Element Families. By: Immanuel Harper
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1 Element Families By: Immanuel Harper Period 6 Chemistry
2 Hydrogen Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. Its has exactly one valence electron. A hydrogen atom is only 1 proton and 1 electron, so when hydrogen is ionized it becomes H+. This is equivalent to a solitary proton. Hydrogen can form something called a covalent bond. A covalent is a chemical bond that involves two atoms sharing pairs of electrons. the element was discovered in 1766 by Henry Cavendish. Henry Cavendish was a scientist, philosopher, and many other things to do with scientific studies. When He had discovered Hydrogen, he referred to it as the inflammable gas.
3 Alkali Metals- Group 1 They have one valence electron. they have a +1 cation. Alkali metals are the most reactive out of all the groups on the periodic table. they are very reactive with water and aren't exposed in the open a lot due to the reactivity. Sodium sodium is an alkali metal due to the one valence electron. it is atomic #11 on the periodic table. Its symbol on the periodic table is Na. this is combined with chlorine (a member of the halogen family) to form table salt. if you were to eat regular sodium, your mouth would catch on fire. Sodium is used in things such as baking soda, Chile saltpeter, and borax.
4 Alkaline-Earth Metals - Group 2 they have 2 valence electrons. they form a +2 cation when they react with elements. they are less reactive than Alkali metals. due to this they are easier to find in nature. Radium Radium is number 88 on the periodic table of elements. Radium was discovered in 1898 Pierre and Marie Curie. its symbol on the periodic table is Ra. it has a boiling point of 2,084 F (1,140 C). this is used in things such as self-luminous paints for watches, nuclear panels, aircraft switches, clocks, and instrument dials. Doctors will have you take radium on certain xrays so that your organs and other things that need to be checked glow.
5 Transition Metals- Groups 3-12 you can t determine how many valence electrons when combined with other elements, they form cations, but you can t determine how many. These metals can be stretched and pounded into different forms and shapes. Platinum Platinum is atomic number 78 on the periodic table. the symbol on the periodic table for this element is Pt. it was discovered in 1735 by Antonio de Ulloa. it is used in things such as catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewellery.
6 Boron Family- Group 13 this group has 3 valence electrons. they form a +3 cation when they are combined with another element. all of the elements in this family are metals except boron which is a nonmetal. Aluminum its symbol on the periodic table is Al. it is atomic number 13 on the periodic table. it was discovered in 1825 by Hans Christian Ortsted Aluminum is too reactive to be found pure in nature. Aluminum oxide or Bauxite is the most important ore from this element.
7 Carbon Family- Group 14 This group has 4 valence electrons when combined with other elements, they form a +4 cation. As you move down the periodic table in the carbon family the atomic radius increases while ionization energy decreases. Lead lead is number 82 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol on the periodic table is Pb. it was discovered in the year 7000 b.c. there are no traces to who discovered this element. it is used in alloys such as fusible metals, anti friction metals, solder, and type metal.
8 Nitrogen Family- Group 15 this group has 5 valence electrons. they form a +5 cation when combined with other elements. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals. Arsenic and antimony are metalloids. Bismuth is a metal. Arsenic its symbol on the periodic table is As. it is number 33 on the periodic table of elements. it was discovered in 2500 b.c by Albertus Magnus. though arsenic is an extremely poisonous substance it has numerous industrial applications and has been used widely for many years.
9 Oxygen Family- Group 16 this group has 6 valence electrons when this group reacts with other elements, they form a +6 cation. diverse properties, changing from nonmetallic to metallic as you move down the family. Sulfur it is number 16 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol on the periodic table is S. it was discovered in 2000 b.c but there are no traces of who discovered it. sulfur is used in black gunpowder, matches, and fireworks. in the vulcanization of rubber. as a fungicide, insecticide, and fumigant. in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. in the treatment of certain skin diseases.
10 Halogen Family- Group 17 this group has 7 valence electrons. when combined with another element this group will form a +7 cation. All halogens are electronegative. They gain electrons very quickly, making them the most reactive of all chemical elements. Chlorine Chlorine is number 17 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol on the periodic table is Cl. it was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make drinking to treat swimming pools. Large amounts of chlorine are used as in the production of paper products, plastics, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and paints. water safe and in many industrial processes, such dyes, textiles,
11 Noble Gases- Group 18 this group has 8 valence electrons. they form a +8 cation when combined with other elements. these elements are colorless and odorless. they also are gases that are in standard conditions. Neon this is number 10 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol on the periodic table is Ne. it was discovered by Morris Travers, William Ramsay in year it is used in things such as advertising signs, this is its biggest use. it is also used to make high voltage indicators and is combined with helium to make helium-neon lasers. Liquid neon is used as a cryogenic refrigerant.
12 Lanthanides The lanthanide family starts with the element lanthanum. you can t determine how many valence electrons there are in this group. when combined with another element, you also can t tell how many cations are formed. Cerium cerium is number 58 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol on the periodic table is Ce. it is in this group because it reacts the same as the other elements in this group. it was discovered in 1803 Cerium is also a component of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Cerium is also used as a catalyst to refine petroleum and as an alloying agent to make special metals.
13 Actinides Actinides begin with the element Actinium which is number 89 on the periodic table. The lanthanide family starts with the element lanthanum. you can t determine how many valence electrons there are in this group. Uranium Uranium is number 92 on the periodic table of elements. its symbol in the periodic table is U. it was discovered in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth. uranium is mostly used for its unique nuclear properties. When in sufficient concentration, uranium's many fissile isotopes can cause a nuclear chain reaction that generates heat in nuclear power reactors and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons.
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Name: Unit 3 Atomic Structure Scientist Year Contribution and/ or Experimental Work Democritus Aristotle Alchemists Boyle Franklin Dalton Avogadro Mendeleev Moseley 1 Scientist Year Contribution and/ or