POLYMER CHEMISTRY. An Introduction. Malcolm P. Stevens University of Hartford SECOND EDITION
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1 POLYMER CHEMISTRY An Introduction SECOND EDITION Malcolm P. Stevens University of Hartford New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1990
2 Contents PART I POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES 1. Basic principles, Introduction and historical development, Defmitions, Polymerization processes, Step-reaction polymerization, Chain-reaction polymerization, Step-reaction addition and chain-reaction condensation, Nomenclature, Vinylpolymers, Vinyl copolymers, Nonvinyl polymers, Nonvinyl copolymers, Abbreviations, Industrial polymers, Plastics, Fibers, Rubber (elastomers), Coatings and adhesives, 34 References, 35 Review exercises, Molecular weight and polymer Solutions, Number average and weight average molecular weight, Polymer Solutions, Measurement of number average molecular weight, End-groupanalysis,4S Membrane osmometry, Cryoscöpy and ebulliometry, Vapor pressure osmometry, Refractive index measurements, Measurement of weight average molecular weight, Light scattering, Ultracentrifugation, Field desorpüon mass spectrometry (FDMS), 56
3 xii Contents 2.5 Viscometry, Molecular weight distribution, Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fractional Solution, Fractional precipitation, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Ultracentrifugation, 66 References, 66 Review exercises, Chemical structure and polymer morphoiogy, Introduction, Molecular weight and intermolecular forces, The amorphous State rheology, Glass transition temperature, Stereochemistry, Crystallinity, Liquid crystallinity, Chemical crosslinking, Physical crosslinking, Polymer blends, 100 References, 104 Review exercises, Chemical structure and polymer properties, Introduction, Fabrication methods, Mechanical properties, Thermal stability, Flammability and flame resistance, Chemical resistance, Degradability, Electrical conductivity, Additives, 137 References, 141 Review exercises, Evaluation, characterization, and analysis of polymers, Introduction, Chemical methods of analysis, Spectroscopic methods of analysis, Infrared, Raman, 149
4 Contents xiii Nuclear magnetic resonance, Electron spin resonance, Ultraviolet (UV)-visible, Fluorescence, X-ray, electron, and neutron scattering, X-ray scattering, Electron scattering, Neutron scattering, Characterization and analysis of polymer surfaces, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (A TR), Photoacousticspectroscopy (PAS), Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (or appucations) (ESCA) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS), Thermal analysis, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), Thermomechanical analysis (TMA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PGC), Flammability testing, Measurement of mechanical properties, Evaluation of chemical resistance, Evaluation of electrical properties, 178 References, 180 Review exercises, 183 PART II VINYL POLYMERS 6. Free radical vinyl polymerization, Introduction, Free radical initiators, Peroxides and hydroperoxides, Azo Compounds, Redox initiators, Photoinitiators, Thermal polymerization, Techniques of free radical polymerization, Bulk, Suspension, 197
5 xiv Contents Solution, Emulsion, Kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, Stereochemistry of polymerization, Polymerization of dienes, Isolated dienes, Conjugated dienes, Monomer reactivity, Copolymerization, 221 References, 229 Review exercises, 231 ' 7. Vinyl polymerization with ionic and group transfer initiators, Introduction, Cationic polymerization, Cationic initiators, Mechanism, kinetics, and reactivity in cationic polymerization, Stereochemistry of cationic polymerization, Cationic copolymerization, Isomerization in cationic polymerization, Anionic polymerization, Anionic initiators, Mechanism, kinetics, and reactivity in anionic polymerization, Stereochemistry of anionic polymerization, Anionic copolymerization, Group transfer polymerization, 262 References, 266 Review exercises, Vinyl polymerization with complex coordination catalysts, Introduction, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, Mechanism and reactivity in Ziegler-Natta polymerization, Stereochemistry of Ziegler-Natta polymerization, Polymerization of dienes with Ziegler-Natta catalysts, Metathesis polymerization, Ziegler-Natta copolymerization, Supported metal oxide catalysts, Alfin catalysts, 292 References, 293 Review exercises, 294
6 9. Reactions of vinyl polymers, Introduction, Functional group reactions, Introduction of new functional groups, Conversion of functional groups, Ring-forming reactions, Crosslinking, Vulcanization, Radiation crosslinking, Photochemical crosslinking, Crosslinking through labile functional groups, Ionic crosslinking, Block and graft copolymer formation, Block copolymers, Graft copolymers, Polymer degradation, Chemical degradation, Thermal degradation, Degradation by radiation, 320 References, 321 Review exercises, 323 Contents xv PART III NONVINYL POLYMERS 10. Step-reaction and ring-opening polymerization, Introduction, Step-reaction polymerization kinetics, Stoichiometric imbalance, Molecular weight distribution, Network step polymerization, Step-reaction copolymerization, Step polymerization techniques, Ring-opening polymerization, 346 References, 349 Review exercises, Polyethers, polysulfides, and related polymers, Introduction, Preparation of polyethers by chain-reaction and ring-opening polymerization, Polymerization ofcarbonyl Compounds, Stereochemistry of aldehyde polymerization, 358
7 xvi Contents Polymerization ofcyclic ethers, Stereochemistry of epoxide polymerization, Preparation of polyethers by step-reaction polymerization, Synthesis ofpolyethers from glycols and bisphenols, Polyacetals andpolyketals, Poly (phenylene oxide)s, Epoxy resins, Polysulfides, poly(alkylene polysulfide)s, and polysulfones, Polysulfides, Poly (alkylene polysulfide)s, Polysulfones, 384 References, 385 Review exercises, Polyesters, Introduction, Linear polyesters, Preparation ofpolyesters by polycondensation reactions, Polycarbonates, Preparation ofpolyesters by ring-opening polymerization, Miscellaneous methods ofpreparing linear polyesters, Crosslinked polyesters, Saturated polyester resins, Unsaturatedpolyesters, 413 References, 415 Review exercises, Polyamides and related polymers, Introduction, Polyamides, Preparation ofpolyamides by polycondensation reactions, Polymerization oflactams, All Miscellaneous methods ofpreparing polyamides, Properties ofpolyamides, Polyureas, Polymers related to polyamides, Polyurethanes, Polyurethane foams, Polyhydrazides and related polymers, Polyimides, Heterocyclicpolymers derivedfrom polyamides and related polymers, 453 References, 462 Review exercises, 465
8 14. Phenol-, urea-, and melamine-formaldehyde polymers, Introduction, Phenol-formaldehyde polymers: resoles, Phenol-formaldehyde polymers: novolacs, Chemical modifications of phenolic resins, Urea-formaldehyde polymers, Melamine-formaldehyde polymers, 483 References, 484 Review exercises, Inorganic and partially inorganic polymers, Introduction, Poly(sulfur nitride), Polysiloxanes, Polysilanes, Phosphonitrilic polymers, Carborane polymers, Organometallic polymers, Coordination polymers, 502 References, 506 Review exercises, Miscellaneous organic polymers, Introduction, Miscellaneous unsaturated polymers, Polycarbodiimides, Polyimines, Polymers containing carbon-carbon double bonds, Azo polymers, Polymers containing carbon-carbon triple bonds, Miscellaneous heterocyclic polymers, Polyquinoxalines andpolypyrazines, Polypyrazoles and polyimidazoles, Poly(as-triazine)s and polytriazolines, Polyquinolines andpolyanthrazolines, Polypyrrole, polyfuran, andpolythiophene, Poly(p-phenylene) and poly(p-xylylene), Poly(p-phenylene), Poly(p-xylylene), Friedel-Crafts polymers, Cycloaddition polymerization, Diels-Alder polymerization, Cycloaddition polymerization, 531
9 xviii Contents 16.7 Ring-opening polymerization of strained cycloalkanes, Polyanhydrides, Polyamines, Charge-transfer polymers, Ionic polymers, 541 References, 544 Review exercises, Natural polymers, Introduction, 553 Miscellaneous natural polymers, Rubber, Lignin, humus, coal, and kerogen, Asphaltenes, Shellac, Amber, Tall oil-derived polymers, 560 Polysaccharides, Cellulose, Regenerated cellulose, Derivatives of cellulose, Starch, Derivatives of starch, Other Polysaccharides, 569 Proteins, Amino acids, Polypeptides, andproteins, Determination of protein structure, Synthesis of Polypeptides and proteins, Wool, silk, collagen, and regenerated protein, 583 Nucleic acids, Nucleic acid structure, Nucleic acid synthesis, 592 Conclusion, 595 References, 595 Review exercises, 598 Appendix A Commonly used poiymer abbreviations, 601 Appendix B Polymer literature, 603 Appendix C Sources of laboratory experiments in poiymer chemistry, 611 Index, 619
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