (T05) Atomic Theory and Structure (T06) Periodicity (T08) (T05) recognize that when electrons change energy levels they absorb or release energy by moving between excited and ground states (T06) describe the quantization of energy through the behavior of electrons changing energy levels that correspond to specific amounts of energy (T06) describe the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model of the atom (T06) describe the s, p, d, f atomic orbitals in terms of shape and number of electrons held (T06) write electron configurations for the first 20 elements (T06) compare and contrast the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength, frequency, and energy, and relate them to phenomena and applications (T08) identify the s, p, d, f blocks of atomic orbitals in the periodic table (T08) determine how many valence electrons are in a representative (maingroup) element by: Lewis dot structure, electron configuration, location in the periodic table. (T08) identify an element if given its atomic number and a periodic table (T08) determine the electron configuration of an element based on its position I the periodic table and vice versa SC.912.P.10.1 SC.912.P.10.9 SC.912.P SC.912.P.8.5 Excited state Ground state Bohr model Quantum mechanical model Atomic orbital Electron configuration Quantum Electromagnetic spectrum Wavelength Frequency Valence electron Lewis dot structure Page 8

16 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Cobalt has an atomic mass of 59 and an atomic number of 27. What does this information reveal about most cobalt atoms? A. They contain more neutrons than protons. B. They naturally have a net negative charge. C. They attract protons more strongly than electrons. D. They form ions with a charge of +27 in compounds. Sample Assessment Which of the following ideas was proposed by Niels Bohr? A. Electrons occupy specific energy levels within an atom. B. The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons as well as protons. C. An atom is a solid sphere that cannot be separated into smaller parts. D. An atom consists of negative charges embedded in a positively charged sphere. Page 9

17 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 5 The Periodic Table October 24 November 2 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T01) describe the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev by ordering elements in average atomic mass and chemical properties SC.912.N.1.6 Periodic table (T03) describe the periodic law as the repetition of predictable chemical and physical properties observed when elements are arranged in a table SC.912.N.3.3 Periodic law Weeks Science Process (T01) (T04) classify elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids based on their physical and chemical properties or position in the periodic table SC.912.P.8.2 Metal Nonmetal Metalloid Theories, Laws, and Models (T03) Properties of Matter (T04) Periodicity (T08) (T08) name and describe properties of groups 1, 2, 17, and 18 in the periodic table in terms of electron configuration, metallic character, and reactivity (T08) predict the properties of elements within a group and period based upon the properties of another element in the same group (T08) recognize that properties of elements change across a period and repeat in the next period (periodicity) (T08) arrange elements by atomic radius within any group or period using a periodic table (T08) compare the atomic radius of an atom to the ionic radius of its ion formed by gaining or losing electrons (T08) define ionization energy and electronegativity (T08) interpret ionization energy trends and electronegativity trends from graphed data and a periodic table in terms of electronic configuration (T08) predict the reactivity of an element based on its position in the periodic table SC.912.P.8.5 Periodicity Group Period Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Nobel gases Atomic radius Ionic radius Ionization energy Electronegativity Cation Anion Page 10

18 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix A sealed flask contains molecules of CO2. How many moles of CO2 are in the flask? Sample Assessment In which of the following lists are the elements shown in order of increasing electronegativity? A mol B. 22 mol C. 3.0 x mol D. 7.8 x mol A. Li, Be, O, F B. O, F, Be, Li C. F, Li, O, Be D. Li, F, Be, O Page 11

19 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 6 Ionic Bonding and Nomenclature November 5 November 28 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T08) predict the charge (oxidation number) for ions of representative (main-group) elements based on the octet rule and their position in the periodic table SC.912.P.8.5 Oxidation number Weeks Periodicity (T08) Bonding and Chemical Formulas (T09) (T09) recognize that electrostatic forces of attraction between positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) formed by the transfer of electrons result in an ionic bond (T09) recognize that ionic bonds will form between metals and nonmetals (T09) describe the properties of ionic compounds such as high melting point, brittle, and crystalline structure (T09) determine the number of electrons an atom will lose or gain in order to obtain a stable electron arrangement or octet (T09) define and interpret the concept of formula unit as the simplest ratio of ions of elements in an ionic compound (T09) write chemical formulas and names for ionic compounds using the Stock system (T09) recognize the Lewis dot structure for an ionic compound (T09) explain that chemical bonds form between atoms to create more stable electron arrangements (T09) interpret chemical formulas for the number of ions and charge of each element SC.912.P.8.7 Ionic bond Octet rule Polyatomic ion Formula unit Page 12

20 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Which of the following is a correct Lewis dot structure for potassium chloride? Sample Assessment Barium and iodine combine to form an ionic compound. What is the chemical formula for this compound? A. B. C. A. BaI B. BaI 2 C. Ba 2 I D. Ba 2 I 2 D. Page 13

21 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 7 Covalent Bonding and Nomenclature November 29 December 12 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T08) identify the seven elements that exist as diatomic molecules (H 2, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 ) (T08) identify ionic, and polar and nonpolar covalent bonds between atoms based on position in the periodic table and electronegativity trends SC.912.P.8.5 Diatomic Weeks Periodicity (T08) Bonding and Chemical Formulas (T09) (T09) identify a compound as ionic or covalent from its chemical formula (T09) write chemical formulas and names for binary molecular compounds (T09) draw Lewis dot structures for common molecules (T09) differentiate between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds between atoms based on electronegativity difference (T09) distinguish between simple polar and nonpolar molecules based on shape and polar bonds (e.g. CO 2, H 2 O, NH 3, CCl 4, CH 4, F 2 ) (T09) explain that chemical bonds form between atoms to create more stable electron arrangements (T09) compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in three ways: o transfer vs. sharing of electrons o metal/nonmetal vs. nonmetal/nonmetal o formula unit vs. molecule (T09) compare and contrast the properties of ionic and covalent compounds: o melting point o solubility o conductivity SC.912.P.8.7 Binary molecular compound Covalent bond Molecule Polar Nonpolar (T09) describe the properties of carbon that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible such as having 4 valence electrons, forming up to 4 bonds, and forming double and triple bonds SC.912.P.8.12 Page 14

22 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Which of the following statements best explains why atoms bond? A. Atoms bond to make new substances. B. Atoms bond to become less chemically stable. C. Atoms bond to change from a liquid to a solid. D. Atoms bond to become more chemically stable. Sample Assessment Two compounds that contain the elements carbon and chlorine are carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and chloroform (CHCl 3 ). Which of the following statements describes the geometry around carbon in these two compounds? A. CCl 4 and CHCl 3 have bent geometries. B. CCl 4 and CHCl 3 have tetrahedral geometries. C. CCl 4 has linear geometry and CHCl 3 has bent geometry. D. CCl 4 has tetrahedral geometry and CHCl 3 has trigonal planar geometry. Page 15

23 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 8 Chemical Composition January 7 January 15 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T01) collect, analyze, and interpret data in an experiment to draw conclusions regarding the percent composition of a substance SC.912.N.1.1 Weeks Science Process (T01) Bonding and Chemical Formulas (T09) (T09) distinguish between empirical and molecular chemical formulas (T09) calculate the percent composition of each element in a compound given: o total masses of each element, or o chemical formula (T09) calculate the mass of each element in a compound from the percent composition (T09) calculate the empirical formula of a compound from the percent composition (T09) calculate the molecular formula of a compound from the empirical formula and molecular mass SC.912.P.8.7 Percent composition Empirical formula Molecular formula Mole Concept (T07) (T07) calculate the molar mass of any compound from the average atomic masses of its elements (T07) calculate the molar mass of a substance from its chemical formula (T07) calculate the number of moles of each element in a compound given the chemical formula and the mass SC.912.P.8.9 Molar mass Page 16

24 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Sample Assessment Page 17

25 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 9 Chemical Reactions and Rates January 16 February 1 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T04) recognize a chemical reaction as a chemical change forming new substances with new properties (T04) list four clues that a chemical reaction has probably occurred: o color change, gas formation, precipitate, temperature change SC.912.P.8.2 Chemical reaction Weeks (T05) recognize that chemical bonds store chemical potential energy in the form of attractions between atoms (T05) recognize that energy is absorbed to break bonds and released when bonds form (T05) describe stronger bonds as those that require more energy to break and release more energy when formed SC.912.P.10.1 Potential energy Properties of Matter (T04) Energy Transformations (T05) Mole Concept (T07) (T05) describe activation energy (E a ) as the minimum energy required to cause a reaction (T05) recognize a system that has lost energy as exothermic (T05) recognize a system that has gained energy as endothermic (T05) interpret energy diagrams and their components: reactants, products, energy change (E or H), activation energy (E a ) (T05) interpret energy diagrams for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions (T05) distinguish between endothermic and exothermic energy diagrams SC.912.P.10.7 SC.912.P.10.6 Activation energy Endothermic Exothermic Energy diagram Catalyzed (T05) recognize and apply the law of conservation of energy in chemical reactions SC.912.P.10.2 Law of conservation of energy (T07) apply the law of conservation of mass to balance chemical equations (T07) apply the law of conservation of mass calculate the initial and final masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction SC.912.P.8.9 Law of conservation of mass Chemical equation Page 18

26 (T11) interpret chemical equations in terms of: o reactants, products, and symbols (s, l, g, aq,, ) (T11) identify and describe the five main types chemical reactions: o synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion (T11) describe oxidation and reduction as the loss or gain of electrons (T11) recognize which reactants are oxidized and reduced in redox reactions (T11) identify most reactions (except double replacement) as oxidationreduction (redox) reactions (T11) describe oxidation-reduction reactions in living and non-living systems SC.912.P.8.8 SC.912.P.8.10 Synthesis Decomposition Single replacement Double replacement Combustion Oxidation Reduction Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry (T11) Nuclear Chemistry (T16) (T11) describe the three conditions necessary for a chemical reaction according to collision theory (T11) express reaction rates with proper units (amount/time) (T11) explain how increasing concentration increases the rate of a reaction by increasing the frequency of collisions (T11) explain how increasing temperature increases the rate of a reaction by increasing the frequency and energy of collisions (T11) explain how increasing surface area (smaller particles) increases the rate of a reaction by increasing the amount of reactant available for collisions (T11) predict how changes in concentration, temperature, and surface area (particle size) affect reaction rates (T11) recognize that a catalyst increases the rate of reversible chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy and remaining unchanged SC.912.P Collision theory Rate Catalyst (T16) differentiate between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions in that nuclear reactions: o produce much more energy o produce different elements by a change in atomic number SC.912.P Nuclear reaction (T16) compare and contrast nuclear fission and fusion in terms of energy, process, and sustainability (T16) describe radioactive decay occurring at a constant rate (half-life) that depends only on the type of substance, not the amount of conditions (T16) interpret radioactive decay and half-life data from graphs SC.912.P Fission Fusion Half-life Page 19

27 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix The diagram below represents one molecule of methane (CH 4 ). Sample Assessment Which of the following statements best describes a difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions? Which of the following is a balanced equation for the synthesis of methane from carbon and hydrogen? A. Nuclei split during fission and combine during fusion. B. Fission forms heavier elements, and fusion forms lighter elements. C. Fission generates potential energy, and fusion generates kinetic energy. D. Nuclei gain electrons during fission and release electrons during fusion. A. C + H CH 4 B. C 4 + H CH 4 C. C + 2H 2 CH 4 D. C 2 + 4H CH 4 Page 20

28 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 10 Stoichiometry February 4 February 27 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T01) collect, analyze, and interpret data in an experiment to determine the percent yield of a product in a chemical reaction SC.912.N.1.1 Weeks Science Process (T01) (T11) recognize that chemicals react in simple whole number ratios given by the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation SC.912.P.8.8 Ratio Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry (T11) Mole Concept (T07) (T07) apply the law of conservation of mass calculate the amounts grams or moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction (stoichiometry) (T07) identify and apply mole-to-mole ratios of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation (T07) identify which amounts (atoms, mass, moles, or molecules) are conserved in a balanced chemical equation (T07) convert moles or grams of one substance to moles or grams of another substance (T07) define and calculate theoretical yield in grams of a product (T07) calculate the percent yield of a product SC.912.P.8.9 Stoichiometry Mole-to-mole ratio Theoretical yield Percent yield Page 21

29 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Sample Assessment The chemical equation below represents sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) in the atmosphere mixing with rainwater to form sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), which is a major component of acid rain. SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (l) The molar mass of SO 3 is 80.1 g/mol and the molar mass of H 2 SO 4 is 98.1 g/mol. How much H 2 SO 4 is produced when g of SO 3 mixes with rainwater? A g B. 105 g C. 128 g D. 157 g Page 22

30 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 11 Kinetic-Molecular Theory Ideal and Gas Laws February 28 March 19 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T01) collect, analyze, and interpret data relating to changes in gas pressure, volume, and/or temperature (T01) convert temperature between degrees Celsius ( o C) and kelvins (K) SC.912.N.1.1 Celsius scale Kelvin scale (T03) describe the main points of kinetic-molecular theory as the best explanation for gas properties and behavior SC.912.N.3.1 Kinetic-molecular theory Weeks Science Process (T01) Theories, Laws, and Models (T03) (T04) recognize the physical properties of gases including low density, compressibility, and expansion to fill any container (T12) describe temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance (T12) describe matter at absolute zero (0 K) SC.912.P.8.1 SC.912.P.10.5 Compressibility Expansion Temperature Kinetic energy Absolute zero Properties of Matter (T04) Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior (T12) (T12) explain the cause of gas pressure as the collisions of particles with the walls of a container (T12) convert gas pressures between units of atm, kpa, and mmhg (T12) describe how changes in volume, temperature, and number of particles affect gas pressure (T12) apply gas laws to predict gas behavior based on changes in: o pressure o volume o temperature o number of particles (T12) define standard temperature and pressure (STP) as 273 K and 1 atm (T12) apply the combined gas law to calculate changes in pressure, volume, and temperature SC.912.P Gas pressure atm kpa mmhg Gas laws STP Page 23

31 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Which of the following actions decreases the entropy of a system? A. boiling water B. freezing water C. dissolving salt in water D. mixing baking soda and salt Sample Assessment Three identical balloons each contain one mole of gas. One balloon contains oxygen, one contains nitrogen, and one contains argon. Which of the following changes in volume will happen if the balloons are placed in a warmer room? A. The balloon with argon will decrease most in volume because argon is a noble gas. B. All of the balloons will decrease in volume equally because the temperature increased. C. The balloon with oxygen will increase most in volume because oxygen has the largest molecules. D. All of the balloons will increase in volume equally because they have equal numbers of molecules. Page 24

32 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 12 States of Matter March 20 April 9 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T04) differentiate among the four states of matter in terms of particle distance, particle motion, and definite/indefinite shapes and volumes SC.912.P.8.1 Weeks (T05) describe heat as the flow of energy from objects of higher to lower temperature (T05) explain the role of added or released energy in phase changes (T05) interpret heating/cooling curves in terms of heat absorbed/released, temperature changes, and phase changes SC.912.P.10.1 SC.912.P.10.7 Heat Heating/cooling curve Properties of Matter (T04) Energy Transformations (T05) Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior (T12) Intermolecular Forces (T10) (T12) describe phase transitions in terms of kinetic-molecular theory considering forces of attraction between particles and molecular motion (T10) describe three intermolecular forces in terms of their causes and relative strengths of attraction (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonds) (T10) differentiate between intramolecular forces (bonds ionic, covalent, metallic) in chemical reactions and intermolecular forces in phase changes (T10) explain the phase of a substance at room temperature in terms of type and strength of intermolecular forces, for example: o Cl 2 (g) vs. Br 2 (l) vs. I 2 (s) or o NH 3 (l) vs. CH 4 (g) SC.912.P SC.912.P.8.6 Phase transition Intermolecular forces Dispersion forces Dipole-dipole forces Hydrogen bonds Intramolecular forces (T10) recognize hydrogen bonding in water as the source of its special physical properties (surface tension, cohesion/adhesion, high boiling point, liquid/solid density, universal solvent) making it suitable for life SC.912.L Surface tension Cohesion/adhesion Boiling point Solvent Page 25

33 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Sample Assessment Page 26

34 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 13 Solutions and Chemical Equilibrium April 10 April 25 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T07) define molarity as a unit of concentration (moles of solute per liter of solution) (T07) solve solution composition problems in terms of: o molarity o molar mass o moles o volume o mass SC.912.P.8.7 Molarity (T07) solve dilution problems using the equation: M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 Weeks (T10) recognize that intermolecular attractions break and form in solution formation (solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent) SC.912.P.8.6 Mole Concept (T07) Intermolecular Forces (T10) Solutions (T14) (T14) differentiate solutions (homogeneous) from other mixtures (heterogeneous) (T14) identify the solute and solvent in a solution (T14) apply the general principle like dissolves like regarding two polar or nonpolar substances to determine whether they will form a solution (T14) describe three factors that affect the rate of dissolving for solids or gases in liquid solvents: o temperature o surface area o stirring (T14) recognize electrolytes as substances that dissociate into ions in solution to conduct electricity (T14) differentiate between concentrated and dilute solutions in terms of the relative amounts solute and solvent (T14) describe and classify solutions as unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated with a seed crystal test (T14) interpret a solubility curve for a given substance dissolved in water (classify saturation and quantify solubility) Volusia County Specific Solute Solvent Solution Electrolyte Concentration Dilution Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated Seed crystal test Solubility curve Page 27

35 Text book Equilibrium (T13) Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes (T13) describe dynamic equilibrium as a reversible process with equal forward and reverse rates (T13) recognize that both reactants and products are present at equilibrium (T13) describe examples of dynamic equilibrium such as: o saturated solutions o melting-freezing or vaporization-condensation o chemical reactions Resources SC.912.P Dynamic equilibrium Reversible Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix The reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen gas takes place at 420 C to produce water vapor and carbon monoxide as shown in the reaction: Sample Assessment Which of the following statements best explains why ionic solids dissolve in water? Which of the following changes in concentration occur when more water vapor is added to the system under equilibrium conditions? A. [H2] decreases, [CO2] decreases, [CO] increases B. [H2] decreases, [CO2] decreases, [CO] decreases C. [H2] increases, [CO2] increases, [CO] increases D. [H2] increases, [CO2] increases, [CO] decreases A. Water has high surface tension. B. Water is a highly polar molecule. C. Water is more dense as a liquid than as a solid. D. Water has a higher boiling point than predicted by its molar mass. Page 28

36 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 14 Acids and Bases April 26 May 14 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T01) collect, analyze, and interpret titration data relating to concentrations of acids and bases in neutralization reactions SC.912.N.1.1 (T07) define titration and differentiate between equivalence point and end point (T07) determine the concentration of an unknown solution using titration techniques and the equation: M a V a = M b V b (for 1:1 acid-base mole ratios only) SC.912.P.8.7 Titration Indicator Equivalence point End point Weeks Mole Concept (T10) Solutions (T14) Acids and Bases (T15) Equilibrium (T13) (T14) recognize acids and bases as electrolytes that produce ions in solution to conduct electricity (T15) describe the properties of Brönsted-Lowry acids and bases (T15) recognize conjugate acid-base pairs (T15) describe a neutralization reaction as an acid and a base reacting to produce water and a salt (T15) relate ph to hydronium ion concentration with the equation: ph = log[h 3 O + ] or ph = log[h + ] (T15) interpret the ph scale for acidic, basic, and neutral solutions (T15) classify solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral if given: o hydronium ion concentration [H 3 O + ] o hydroxide ion concentration [OH ] o ph (T15) calculate [H 3 O + ], [OH ], or ph of a solution based on its identity and concentration Volusia County Specific SC.912.P.8.11 Brönsted-Lowry acid Brönsted-Lowry base Conjugate acid-base pair Neutralization ph Hydronium ion Hydroxide ion Neutral (T13) describe the auto-ionization of water and its constant, K w, using the reaction: H 2 O + H 2 O H 3 O + + OH and the equation: K w = [H 3 O + ][OH ] = 1 x SC.912.P Auto-ionization K w Page 29

37 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix The compound NH 3 is classified as because it when dissolved in water. Sample Assessment A. acid, donates hydrogen ions B. acid, accepts hydrogen ions C. base, donates hydrogen ions D. base, accepts hydrogen ions Page 30

38 Body of Knowledge: UNIT 15 Environmental Chemistry May 15 May 21 Measurement Topics Learning Targets and Skills Benchmarks Academic Language (T02) explain scientific knowledge can change because it is often re-examined by new investigations which makes it more durable and robust SC.912.N.2.4 Weeks What Is Science (T02) Energy Transformations (T05) Nuclear Chemistry (T16) Environmental Chemistry (T17) (T05) describe and distinguish between the various forms of energy o mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal, electromagnetic, nuclear (T05) define and distinguish between potential (stored) energy and kinetic (motion) energy (T05) trace the flow of energy from one form to another (T05) describe the process of generating electricity from nuclear energy in nuclear power plants (T16) compare and contrast nuclear fission and fusion in terms of energy, process, and sustainability (T16) describe nuclear fission chain reactions and their applications (T17) evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues (T17) evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources of energy including fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear (uranium), biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, fuel cell (hydrogen) (T17) discuss the effects of technology on environmental quality (T17) discuss the large-scale environmental impacts resulting from human activity, including waste spills, oil spills, runoff, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, and surface and groundwater pollution (T17) predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability (T17) describe how different natural resources are produced and how their rates of use and renewal limit availability including fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear (uranium), biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, fuel cell (hydrogen) (T17) discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another SC.912.P.10.1 SC.912.P SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L SC.912.L.15.2 Mechanical energy Electrical energy Chemical energy Thermal energy Electromagnetic energy Nuclear energy Potential energy Kinetic energy Chain reaction Biotechnology Renewable Nonrenewable Fossil fuel Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectric Hydrogen fuel cell Greenhouse gases Ozone Sustainability Molecular clock Page 31

39 Resources Text book Lab / Demos Safari Montage Websites / PhET Keeley Probes Teacher Hints Prefix / Suffix Sample Assessment Page 32

40 Unit Unit Title Chemistry I HONORS Learning Targets 1 Measurement & Lab Skills I can apply significant figures correctly to measurements with scientific instruments with one digit of uncertainty. I can identify the number of significant figures in a measurement. I can determine the correct number of significant figures to include in a sum, difference, product, or quotient of two measurements. 2 Properties of Matter I can describe colloids and suspensions. I can identify mixtures as solutions, colloids, or suspensions if given information about particle settling, particle size, ability to be filtered, and Tyndall effect. 3 Atomic Theory & Structure 4 Electrons & Modern Atomic Theory 5 The Periodic Table 6 Ionic Bonding & Nomenclature 7 Covalent Bonding & Nomenclature 8 Chemical Composition 9 Chemical Reactions & Rates I can identify which isotope of an element is the most abundant based on average atomic mass. I can calculate the average atomic mass of an element from its isotopic masses and relative abundance. I can calculate the frequency, wavelength, and energy of an electromagnetic wave (or a photon) using the equations: c = λυ and E = hυ. I can write electron configurations for elements I can recall the name, formula, and charge of 10 common polyatomic ions (NH 4, NO3, OH, C2 H 3 O 2, ClO3, MnO 4, HCO3, CO3, SO4, PO4 ). I can apply VSEPR theory to determine molecular shapes including: linear (AB 2, e.g. CO 2 ), trigonal planar (AB 3, e.g. BF 3 ), tetrahedral (AB 4, e.g. CH 4 ), trigonal pyramidal (AB 3 E, e.g. NH 3 ), and bent (AB 2 E 2, e.g. H 2 O, AB 2 E, e.g. SO 2 ). I can predict bond angles (180 o, 120 o, or o ) based on molecular shape. I can predict the products of a reaction given reactants and reaction type (synthesis, single replacement, double replacement). I can determine the activity series for a group of metals based on the observed results of several single replacement reactions. I can describe oxidation-reduction reactions in living (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, etc.) and nonliving (rusting, batteries, etc.) systems. I can solve half-life calculations to determine the amount or age of a substance. 10 Stoichiometry I can determine the limiting reactant and excess reactant(s) for a chemical reaction if given masses or moles of reactants. I can calculate the theoretical yield of products if given masses or moles of reactants (using limiting reactant). 11 Kinetic-Molecular Theory & Gas Laws I can solve problems using the ideal gas law (PV = nrt) including determination of the molar mass of a gas. I can recall or calculate the molar volume of a gas at STP as 22.4 L/mol. I can perform stoichiometric calculations for gas reactions using volume ratios, ideal gas law, or molar volume at STP.