Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites

Transcription

1 Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Vikas Mittal BASF SE, Polymer Research, Germany M> Scrivener WILEY

2 Contents Preface xiii 1. Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 1 V. Mittal 1.1 Introduction Properties Synthesis 8 References Overview of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites 15 V. Mittal 2.1 Introduction Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis Solution Mixing In-Situ Polymerization Melt Mixing Properties of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites Mechanical Properties Thermal and Electrical Properties 34 References New Microscopy Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Polymer/Nanotube Composite Properties 45 K. Masenelli-Vatlot, A. Bogner, C. Gauthier, L. Chazeau and J.Y. Cavaille 3.1 Introduction Near Field Microscopy Principles of STM and AFM Near Field Microscopy for Nanotubes AFM and CNT Composites 50 v

3 vi Contents 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy Principles Characterisation of Carbon Nanotubes Characterisation of Polymer/ Nanotube Composites Scanning Electron Microscopy Overview of the Technique (SEL BEI, CCI) Application to the Study of Nanotubes For Polymer CNT/Nanocomposites Development of New Imaging Modes Conclusions 75 References Polymer Nanocomposites with Clay and Carbon Nanotubes 83 Qiang Fu, Changyu Tang, Hua Deng and Qin Zhang 4.1 Introduction Electrical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs Thermal and Flame Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs Conclusion and Future Outlook 106 Acknowledgement 108 References Polyethylene Nanotube Nanocomposites 113 S. Kanagaraj 5.1 Introduction Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes Dispersion of Nanotubes in Polyethylene Matrix Method of Preparation of CNT-PE Composites Interfacial Bonding and Load Transfer Material Characterization Conclusions 135 Acknowledgement 136 References 136

4 Contents vii 6. Properties of Polyurethane/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 141 Tianxi Liu and Shuzhong Guo 6.1 Introduction Preparation of CNT-Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites Melt-Mixing Solution Casting In-Situ Polymerization Sol-Gel Approach Functionalization, Dispersion Morphology and Micro-/Nano-structures Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Conductivity Thermal Stability and Degradation Fire Retardancy Rheological Properties Electrical Conductivity Water Vapor Transport Properties Shape Memory Special Properties Related to Bio-Applications Microwave Absorption UV-Protection Applications Conclusions 170 Acknowledgements 171 References Properties of PMMA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites 177 R.B. Mathur, Shailaja Pande and B.P. Singh 7.1 Introduction Fabrication/Processing of CNT-PMMA Composites Solution Processing Melt-Processing In-Situ Polymerization Processing 185

5 viii Contents Coagulation Surfactant, Compatibilizers Method 186 and Co-Solvent Assisted CNT-PMMA Composites Chemical Modification of CNTs for Processing of Nanocomposites Mechanical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites Electrical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites Electrical Conductivity Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Thermal Properties Conclusion 216 References Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Prepared by Suspension Polymerization and Their Properties 221 P. Slobodian 8.1 Introduction Free Radical Polymerization Suspension and Bulk Polymerization Techniques In-situ Radical Polymerization Polymer in Presence of CNT 228 Matrix Addition of Radicals onto CNT CNT Degradation Additional Analyses Polymer/CNT Composite Microspheres CNT Material Adsorbed onto Polymer Microspheres Electrorheology of Polymer/CNT Nanocomposites Prepared by in-situ Suspension Polymerization 243 References Polylactide-Based Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 249 Srikanth Pilla, Shaoqin Gong and Lih-Sheng Turng 9.1 Introduction Synthesis of PLA Carbon Nanotubes 254

6 Contents ix 9.4 Preparation of PLA-CNT Nanocomposites Viscoelastic Properties Thermal Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Degradation Properties Electrical Conductivity Properties Biodegradability Applications Conclusions 275 Acknowledgements 276 Note 276 References Synthesis and Properties of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 281 A. M. Dtez-Pascual, J.M. Gonzdlez-Dominguez, Y. Marttnez-Rubi, M. Naffakh, A. Anson, M.T. Martinez, B. Simard andm.a. Gomez 10.1 Introduction Poly(ether ether ketone)s: Structure, Synthesis and Properties Synthesis, Purification and Characterization oftheswcnts Synthesis of Laser-Grown SWCNTs Synthesis and Purification of Arc-Grown SWCNTs Characterization of the Single-Walled 10.4 Integration Carbon Nanotubes 287 of the Carbon Nanotubes in the PEEK Matrix Covalent Grafting in Carbon Nanotube/PEEK Nanocomposites Wrapping of the SWCNTs in Compatibilizing Agents Pre-Mixing Stage and Melt Blending Approach Characterization of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 295

7 x Contents Morphology Thermogravimetric Study Differential Scanning Calorimetry X-ray Diffraction Analysis Mechanical Properties Electrical and Thermal Conductivity Concluding Remarks 309 Acknowledgements 310 Glossary of Abbreviations 310 References Synthesis and Properties of PVA/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 315 C. Mercader, P. Poulin and C. Zakri 11.1 Introduction Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Why Use Nanotubes in Nanocomposites? 317 Alcohol Poly(vinyl) 11.2 Synthesis Methods and Structural Properties of Nanotubes/PVA Composites Films Fibers Mechanical Properties of the Composites Reinforcement Stress Transfer Efficiency Electrical Properties Other Original Properties of PVA/ Nanotube Composites Energy Absorption Shape Memory Effect Conclusion 339 References Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes 345 Liliane Bokobza 12.1 Introduction Composite Processing Electrical Properties 350

8 Contents xi 12.4 Mechanical Properties Tensile and Swelling Behaviors Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and 12.5 Spectroscopic Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 361 Characterization Thermal Stability Conclusions 369 References Specific Interactions Induced Controlled Dispersion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Co-Continuous Polymer Blends 373 Suryasarathi Bose, Arup R. Bhattacharyya, Rupesh A. Khare and Ajit R. Kulkarni 13.1 Introduction Experimental Materials Preparation of the Modifiers Melt Blending Characterization Results and Discussion Specific Interactions: Spectroscopic and Microscopic Evidences AC Electrical Conductivity Measurements: Assessing the State of Dispersion Phase Morphology and Selective Localization of MWNTs 381 of MWNTs in the Blends Melt-Interfacial Interactions Summary 387 Acknowledgements 388 References Effect of Structure and Morphology on the Tensile Properties of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 391 Jingjing Qiu and Shiren Wang 14.1 Background Structure and Morphology Characterization Structure and Mechanical Properties of CNTs 392

9 xii Contents Characterization of CNTs/Polymer Composites Structure and Tensile Properties of CNTs/ Polymer Composites Concluding Remarks 417 References Polymer Nanotube Composites: Promises and Current Challenges 423 Amal M.K. Esawi and Mahmoud M. Farag 15.1 Carbon Nanotubes Background Synthesis of CNTs Fabrication of CNT Polymer Composites Electrical Properties of CNT Polymer Composites Mechanical Properties of CNT Polymer Composites Case Studies Case Study: CNT-Based Strain Sensor Case Study: Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using CNT-Based Composites in Aerospace Applications Conclusions 445 References 446 Index 449