b. Na. d. So. 1 A basketball has more mass than a golf ball because:

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1 Chem I Semester Review All of the following are general characteristics of a substance in the liquid state except a. definite volume. c. not easily compressed. b. able to flow. d. definite shape. In the chemical reaction iron plus oxygen iron oxide, a. iron oxide is a reactant. c. oxygen is a product. b. iron is a reactant. d. iron is a product. Which term does not fit with the others listed? a. solid c. gas b. reactant d. liquid The chemical symbol for sodium is a. NA. c. SO. b. Na. d. So. A basketball has more mass than a golf ball because: a. the basketball takes up more space. b. the basketball contains more matter. c. the golf ball contains a different kind of matter. d. the golf ball has an indefinite composition. A gas is a form of matter that a. has a definite volume. b. is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature. c. takes the shape and volume of its container. d. is difficult to compress. Homogeneous mixtures a. are always liquids. b. consist of two or more phases. c. have a composition that is fixed. d. are known as solutions. A compound a. is a pure substance. b. has a composition that varies. c. can be physically separated into its elements. d. has properties similar to those of its elements. Physical properties of a substance include a. color and odor. c. malleability. b. melting & boiling points. d. all of the above. When iron and oxygen combine to form iron oxide, a. a physical change occurs. b. a change of state occurs. c. a change in mass occurs. d. a chemical change occurs. How many significant figures are in the measurement 0. g? a. c. b. d. Which of these equalities is not correct? a. 00 cg= g c. cm = ml b. 000 mm= m d. 0 kg= g How many of the zeros in the measurement m are significant? a. c. b. d. 8 How many milligrams are in. kg? a.. x 0 mg c.. x 0 mg b. mg d.. x 0 mg The closeness of a measurement to its true value is a measure of its: a. usefulness. c. accuracy. b. precision. d. reproducibility. Which of these measurements is expressed to three significant figures? a mm c. 00 mg b..0 x 0 km d m

2 A metric unit of volume is the: a. L. c. km. b. mg. d. K. The number of seconds in a 0-hour work week can be calculated as follows: The metric prefix kilo- means: a. 00 times smaller. c. 000 times smaller. b. 000 times larger. d. 00 times larger. What is the volume of 0.0 g of ether if the density of ether is 0.0 g/ml? a. 8 ml c.. x 0 ml b.. x 0 ml d. ml The temperature reading of -C corresponds to a Kelvin reading of: a.. K. c. 8 K. b. -8 K. d. K. Concentrated hydrochloric acid has a density of. g/ml. What is the mass, in grams, of.00 liters of this acid? a..8 x 0 g c..0 x 0 - g b..8 g d..0 x 0 g A conversion factor: a. is equal to. b. is a ratio of equivalent measurements. c. does not change the value of a measurement. d. all of the above Chlorine boils at K. What is the boiling point of chlorine expressed in degrees Celsius? a. C c. -C b. C d. -C A student measures a volume as ml, whereas the correct volume is ml. What is the percent error? a. 0.08% c. 0.% b. 8.% d. 8.0% Which of the following is not a part of Dalton s atomic theory? a. All elements are composed of atoms. b. Atoms of the same element are alike. c. Atoms are always in motion. d. Atoms that combine do so in simple wholenumber ratios. The nucleus of an atom is a. negatively charged and has a low density. b. negatively charged and has a high density. c. positively charged and has a low density. d. positively charged and has a high density. Dalton theorized that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of an element are identical. Scientists now know that a. Dalton s theories are completely correct. b. atoms of an element can have different numbers of protons. c. atoms are all divisible. d. all atoms of an element are not identical but they all have the same mass. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom can be calculated by a. adding together the numbers of electrons and protons. b. subtracting the number of protons from the number of electrons. c. subtracting the number of protons from the mass number. d. adding the mass number to the number of protons. The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom equals the a. atomic number. c. atomic mass. b. number of electrons. d. mass number. All atoms of the same element have the same: a. number of protons. c. mass number. b. number of neutrons. d. mass. Which of these statements is false?

3 a. Electrons have a negative charge. b. Electrons have a mass of amu. c. The nucleus of an atom is positively charged. d. The neutron is found in the nucleus of an atom. An atom of an element with atomic number 8 and mass number 0 contains a. 8 protons, 8 electrons, and neutrons. b. protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons. c. 0 protons, 8 electrons, and neutrons. d. protons, electrons, and 8 neutrons. The number 80 in the name bromine-80 represents a. the atomic number. b. the mass number. c. the sum of protons and electrons. Which of these statements is not true? a. Atoms of the same elements can have different masses. b. The nucleus of an atom has a positive charge. c. Atoms of isotopes of an element have different numbers of protons. d. Atoms are mostly empty space. Relative atomic masses are measured in a. nanograms. c. angstroms. b. grams. d. amus. If E is the symbol for an element, which two of the following symbols represent isotopes of the same element? The fourth principal energy level has a. orbitals. c. orbitals. b. orbitals. d. orbitals. If the electron configuration of an element is s s p s p, the element is a. iron. c. chlorine. b. bromine. d. phosphorus. The electron configuration of calcium is a. s s p s p s. b. s s p 0 s p. c. s s s p d 8. d. s s p s p s. The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the third principal energy level is a. 8. c.. b.. d. 8. As the frequency of light increases, the wavelength a. increases. b. remains the same. c. decreases. d. approaches the speed of light. In order to occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have a. the same direction of spin. b. low energy. c. opposite charge. d. opposite spin. Stable electron configurations are likely to contain a. high-energy electrons. b. unfilled s orbitals. c. fewer electrons than unstable configurations. d. filled energy sublevels. According to Hund s rule, when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbit until a. all the orbitals contain one electron, with spins parallel. b. all the orbitals contain one electron, with opposite spins. c. there are two electrons in each orbital. d. electron velocities become constant. In the periodic table, there is a periodic pattern in the physical and chemical properties of elements when they are arranged in order of a. increasing atomic mass. b. increasing electronegativity.

4 c. increasing atomic radius. d. increasing atomic number. Which sublevel corresponds to the transition metals in the periodic table? a. s c. d b. p d. f Which of the following elements is a metalloid? a. As c. Br b. Se d. Kr The element iodine, I, is a a. period alkali metal. b. period halogen. c. period halogen. d. period transition metal. The subatomic particle that plays the greatest role in determining the physical and chemical properties of an element is the a. proton. c. electron. b. neutron. d. photon. Which of the following atoms would you expect to have the largest atomic radius? a. I c. Ca b. K d. Rb From left to right across the second period of the periodic table, a. first ionization energy increases. b. atomic radii increase. c. electronegativity decreases. d. atomic mass decreases. The category of elements that is characterized by the filling of f orbitals is the a. inner transition metals. b. alkali metals. c. alkali earth metals. d. transition metals. Electronegativity a. generally decreases from left to right across a period. b. is the energy change that accompanies the loss of an electron from a gaseous atom. c. generally decreases from top to bottom within a group. d. is generally higher for metals than for nonmetals. Atomic size generally a. increases from left to right across a period. b. decreases from top to bottom within a group. c. remains constant within a period. d. decreases from left to right across a period. The alkali metals do not include a. Li. c. Na. b. Ca. d. Rb. How many valence electrons does an atom of any element in Group A have? a. c. b. d. 8 The electron dot structure for an atom of phosphorus is Metals are good conductors of electricity because they a. form crystal lattices. b. contain positive ions. c. contain mobile valence electrons. d. form ionic bonds. When an aluminum atom loses its valence electrons, what is the charge on the resulting ion? a. + c. + b. - d. + The electron configuration of a fluoride ion, F -, is a. s s p. b. the same as that of the neon atom. c. s s p s. d. the same as that of a potassium ion. In forming chemical bonds, atoms tend to attain a. a state of higher energy.

5 b. the electron configuration of noble gas atoms. c. the electron configuration of halogen atoms. d. all of the above An ionic compound is a. electrically neutral. b. held together by ionic bonds. c. composed of anions and cations. d. all of the above Which element when combined with chlorine would most likely form an ionic compound? a. lithium c. phosphorus b. carbon d. bromine A cation is any atom or group of atoms with a. a positive charge. b. no charge. c. a negative charge. d. more electrons than the corresponding atoms. The cation Fe + is formed when a. an atom of iron loses two electrons. b. an atom of zinc loses two electrons. c. an atom of iron loses three electrons. d. an atom of iron gains three electrons. Which of these elements does not exist as a diatomic molecule? a. I c. H b. F d. He Which one of the following compounds is not covalent? a. SCl c. HCl b. KCl d. S Cl How many valence electrons does an atom of any halogen have? a. c. b. d. If a bonding pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, the bond is a. ionic. c. coordinate covalent. b. nonpolar covalent. d. polar covalent. A covalent bond forms a. when an element becomes a noble gas. b. when atoms share electrons. c. between metals and nonmetals. d. when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Which of the following is the weakest? a. hydrogen bond c. dipole interaction b. polar covalent bond d. ionic bond The correct name for the N - ion is the: a. nitrate ion. c. nitride ion. b. nitric ion. d. nitrite ion. What is the ionic charge on the chromium ion in the ionic compound that has the formula Cr O? a. + c. - b. - d. + What is the formula for calcium hydrogen phosphate? a. CaHPO c. Ca(H PO ) b. Ca HPO d. Ca(HPO ) A molecular formula: a. gives information about molecular geometry. b. can be written for ionic compounds. c. shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule of a compound. d. uses superscripts to show the number of atoms of each kind. The metals in Groups A, A, and A: a. gain electrons when they form ions. b. form ions with a charge found by subtracting 8 from the group number. c. all form ions with a charge. d. lose electrons when they form ions. When naming an ion of a transition metal that has more than one common ionic charge, the numerical value of the charge is indicated by a:

6 a. prefix. b. suffix. c. Roman numeral following the name. d. superscript after the name. In naming a binary molecular compound, the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule is indicated by: a. Roman numerals. c. prefixes. b. superscripts. d. suffixes. What is the formula for sulfuric acid? a. H S c. H SO b. H SO d. H S Which of the following is not an empirical formula? a. Na SO c. N H b. C H Cl d. Sn (PO ) Which expression represents the percent by mass of nitrogen in NH NO? 8 Which of these expressions is an incorrect interpretation of the balanced equation? S(s) +O (g) SO (g) a. atoms S + molecules O molecules SO b. g S + g O g SO c. mol S + mol O mol SO 8 When the equation Fe + O Fe O is balanced, the coefficient for O is: a. c. b. d. How many hydrogen atoms are in molecules of isopropyl alcohol, C H 8 O? a. x (.0 x 0 ) c. b. d. x (.0 x 0 ) The mass of a mole of NaCl is its: a. molar mass. c. gram atomic mass. b. empirical formula. d. atomic mass. The chemical formula of aspirin is C H 8 O. What is the mass of 0.00 mol of aspirin? a.. g c. 80 g b.. g d..0 g How many moles of SO are in. x 0 molecules of SO? a. 0. c..0 b.. x 0 d.. x 0 Cu(s) + 8HNO (aq) Cu(NO ) (s) + NO(g) +H O(l) How many grams of Cu would be needed to react with.0 mol HNO? a.. g c.. g b.. g d..0 g 0 The high surface tension of water is due to the: a. small size of water molecules. b. low mass of water molecules. c. hydrogen bonding between water molecules. d. covalent bonds in water molecules. 0 The density of ice is less than the density of water because: a. ice has a lower molecular mass than water. b. the same mass occupies a smaller volume. c. the molecules are more closely packed. d. hydrogen bonding in ice produces an open framework. What is the volume (in liters at STP) of.0 mol of carbon monoxide? a. 0. L c..0 L b..0 L d. 8. L The molar mass of molecular oxygen is: a. equal to the mass of one mole of oxygen atoms. b..0 g. c..0 g.

7 The molar mass of a gas can be determined from: a. the density of the gas at STP. b. the volume of a mole of the gas. c. Avogadro s number. How many liters of oxygen are required to react completely with. liters of hydrogen to form water? H (g) O (g) H (g) a.. L c.. L b. 0. L d..8 L As the temperature of a fixed volume of gas increases, the pressure will a. vary inversely. c. be unchanged. b. decrease. d. increase. The volume of a gas is doubled while the temperature is held constant. The pressure of the gas a. remains unchanged. b. is reduced by one half. c. is doubled. d. depends on the kind of gas. A box with a volume of. L contains.0 mol of nitrogen and.0 mol of hydrogen at 0C. Which of the following statements is true? a. The total pressure in the box is 0. kpa. b. The partial pressure of N and H are equal. c. The total pressure is 0. kpa. d. The partial pressure of N is 0. kpa. What is the molarity of a 00-mL solution in which 0. mole of sodium bromide is dissolved? a. 0.0M c. 0.0M b..0m d..0m What is the percent by mass of a water solution that contains 0 g of calcium chloride, CaCl, and that has a mass of 00 g? a. % c. % b..% d..% In the reaction NH + H O NH + H O, water is acting as a(n) a. Arrhenius acid. c. Brønsted acid. b. Brønsted base. d. Arrhenius base. Which of these is an Arrhenius base? a. KOH c. H PO b. NH d. CH COOH Which of these acids is monoprotic? a. CH COOH c. H SO b. H CO d. H PO A solution in which the hydroxide-ion concentration is x 0 - M is a. acidic. c. neutral. b. basic. In a neutral solution, the [H + ] is a c. x 0 M. b. zero. d. equal to [OH - ]. What is the ph of a solution in which the [H] x 0? a..0 c..0 b..0 d..0 A solution with a ph of.0 a. is basic. b. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of.0m. c. is neutral. d. has a hydroxide -ion concentration of x 0 - M. According to the Brønsted theory, water a. acts as a base when it accepts a hydrogen ion. b. can be neither an acid nor a base. c. acts as an acid by accepting hydrogen ions. d. can accept but not donate hydrogen ions.

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY Chapter Test A A. Multiple Choice Choose the best answer and write its letter on the line. 1. Identify the activity that belongs in the field of chemistry. a. developing medicines