Contents. Principles: Theory and Practice
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1 Contents Part I Principles: Theory and Practice 1 Physical Principles of Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging Introduction The Physical Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy Forces Between Atomic Species and Surfaces of Solids Modeling the AFM Force Distance Curve: Interactions Between Tip and a Planar Half-Space Static Theory of Deflected Cantilever Beams Vibrating Cantilever Beams References Atomic Force Microscopy in Practice Assembling of AFMs for Operation Scanned Sample AFM (Contact Mode) Stand Alone AFM (Contact Mode) Intermittent Contact (Tapping) Mode Practical Issues of AFM Operation AFM Cantilevers, Tips, and Their Characteristics Sample Preparation Choice of Operation Modes and Suitable Imaging Environments Tip Handling and Modification Procedures Calibration Issues General Guidelines for AFM Laboratories Data Evaluation Typical AFM Artefacts References... 73
2 xii Contents Part II Case Studies: Macromolecules, Polymer Morphology and Polymer Surface Properties by AFM 3 Visualization of Macromolecules and Polymer Morphology Structural Hierarchy in Polymers Single Component Systems Visualization of Single Macromolecules Visualization of Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) Adsorbed on Mica Visualization of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers Adsorbed on Mica Lattice Visualization of Crystallized Homopolymers Lattice Visualization of Poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) (PTFE) by CM-AFM Lattice Visualization of Poly(oxy methylene) (POM) by CM-AFM Amorphous Polymers Imaging of the Surface Morphology of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by TM-AFM Imaging of Dewetted Perfluoropolyether Lubricant on Hard Disc Surfaces by TM-AFM Lamellar Crystals (Crystallized from Solution or Melt) Solution-Grown Lamellae of POM and PE by CM-AFM Lamellae in Isotactic Polypropylene (ipp) by TM-AFM Lamellae in Spin-Coated Films of Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by TM-AFM Extended Chain Crystals and Shish-Kebob Structures CM-AFM on Extended Chain Crystals of Cold-Drawn PET TM-AFM on Shish-Kebob Morphology in Drawn Polyethylene Copolymers Hedrites and Spherulites Sample Preparation: Melt Crystallization Followed by Etching CM-AFM on Thin Films of Isotactic Polypropylene (ipp): a-ipp Biopolymers Imaging of Biological and Biopolymer Specimens Under Liquid Hand-on Examples Visualization of Adsorbed Lipid Vesicles and Bilayers Visualization of Polymerizable Lipid Bilayers Visualization of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus
3 Contents xiii Cellulose Fibers in Pulp Cellulose Microcrystals Polysaccharides: Xanthan Gum Collagen Crystallized Protein Layers: Streptavidin Lambda DNA Biocompatible Polymers Multicomponent Systems Materials Contrast in AFM Imaging of Multicomponent Systems Block Copolymers Visualization of Microphase Separated Morphology of Films of Polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene Visualization of Microphase Separated Morphology of Hydrolyzed Films of polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Polymer Blends Identification of Phases in Blends of PMMA and PB Identification of Phases in Blends of Impact Polymers by FMM Filled Polymer Systems Distribution of Filler Particles in Elastomers by TMAFM Distribution of Filler Particles in Rubbers by PF mode AFM Interfaces and Interphases in Composites Morphology of Transcrystallized Isotactic PP Induced by Pulling of a Carbon Fiber Polymers in Applications: Effects of Processing and Processes Polymers in Applications Polymer Processing AFM Imaging of Processed Polymers (1): Blown Films of High Melt Strength Polypropylene (hmspp) AFM Imaging of Processed Polymers (2): Surface Roughness and Haze Deformation of Block Copolymers Polymer Surface Modifications Surface Oxidized Polypropylene by Oxyfluorination Flame Treatment of LDPE Latexes and Paints Membranes and Porous Films Defects and Failure Analysis AFM Imaging of Rubbed Polyimide References
4 xiv Contents 4 Polymer Surface and Interface Properties and (Dynamic) Processes Adhesion Practical Adhesion Mapping Solution-Grown Lamellae of PE on Mica by FV Correlation of Adhesion Forces and Effects of Surface Treatments Surface Treatment of PDMS Force Titrations of Flame-Treated LDPE Force Mapping of Polymer Blends Friction Sub-T g Transitions in PMMA Friction Forces on Oxidized PS Surface Mechanical Properties Nanoindentation of Homopolymers Recovery After Nanoindentation of HDPE Thermal Properties and Thermal Transitions Crystallization and Melting of PEO by Hotstage Contact Mode AFM Crystallization of PCL by Hotstage TM-AFM Swelling and Solvent Effects Swelling of Polymer Films Ex Situ Chemical Reactions, Degradation, and Erosion Degradation and Erosion of Biodegradable Polymers Enzymatic Degradation of Polymers References Appendices A. AFM manufacturers B. Probe Tip manufacturers / vendors C. SPM software D. Web-based resources Index
5
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Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Vikas Mittal BASF SE, Polymer Research, Germany M> Scrivener WILEY Contents Preface xiii 1. Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 1 V.