Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color.
|
|
- Kelly Stokes
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Polymers 1. What are polymers 2. Polymerization 3. Structure features of polymers 4. Thermoplastic polymers and thermosetting polymers 5. Additives 6. Polymer crystals 7. Mechanical properties of polymers 8. Processing of polymers 1
2 Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color. 2
3 Characteristics of polymers (plastics) 1. Organic materials 2. Long-chain molecule composed of many mers bonded together 3. mer is building block of the long-chain (e.g. -C 2 H 4 -in polyethylene) 4. Compound of hydrogen and carbon, and/or O, N, F and Si 5. Extensive formability and ductility 6. Light weight, low cost 7. Low strength compared with metals; lower melting point and higher chemical reactivity compared with ceramics Polymerization 1. The critical feature of a monomer in polymerization: The presence of reactive sites - double bonds 2. A saturated hydrocarbon All bonds are single bonds, 3. Unsaturated monomer double or triple covalent bonds 3
4 Two distinct ways for the process of polymerization 1. Chain growth (addition polymerization) Rapid chain reaction 2. Step growth (condensation polymerization) Chemical reaction between pairs of reactive monomers Much slower Chain growth 4
5 An initiator An initiator: hydroxyl free radical in Fig A free radical: a reactive atom or group of atoms containing an unpaired electron A terminator A terminator: another hydroxyl free radical Form a stable molecule with n mer units An initiator - terminator pair Hydrogen-peroxide H 2 O 2 fi 2OH Recombination: the termination step Hydrogen abstraction: obtaining a hydrogen aton with unpaired electron Disproportionation: obtaining a monomerlike double bond Copolymer Block copolymer Regular, along a single carbon-bonded chain Blend copolymer irregular 5
6 The polymerization of formaldehyde to form polyacetal 6
7 Step growth (condensition polymerization) Extensive polymerization requires this three molecule reaction to be repeated for each unit increase in molecule length. The time required for this process is substantially greater than that for the chain reaction or chain growth. Bifunctional a linear molecule structure, Softer than the network polymer Polyfunctional has several potential points of contact ; a three dimensional network molecule structure Fig After several reaction steps like that in Fig. 13.6, polyfunctional mers form a three-dimensional network molecule structure. 7
8 8
9 continued continued 9
10 Structure features of polymers Each bond angle between three adjacent C atoms is near 109.5º and the angle can be rotated freely in space. 10
11 The length of of the polymeric molecule The degree of polymerization A polymeric molecule ( C 2 H 4 ) n n is termed the degree of polymerization (DP) The root-mean-square length L L = l m l: the length of a single bond in the backbone of the hydrocarbon chain m: the number of bonds The extended length L ext L ext = ml sin(109.5º/2) For typical bifunctional linear polymer, m = 2n Bend, coil, kink Intertwining, entanglement 11
12 Molecular configurations the side groups R: the large side group As the side groups become larger and more irregular, rigidity and melting point tend to rise, because: The side groups serve as hindrances to molecule sliding; The side groups lead to greater secondary bonding forces Polymers structures Schematic representations of (a) linear, (b) branched, (c) crosslinked, and (d) network (three dimensional) molecule structures. Circles designate individual mer units. 12
13 Thermoplastic polymers 1. Become soft and deformable upon heating 2. Linear polymers including those that are branched but not cross-linked 3. High-temperature plasticity due to the ability of the molecules to slide past one another (thermally activated or Arrhenius process 4. The ductility of thermoplastic polymers is reduced upon cooling 5. High temperature: for polymers ~100ºC, for metals can be ~1000ºC Engineering polymers (see Table 13.1) Retaining good strength and stiffness up to ºC The general-use polymers, e.g. textile fiber nylon, polyester (textile fiber) Polyethylene Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) High-density polyethylene (HDPE) Ultra-high molecule-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) Thermoplastic elastomers, With mechanical behaviour analogous to natural rubbers, Synthetic rubbers, vulcanization 13
14 14
15 Thermosetting polymers 1. Becoming hard and rigid upon heating, the opposite of thermoplastics 2. This phenomenon is not lost upon cooling 3. With network molecule structure, formed by the step-growth mechanism, the chemical reaction are enhanced by high temperatures and are irreversible 4. Commen thermosetting polymers (see Table 13.2) Thermosets With significant strength and stiffness Being common metal substitutes Not being recyclable Elastomers 15
16 16
17 Additives A plasticizer To soften a polymer Blending with a low-molecular-weight polymer A filler To strengthen a polymer by restricting chain mobility Inert materials are used, e.g. short-fiber cellulose and asbestos, carbon black Stabilizers To reduce polymer degradation, e.g. To retard the room temperature oxidation by adding complex phenol group Flame retardants To reduce the inherent combustibility Halogens e.g. Cl atoms, by terminating free-radical chain reaction Colorants To provide colour to a polymer Pigments (insoluble), and dyes (soluble and provide transparent colour) Polymer crystals 17
18 Polymer Crystallinity Polymers rarely 100% crystalline Too difficult to get all those chains aligned crystalline region % Crystallinity: % of material that is crystalline. -- TS and E often increase with % crystallinity. -- Annealing causes crystalline regions to grow. % crystallinity increases. amorphous region Adapted from Fig , Callister 6e. (Fig is from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965.) 18
19 Chain-folded model Polymer Crystal Forms Spherulites fast growth forms lamellar (layered) structures Spherulite surface Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e. 19
20 Flexural modulus or modulus of elasticity in bending E flex = L 3 m / (4bh 3 ) m: the slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the loaddeflection curve Describe the combined effects of compressive deformation and tensile deformation (on the opposite side of the specimen) The tensile and compressive moduli differ significantly 20
21 Dynamic modulus of elasticity Some polymers, especially the elastomers, are used in structures for the purpose of isolation and absorption of shock and vibration. For such applications a dynamic elastic modulus is more useful to characterizethe performance of the polymerunder an oscillating mechanical load. E dyn = CIf 2 C: a constant, dependent upon test geometry I: the moment of interia (kg m 2 ) of the beam and weights used in the dynamic test f: the frequency of vibration (in cycles) for the test Mechanical properties of polymers- Stress- strain behaviours (p207) 21
22 22
23 23
MATERIALS SCIENCE POLYMERS
POLYMERS 1) Types of Polymer (a) Plastic Possibly the largest number of different polymeric materials come under the plastic classification. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene,
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures Dr. Coates 14.1 Introduction Naturally occurring polymers Wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk Synthetic polymers Plastics,
More informationPOLYMER STRUCTURES ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
POLYMER STRUTURES ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are the basic microstructural features? ow are polymer properties effected by molecular weight? ow do polymeric crystals accommodate the polymer chain? Melting
More informationLecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers
Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Polymer Structure Polymers are found in nature as proteins, cellulose, silk or synthesized like polyethylene, polystyrene and nylon. Some natural polymers can also
More informationChapter 14: Polymer Structures
Chapter 14: Polymer Structures ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of polymer molecules? What are some of the common polymeric materials, and how do they differ
More informationThermoplastic. Condensation. Homopolymer. Polymer POLYMERS. Synthetic. Natural. Addition. Copolymer. Polymer. Thermosetting
Thermoplastic Homopolymer Condensation Polymer Natural POLYMERS Synthetic Addition Polymer Copolymer Thermosetting Polymers are very large covalent molecular substances containing tens of thousands of
More informationPOLYMER SCIENCE : lecture 1. Dr. Hanaa J. Alshimary Second class Poly. Eng. Dep. Introduction of Polymers Polymer poly mer Monomer Polymerization
Introduction of Polymers Polymer - The word polymer is the Greek word : poly means many and mer means unit or parts, A Polymer is a large molecule that comprises repeating structural units joined by the
More information2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state
2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state or concentrated from the solution, molecules are often
More information1. Demonstrate that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 8 is
1. Demonstrate that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 8 is 0.732. This problem asks us to show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number
More informationChapter 11. Polymer Structures. Natural vs man-made
. Polymer Structures Polymers: materials consisting of long molecules - the word polymer comes from the Greek Polys = many Meros = parts Macromolecules (long size of the chains) many parts - typically,
More informationMaterials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES
Materials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand different molecular and crystal structures of polymers What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of
More informationTOPIC 7. Polymeric materials
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid www.uc3m.es MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TOPIC 7. Polymeric materials 1. Introduction Definition General characteristics Historic introduction Polymers: Examples 2.
More informationDr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 221 lecture 19/2
Polymers Outline Introduction Molecular Structure and Configurations Polymer s synthesis Molecular weight of polymers Crystallinity You may think of polymers as being a relatively modern invention however
More informationMATERIALS SCIENCE TEST Part 1: Structure & Synthesis Topics
Fairfax Science Olympiad Tryouts 2018 Name: _ Score: /75 MATERIALS SCIENCE TEST Part 1: Structure & Synthesis Topics In questions 1-6, draw a diagram of the named functional group. Use R to denote the
More informationPolymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
More informationPOLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2
Chapter 6 POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2 POLYMER CHEMISTRY 6.0.1 Classification on the basis of tactility On the basis of orientation of functional group or side groups throughout the long backbone
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:58)
Nature and Properties of Materials Professor Bishak Bhattacharya Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 18 Effect and Glass Transition Temperature In the last
More informationChapter 5: Structures of Polymers
hapter 5: Structures of Polymers ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of polymer molecules? What are some of the common polymeric materials, and how do they
More informationChapter 13 - Polymers Introduction
Chapter 13 - Polymers Introduction I. Nomenclature A. Polymer/Macromolecule polymer - nonmetallic material consisting of large molecules composed of many repeating units - from Greek: poly (many) and meros
More information(c) Dr. Payal B. Joshi
Polymer (Greek: poly=many; mer=part) Made up of large molecules characterized by repeating units called monomers held together by covalent bonds Functionality To act as monomer, it must have at least two
More informationCOMPOSITE MATERIALS. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
COMPOSITE MATERIALS Office ours: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30 akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com Phone: +90 252 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department ISSUES TO ADDRESS Polymers Applications
More informationThe functionality of a monomer is the number of binding sites that is/are present in that monomer.
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
More informationMechanical Properties of Polymers. Scope. MSE 383, Unit 3-1. Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept.
Mechanical Properties of Polymers Scope MSE 383, Unit 3-1 Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept. Structure - mechanical properties relations Time-dependent mechanical
More informationPolypropylene. Monomer. mer
Polymer Polymer: Maromolecule built-up by the linking together of a large no. of small molecules Ex. Nucleic acid, paper, bakelite,pvc Monomer: The small molecule which combine with each other Mer: The
More informationMSE 383, Unit 1-4. Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept.
Polymer Classifications Mole. Wt. MSE 383, Unit 1-4 Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept. Introduction Recall polymer (macromolecular) definition Covalent linkages
More informationMechanical properties of polymers: an overview. Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore
Mechanical properties of polymers: an overview Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore UGC-NRCM Summer School on Mechanical Property Characterization- June 2012 Overview of polymer
More informationLiquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal Polymers. Liquid Crystal. Orientation of molecules in the mesophase
Liquid Crystal - Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal. (Fourth state of matter) Liquid Crystal Orientation
More informationHow materials work. Compression Tension Bending Torsion
Materials How materials work Compression Tension Bending Torsion Elemental material atoms: A. Composition a) Nucleus: protons (+), neutrons (0) b) Electrons (-) B. Neutral charge, i.e., # electrons = #
More informationElectronic materials and components-polymer types
Introduction Electronic materials and components-polymer types Polymer science is a broad field that includes many types of materials which incorporate long chain structures with many repeated units. One
More informationChemistry Class 12 th NCERT Solutions
This e-book is prepared by the CBSE board exam experts of jagranjosh.com, an online educational portal of Dainik Jagran. The purpose of providing solutions for CBSE class 12 th Science and Mathematics
More informationMaterials Engineering with Polymers
Unit 73: Unit code Materials Engineering with Polymers K/616/2556 Unit level 4 Credit value 15 Introduction This unit will provide students with the necessary background knowledge and understanding of
More informationPolymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers
Polymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers Polymers in Modified Asphalt Types of Polymers Compatibility of Polymers Effects of Polymers Analysis of polymers Recovery of PMA What Is a
More informationPolymers and Composite Materials
Polymers and omposite Materials Shibu G. Pillai hemical Engineering Department shibu.pillai@nirmauni.ac.in ontents lassification of Polymers Types of polymerization Elastomers/ Rubber Advanced Polymeric
More informationMATERIALS. Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle?
MATERIALS Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? What is toughness? strength? brittleness? Elemental material atoms: A. Composition
More informationPacking of Atoms in Solids [5]
Packing of Atoms in Solids [5] Non dense, random packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond energy r Dense, ordered packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond
More informationCH 2 = CH - CH =CH 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Styrene is almost a unique monomer, in that it can be polymerized by practically all methods of chain polymerization. A. Free radical B. Anionic C. Cationic D. Co-ordination
More informationJohns Hopkins University What is Engineering? M. Karweit MATERIALS
Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? What is toughness? strength? brittleness? Elemental material atoms: MATERIALS A. Composition
More informationA polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer.
1.8 Polymers The General Structure of Polymers A polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer. Many biological molecules,
More informationStress Relaxation Behaviour of PALFnDPE Composites
Chapter 7 Stress Relaxation Behaviour of PALFnDPE Composites The results presented in this chapter have been communicated for publication to Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 7.1 Introduction
More informationIII. Molecular Structure Chapter Molecular Size Size & Shape
III. Molecular Structure Chapter 3. 3. Molecular Size Size & Shape Molecular Structure (1)Molecular Size & Shape Size : molecular weight molecular weight distribution Shape : branching (2) Molecular Flexibility
More informationDownloaded from Unit - 15 POLYMERS. Points to Remember
Unit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
More informationPolymeric Materials. Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng.
Polymeric Materials Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaen Saen Campus, Nakorn Phathom, 73140 Thailand. Introduction Material
More informationHigh strength high modulus Fibres
High strength high modulus Fibres Module 2: FAQ Q1. Define aramids. A manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide (-CO-NH-)
More informationChapter 12 - Modern Materials
Chapter 12 - Modern Materials 12.1 Semiconductors Inorganic compounds that semiconduct tend to have chemical formulas related to Si and Ge valence electron count of four. Semiconductor conductivity can
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Pressure in Solids: Pressure in Liquids: Pressure = force area (P = F A ) 1 Pressure = height density gravity (P = hρg) 2 Deriving Pressure in a Liquid Recall that:
More informationChemical Engineering Seminar Series
Effect of Reaction Conditions on Copolymer Properties Loretta Idowu Keywords: copolymer composition distribution; radical polymerization kinetics; semi-batch starved feed; hydroxyl-functionality Non-functional
More informationMaterial History. Is American culture currently being defined
Introduction ti to Materials What Are Materials? Substances out of which all things are made Currently MatWeb Material Property Data website lists over 76,000 individually unique materials What materials
More informationP O L Y M E R S. The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25
P O L Y M E R S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25 POLYMERS Polymers are large, long-chain molecules. found in nature, including cellulose in plants, starches
More informationOlle Inganäs: Polymers structure and dynamics. Polymer physics
Polymer physics Polymers are macromolecules formed by many identical monomers, connected through covalent bonds, to make a linear chain of mers a polymer. The length of the chain specifies the weight of
More informationSCH4U Synthesis and Polymers. Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers
SCH4U Synthesis and Polymers Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers ADDITION POLYMERS ADDITION POLYMERS A + A + A + A A A A A monomers polymer + + + ethylene (ethene) polyethylene
More informationEffect of crystallinity on properties. Melting temperature. Melting temperature. Melting temperature. Why?
Effect of crystallinity on properties The morphology of most polymers is semi-crystalline. That is, they form mixtures of small crystals and amorphous material and melt over a range of temperature instead
More informationEngineering Materials
Engineering Materials A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units. poly- The word polymer is derived from the Greek words meaning "many"; and - meros meaning "part". Plastic and
More informationChemistry Notes. Daniel P
Chemistry Notes Daniel P Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Production of Materials 4 2.1 Ethylene and its Uses...................................... 4 1. Chemical Equations...................................
More informationFlexural properties of polymers
A2 _EN BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER ENGINEERING Flexural properties of polymers BENDING TEST OF CHECK THE VALIDITY OF NOTE ON
More informationCovalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Covalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Compounds 2 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are covalent bonds? 3 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent
More informationLecture 26 Classification
Lecture 26 Classification April 24, 2018 Industrial Influence: Trade Names PVC poly (vinylidene chloride) Saran wrap PVC poly (vinyl chloride) Pipe and records PET poly (ethylene teraphthalate) Coke bottles,
More informationAn Introduction to Polymer Physics
An Introduction to Polymer Physics David I. Bower Formerly at the University of Leeds (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface Acknowledgements xii xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Polymers and the scope of the book
More informationVISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS John D. Ferry Professor of Chemistry University of Wisconsin THIRD EDITION JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents 1. The Nature of
More informationnot to be republished NCERT Unit I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals?
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals? Cellulose Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen 2. Which of the following is not a semisynthetic polymer?
More informationUnit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
More informationIntroduction to Synthetic Methods in Step-Growth Polymers 1.1 INTRODUCTION Historical Perspective Some of the earliest useful polymeric
Synthetics Polymers Introduction to Synthetic Methods in Step-Growth Polymers 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Historical Perspective Some of the earliest useful polymeric materials, the Bakelite resins formed from
More informationTop concepts Chapter : Polymers 1. Polymers are high molecular mass substance consisting of large number of repeating structural units. As polymers are single, giant molecules i.e. big size molecules,
More informationPresentation shared files at:
Forrest Schultz, PhD Wisconsin State Science Olympiad Director Director, 2016 Science Olympiad National Tournament Chemistry National Rules Committee Professor, Department of Chemistry and Physics University
More informationPolymers. Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt)
Polymers 1 Polymers Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt) 2 If we consider a series of chains = 0 Except when i = j, and
More informationQualitative analysis of aramide polymers by FT-IR spectroscopy
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726 Volume 3 Issue 2 ǁ February 2014 ǁ PP.01-07 Qualitative analysis of aramide polymers by FT-IR spectroscopy
More information1-8 DENTAL MATERIALS
1-8 DENTAL MATERIALS Dental materials NATURE OF DENTAL POLYMERS Nature of Dental Polymers Nature of Dental Polymers Polymer: Polymeric materials are formed of several large molecules (polymer chains) with
More informationExperiment 26F FV 1/8/08 PREPARATION AND RECYCLING OF LINEAR AND CROSSLINKED POLYMERS
Experiment 26F FV 1/8/08 PREPARATIN AND REYLING F LINEAR AND RSSLINKED PLYMERS We gratefully acknowledge the United States Naval Academy for the use of this experiment MATERIALS: Resorcinol, 3 M Na, formalin,
More informationTensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below
Tensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of several materials effected by increasing temperature, as is shown in Figure Asst. Lecturer
More informationCARBON NANOTUBE-POLYMER COMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW Brian Grady University of Oklahoma
CARBON NANOTUBE-POLYMER COMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW Brian Grady University of Oklahoma Abstract Carbon nanotubes are in many ways similar to polymers. Both molecules have contour lengths typically on the order
More informationA Glossary of Terms Used in the Adhesives, Coatings and Elastomers (ACE) Sector
A Glossary of Terms Used in the Adhesives, Coatings and Elastomers (ACE) Sector Abrasion resistance The ability of the coating membrane to resist mechanical action such as foot traffic and particles, which
More informationChapter 2: INTERMOLECULAR BONDING (4rd session)
Chapter 2: INTERMOLECULAR BONDING (4rd session) ISSUES TO ADDRESS... Secondary bonding The structure of crystalline solids 1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS SESSION Bonding forces & energies Interatomic vs. intermolecular
More informationPOLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES
C21 11/08/2013 16:8:37 Page 311 CHAPTER 21 POLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. An addition polymer is one that is produced by the successive addition of repeating monomer molecules.
More informationQuiz 1 Introduction to Polymers
090109 Quiz 1 Introduction to Polymers In class we discussed the definition of a polymer first by comparing polymers with metals and ceramics and then by noting certain properties of polymers that distinguish
More informationME 2570 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
ME 2570 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Chapter III. Mechanical Properties of Materials 1 Tension and Compression Test The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue deformation
More informationChapters 1-4. Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry. SI Prefixes. Units. Dimensional Analysis
Chapters 1-4 What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter (the physical material of the universe). A main challenge of chemistry is to bridge
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 12: Structures and Properties of Ceramics. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 12: Structures and Properties of Ceramics Dr. Coates 12.1 Introduction Ceramics Compounds between metallic & non-metallic elements Predominantly ionic
More information5.1 How Atoms Form Compounds. compound chemical formula molecule chemical bond ionic bond valence covalent bond
5.1 How Atoms Form Compounds compound chemical formula molecule chemical bond ionic bond valence covalent bond What is a compound? 5.1 How Atoms Form Compounds A compound is a pure substance that contains
More informationChapter 12: Structures & Properties of Ceramics
Chapter 12: Structures & Properties of Ceramics ISSUES TO ADDRESS... Structures of ceramic materials: How do they differ from those of metals? Point defects: How are they different from those in metals?
More informationCHAPTER 5: STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS
APTER 5: STRUTURE PLYMERS "The time has come," the Walrus said, "To talk of many things: f shoes--and ships--and sealing-wax-- f cabbages--and kings--" Lewis arroll, Through the Looking Glass (1872) shoes,
More informationPolymer Reaction Engineering
Polymer Reaction Engineering Polymerization Techniques Bulk Solution Suspension Emulsion Interfacial Polymerization Solid-State Gas-Phase Plasma Polymerization in Supercritical Fluids Bulk Polymerization
More informationLecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers. Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns
Lecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns Chemistry the whole year on one page Last semester Basic atomic theory Stoichiometry, balancing reactions Thermodynamics
More informationSection 1 Compounds and Molecules
CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Compounds and Molecules Key Idea questions > What holds a compound together? > How can the structure of chemical compounds be shown? > What determines the properties of a compound?
More informationEL 3004 Material Biomedika Bab 22-23
BAB 22 EL 3004 Material Biomedika Bab 22-23 POLYMERS [Adopsi dari: Zbigniew D Jastrzebski, The Nature And Properties of Engineering Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-63693-2, 1987, CHAPTER 10.]
More information, to obtain a way to calculate stress from the energy function U(r).
BIOEN 36 014 LECTURE : MOLECULAR BASIS OF ELASTICITY Estimating Young s Modulus from Bond Energies and Structures First we consider solids, which include mostly nonbiological materials, such as metals,
More informationCombustion and thermal degradation of polymers
Polymers and biomaterials - laboratory Combustion and thermal degradation of polymers Theoretical background dr Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik University of Warsaw Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Technology Division
More informationD Y N A M I C M E C H A N I C A L A N A L Y S I S A N D I T S A D V A N T A G E S O V E R D E F L E C T I O N T E M P E R A T U R E U N D E R L O A D
D Y N A M I C M E C H A N I C A L A N A L Y S I S A N D I T S A D V A N T A G E S O V E R D E F L E C T I O N T E M P E R A T U R E U N D E R L O A D Sujan E. Bin Wadud TA Instruments 9 Lukens Drive, New
More informationCandidates Performance in Paper I (Q1 5) and II B
HKDSE 2014 Candidates Performance in Paper I (Q1 5) and II B 17, 21 November 2014 1 (a) Satisfactory About two thirds of the candidates could apply knowledge of bonding and structure of graphite to explain
More informationInnovative. Technologies. Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives. Dr. Jochen Stock, Laboratory Manager CRL Germany: Neuss, November 27 th, 2013
Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives Dr. Jochen Stock, Laboratory Manager CRL Germany: Neuss, November 27 th, 2013 Innovative Technologies 1 Overview Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives Introduction
More informationInorganic compounds that semiconduct tend to have an average of 4 valence electrons, and their conductivity may be increased by doping.
Chapter 12 Modern Materials 12.1 Semiconductors Inorganic compounds that semiconduct tend to have an average of 4 valence electrons, and their conductivity may be increased by doping. Doping yields different
More informationTENSILE TESTS (ASTM D 638, ISO
MODULE 4 The mechanical properties, among all the properties of plastic materials, are often the most important properties because virtually all service conditions and the majority of end-use applications
More informationMetal Structure. Chromium, Iron, Molybdenum, Tungsten Face-centered cubic (FCC)
Metal Structure Atoms held together by metallic bonding Crystalline structures in the solid state, almost without exception BCC, FCC, or HCP unit cells Bodycentered cubic (BCC) Chromium, Iron, Molybdenum,
More informationIntroduction to Polymerization Processes
Introduction to Polymerization Processes Reference: Aspen Polymers: Unit Operations and Reaction Models, Aspen Technology, Inc., 2013. 1- Polymer Definition A polymer is a macromolecule made up of many
More informationChapter : 15. POLYMERS. Level-1:Questions
1) What are polymers? Chapter : 15. POLYMERS Level-1:Questions A: These are referred to as Macromolecules which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. 2) Give two examples
More informationMicromechanical modelling of polyethylene
Micromechanical modelling of polyethylene by José Andrés Alvarado Contreras A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
More informationPractical 1P9 Polymers - Molecular weight effects
Practical 1P9 Polymers - Molecular weight effects What you should learn from this practical Science The main theme of the Polymer Synthesis lectures is that molecular weight, and the ability to control
More informationPractical 1P9 Polymers - Molecular weight effects
Practical 1P9 Polymers - Molecular weight effects What you should learn from this practical Science The main theme of the Polymer Synthesis lectures is that molecular weight, and the ability to control
More informationPlastics are synthetic substances that can be moulded (often under heat and pressure) and retain the shape they are moulded into.
5.7: Polymers Plastics are synthetic substances that can be moulded (often under heat and pressure) and retain the shape they are moulded into. Polymers are large molecules that are made by linking together
More informationThis name hints at how polymers are made
Chapter- I Many + Parts This name hints at how polymers are made POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of MONOMERS (individual cars of the train) joined together. repeat unit H H H H H H C C C C C
More informationMacromolecular Chemistry
Macromolecular Chemistry Lecture 5 Step Growth Chain Growth Paul Flory Clears Things Up Polymer Structure is distinct from polymerization process Addition Polymerization H H Condensation Polymerization
More information