Mohamed Daoud Claudine E.Williams Editors. Soft Matter Physics. With 177 Figures, 16 of them in colour

Transcription

1 Mohamed Daoud Claudine E.Williams Editors Soft Matter Physics With 177 Figures, 16 of them in colour

2 Contents 1. Droplets: CapiUarity and Wetting 1 By F. Brochard-Wyart (With 35 figures) 1.1 Introduction The Players and the Rules of the Game Surface and Interfacial Tension The Triple Line and Contact Angles Curved Interfaces: Laplace's Formula Capillary Length «T 1 : the Role of Gravity The Spreading Parameter S Controlling Wettability The Dynamics of Wetting : High-Speed Wetting: The Role of Inertia Capillary Rise and Meniscus Capillary Rise: Jurin's Law Meniscus The Shape of Droplets Solid Substrates Liquid Substrates Wetting of Fibres Droplet Spreading Dynamics Forced Wetting Experiment (Designed by D. Quere) The Minimum Speed for Film Deposition Film Thickness on a Fibre (or in a Capillary Tube) Dewetting Thick Film Dewetting Microscopic Film Dewetting 32

3 X Contents 1.9 Further Perspectives Contact Line Instabilities The Marangoni Effect Spreading on Nanoscopic Scales 42 Appendix 44 Bibliography Fractals 47 By M. Daoud and H. Van Damme (With 20 figures) 2.1 Disorder and Scale Invariance Self-Similarity and Self-Affinity Measure, Heterogeneity and Multifractality Random Walks, Polymer Chains and Membranes Percolation, Gelation and the Metal-Insulator Transition Diffusion-Limited Aggregation and Growth Diffusion, Vibrations and Chemical Reactions By Way of Conclusion Small Volumes and Large Surfaces: The World of Colloids 87 By J. C. Daniel and R. Audebert (With 21 figures) 3.1 The Colloidal State: In Search of a Definition Colloids in Everyday Life The Colloidal System: A Delicate Balance of Opposing Forces Thermal Agitation and the Force of Gravity Van der Waals Forces Forces of Electrostatic Origin The DLVO Theory How do Colloidal Aggregates Build up? The Kinetics of Aggregation The Morphology of Colloidal Aggregates The Thermodynamics of Colloidal Systems Modifying the Interface Chemical Modification Surfactants and Interfaces Polymers and Interfaces Methods for Preparing Colloidal Dispersions Fragmentation Methods Condensation Methods 121

4 Contents XI 3.9 The Future of Colloid Science 129 Bibliography The Physicochemistry of Surfactants 133 By C. Taupin (With 15 figures) 4.1 Introduction Amphiphiles in Solution Interfacial Films and Spontaneous Curvature Adsorption onto Surfaces Amphiphilic Films in Presence of Other Compounds Surfactants and Highly Divided Systems The Structure of Microemulsions From Giant Micelles to Fluid Membranes: Polymorphism in Dilute Solutions of Surfactant Molecules 155 By G. Porte (With 28 figures) 5.1 Introduction Spontaneous Curvature and Micellar Shape Micellar Shapes and Phase Behaviour Giant Micelles Fluid Membranes Structure in the Dilute Lamellar Phase L a The Sponge Phase L Scaling Relations for Fluid Membrane Phases Conclusion 183 Bibliography Polymers Formed from Self-Assembled Structures 187 By F. Candau (With 14 figures) 6.1 Introduction Microemulsion Polymerisation Formulation and Structure Polymerisation Mechanism Microlatex Characteristics Polymer Characteristics Applications Polymerisation in Liquid Crystalline Phase 204

5 XII Contents 6.4 Polymerisable Surfactants Vesicles Micellar Systems Conclusion 216 Bibliography Polymer Materials 219 By L. Monnerie (With 36 figures) 7.1 Introduction Semi-Crystalline Polymers Crystalline Structures Morphology Melting Amorphous Polymers The Glass Transition Phenomenon Influence of Chemical Structure on Glass Transition Temperature Glass Transition for Semi-Crystalline Polymers Different States of Polymer Materials Amorphous Materials Crosslinked Amorphous Materials Semi-Crystalline Materials Elastomer Behaviour Elasticity Viscoelasticity and Damping Solid Polymer Behaviour Under Longitudinal Load Brittle Behaviour Plastic Deformation and Stretching Orientation Processing Thermoplastic Polymers Thermoforming Viscosity of Polymer Melts Extrusion Injection Moulding Conclusion 258 Bibliography 259

6 Contents XIII 8. Polymer Solutions: A Geometrie Introduction 261 By T.A. Witten (With 8 figures) 8.1 Introduction Random-Walk Polymer Fractals in Solution Diffusion and Flow near a Fractal How Self-Interaction Changes the Fractal Dimension Solutions of Many Polymers Dynamic Relaxation in Polymer Solutions Conclusion 286 Bibliography Liquid Crystals: Between Order and Disorder 289 By J. Prost and C.E. Williams (With 22 figures) 9.1 Introduction Nematic Liquid Crystals Orientational Order, Elasticity and Singularities Frederiks Transition and Display Applications Threads, Nuclei and Disclinations Lamellar Systems The Different Structures Characteristic Properties Chiral Systems Columnar Systems The Different Structures Characteristic Properties Threads and Chirality Conclusion 314 Bibliography 315 Index 317