Encapsulation Nanotechnologies

Transcription

1 Encapsulation Nanotechnologies Edited by Vikas Mittal Chemical Engineering Department, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE y> Scri\ Scrivener Publishing Wiley

2 Contents Preface List of Contributors xiii xvii 1 Copper Encapsulation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 1 Yong Sun and Boateng Onwona-Agyeman 1.1 Introduction Preparation of Copper Encapsulated CNTs Arc Discharge Chemical Vapor Deposition Laser Ablation 30 References 37 2 Novel Nanocomposites: Intercalation of Ionically Conductive Polymers into Molybdic Acid 41 Rabin Bissessur, Blakney Hopkins and Douglas C. Dahn 2.1 Introduction Battery Technology The Polymer Electrolyte Intercalation Chemistry Mo03 and Mo03 Derivatives Experimental Materials Synthesis of POEGO Synthesis of POMOE Intercalation into Molybdic Acid Intercalation of PEG into Molybdic Acid Intercalation of POEGO into Molybdic Acid Intercalation of POMOE into Molybdic Acid 48 v

3 vi Contents 2.4 Preparation of Polymer-Lithium Complexes Preparation of POEGO/LiOTf Complexes Preparation of POMOE/LiOTf Complexes Preparation of PEG/LiOTf Complexes Intercalation of Polymer/LiOTf into Molybdic Acid Compounds Instrumentation Powder X-ray Diffraction Thermogravimetric Analysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy AC Impedance Spectroscopy Results and Discussion Molybdic Acid Polymers Formation of Intercalated Nanocomposites Ionic Conductivity Conclusions 68 Acknowledgements 68 References 69 3 Fluid-Bed Technology for Encapsulation and Coating Purposes 71 Roman G. Szafran 3.1 Introduction Principles of Fluidization Classification of Powders Goossen's Classification of Particles by Archimedes Number Extended Geldart's Classification for Nanopowders Fluidized Bed Coaters Top-Spray Fluid Bed Coater Conical Bottom-Spray Spouted Bed Coater Spout-Fluid Bed Coater (Wurster Type) Rotor (Tangential) Spray Coater Fast Circulating Spout-FTuid Bed Coater Fluid-Bed Coating and Encapsulation Processes Fluidized Bed CVD, ALD, MLD Dry Coating of Fine Particles 92

4 Contents vii 3.6 The Design, Optimization and Scale-Up of the Coating Process and the Apparatus Numerical Modeling of Fluid-Bed Coating 97 References Use of Electrospinning for Encapsulation 107 Rocio Perez-Masid, Maria Jose Fabra, Jose Maria Lagarott and Amparo Lopez-Rubio 4.1 Introduction Generalities About the Electrospinning Technique Advantages of Electrospinning for Encapsulation Electrospun Structures for the Encapsulation of Bioactive Substances in the Food Area Enzyme Encapsulation Encapsulation of Probiotic Bacteria Antioxidant Encapsulation Encapsulation of Other Food Compounds Electrospun Encapsulation Structures for Biomedical Applications Post-Spinning Modification Blending and Emulsion Electrospinning "Core-Shell Electrospinning" or "Coaxial Electrospinning" Other Uses of Electrospinning for Encapsulation Energy Storage Devices Optical and Electronic Devices Biotechnical Plant Protection Systems Outlook and Conclusions 129 References Microencapsulation by Interfacial Polymerization 137 Fabien Salaiin 5.1 Introduction Generalities Encapsulation by Heterophase Polymerization Emulsion Polymerization Suspension Polymerization Dispersion Polymerization Miniemulsion Polymerization 148

5 viii Contents 5.4 Microencapsulation by Poly addition & Polycondensation Interfacial Location of the Film Formation Reaction Rate Shell Formation Influence of the Synthesis Parameters on the Formation of the Shell Influence of the Synthesis Parameters on the Particles Properties Nanoencapsulation by Interfacial Polycondensation Microencapsulation by In Situ Polymerization Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Urea-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Silica Microcapsules Conclusion 166 References Encapsulation of Silica Particles by a Thin Shell of Poly(Methyl) Methacrylate 175 Isidora Freris and Alvise Benedetti 6.1 Introduction Synthesis of Silica (Nano)Particles and Their Surface Modification Silica Synthesis Surface Modification of Silica Particles Encapsulation of Silica Particles in a Thin PMMA Shell In Situ Conventional Heterophase Radical Polymerization Controlled Living Radical Polymerization Summary 198 References Organic Thin-Film Transistors with Solution-Processed Encapsulation 203 Feng-Yu Tsai and Yu Fu 7.1 Introduction Environment-Induced Degradations of OTFTs Pentacene-Based OTFTs Polythiophenes-Based OTFTs Requirements of Encapsulation 208

6 Contents ix 7.3 Encapsulation of OTFTs Polythiophene-Based OTFTs Pentacene-Based OTFTs Summary and Outlook 221 References Tunable Encapsulation Property of Amphiphilic Polymer Based on Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine 225 Decheng Wan and Toshifumi Satoh 8.1 Introduction Synthesis of PEI-CAMs Unimolecularity versus Aggregate 8.4 Host-Guest Chemistry of PEI-CAMs 230 of PEI-CAMs Charge Selective Encapsulation and Separation Charge Selective Encapsulation for Separation of Oppositely Charged Dyes Switchable Charge Selectivity and ph Recycle 8.6 Recognition and Separation Mixtures by Core Engineering The Core Structure-Guest of the Host 238 of Anionic-Anionic of a CAM 239 Selectivity Relationship Recognition of Similar Guest Molecules in a Mixture The Mechanism of Guest Selectivity in Encapsulation Modulation of the Guest Release of a CAM Concluding Remarks 250 Acknowledgements 251 References Polymer Layers by Initiated CVD for Thin Film Gas Barrier Encapsulation 255 D.A. Spee, J.K. Rath and R.E.L Schropp 9.1 Introduction Initiated CVD Polymerization Reaction Mechanism Radical Creation Deposition Rate and Molecular Weight Monomer Adsorption 265

7 x Contents 9.3 Coating by Initiated CVD Thickness Control Conformality Retention of Functional Groups Tunable Properties by Combining Monomers Barrier Coating by a Single Organic Layer Advantages of icvd in Hybrid Multilayer Gas Barriers Using Thin Layers for Decoupling Filling of Defects by Polymer Smoothening of the Substrate 275 for the Use in 9.5 Specific Requirements Hybrid Multilayers Planarization Stability High Glass Transition Temperature Adhesion Multilayer Gas Barriers Containing Polymers by icvd Polymers by icvd with PECVD Inorganics icvd Polymer and HWCVD SiNx Upscaling and Utilization Roll-to-Roll and Inline Processing Commercial Availability 286 References Polymeric Hollow Particles for Encapsulation of Chemical Molecules 291 Jong Myung Park 10.1 Introduction Colloidosome Approach Internal Phase Separation/Precipitation Approach Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation Phase Separation by Solvent Evaporation or Displacement Controlled Precipitation Method Other Methods 305

8 Contents xi 10.4 Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Copolymers (Copolymer Vesicles) From Amphiphilic Copolymers Crosslinked Polymer Vesicles Vesicular Templating Approach Layer-by-Layer (L-b-L) Deposition Electrostatic Deposition Hydrogen Bonded L-b-L Deposition L-b-L Deposition on a Liquid Core Unimolecular Micelles Approach Dendrimer Approach Polymerization of Cucurbituril Heterophase Polymerization Emulsion Polymerization Interfacial Polycondensation Key Design Features for Applications of Hollow Polymer Particles Morphology Release Behavior Functionalization Conclusions 340 References Protic Ionic Liquids Confinement in Macro, Meso and Microporous Materials for Proton Conduction 347 A. Eguizdbal and M.P. Pina 11.1 Introduction Structure and Properties of Materials for Proton Conduction Protic Ionic Liquids Porous Materials: Zeolites, PBI Encapsulation Procedures and Proton Conduction Performance Encapsulation in Zeolite-Type Materials Encapsulation in Membrane Materials New Activities and Development Trends 383 References 386

9 Properties xii Contents 12 Encapsulation Methods with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Basis and Applications 391 Soraya Rodriguez-Rojo, Angel Martin and Maria Jose Cocero 12.1 Introduction Supercritical Fluids Particle Engineering and Encapsulation with Supercritical Supercritical Supercritical Fluids 394 Fluid as Solvent 394 Fluid as Antisolvent and Related Techniques Supercritical Fluid as Solute Supercritical Fluid as Reaction Media 418 References 419 Index 425