Nanocomposites with Biodegradable Polymers

Transcription

1 Nanocomposites with Biodegradable Polymers Synthesis, Properties and Future Perspectives Edited by Vikas Mittal Polymer Engineer, BASF Polymer Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany Current address (2011): The Petroleum Institute, Chemical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi, UAE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents List of contributors xv 1 Bio-nanocomposites: future high-value materials 1 Vikas MITTAL 1.1 Introduction to polymer nanocomposites Biopolymers or biodegradable polymers Bio-nanocomposites References 23 2 Biodegradation of polymeric systems 28 In-Joo CHIN and Shogo UEMATSU 2.1 Biodegradable polymers and their composites Mechanisms of biodegradation Biodegradation of PLA and its nanocomposites Biodegradation of PBS and its composites Biodegradation of PCL Biodegradation of PHB Biodegradation tests under controlled composting conditions Introduction Test method for biodegradation of plastics under controlled composting conditions Specifications of ISO and ISO Preparation of mature compost ph of compost Water activity (Aw) Test equipment Biodegradation of test materials Conclusion Acknowledgements References 51 3 Biodegradable thermoplastic starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites with layered silicates 58 Katherine M. DEAN, Eustathios PETINAKIS and Long YU 3.1 Introduction Materials and processing of thermoplastic starch/pvoh nanocomposites Microstructure and chemistry of the thermoplastic starch/pvoh nanocomposites XRD analysis of the structures 62

3 viii Contents TEM analysis of the structures Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis ofthe structures Mechanical properties of the thermoplastic starch/pvoh nanocomposites Conclusions Acknowledgements References 69 4 Bio-nanocomposites with non-cellulosic biofillers 71 Peter R. CHANG, Jin HUANG and Ning LIN 4.1 Introduction Manufacture of non-cellulosic nano-sized biofiller Extraction of starch nanocrystal Extraction of chitin nanowhisker Organization of supramolecular lignin complex Artificial nano-sized filler from biomass Chemical modification of non-cellulosic biofiller Chemical derivation of non-cellulosic biofiller 'Graft to' modification of non-cellulosic biofiller 'Graft from' modification of non-cellulosic biofiller Processing of bio-nanocomposites with non-cellulosic biofiller Solution blending and subsequent moulding of bio-nanocomposites Compounding of nano-sized biofiller with reactive polymer matrix Post-treatment of moulded bio-nanocomposites Manufacturing of structural bio-nanocomposite materials Thermoforming of polymer-grafted polysaccharide nanocrystals Direct nanoscaffold formation from chitin whiskers Mechanical properties of bio-nanocomposites with non-cellulosic biofiller Effects of structure and loading level of biofiller Effects of chemical modification of biofillers Effects of processing conditions Reinforcement mechanism of biofiller Other properties of bio-nanocomposites with non-cellulosic biofiller Thermal properties of bio-nanocomposites Swelling behaviour of bio-nanocomposites Barrier properties of bio-nanocomposites Conclusion and prospects References 96 5 Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites 101 Y. F. SHIH and R.J.JENG 5.1 Introduction Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) Carbon nanotubes Modifications of carbon nanotubes 102

4 Contents ix Biodegradable polymer/cnts composites Thermal degradation kinetics of PBS/CNTs composites Experimental Materials Instruments Results and discussion Characterization of the organically grafted CNTs DSC analysis of the PBS/CNTs nanocomposites Mechanical properties of the PBS/CNTs nanocomposites Electrical properties of the PBS/CNTs nanocomposites Morphology of PBS/CNTs nanocomposites Thermal degradation kinetics of PBS/CNTs nanocomposites Conclusion References Biodegradable nanocomposites from cellulosic plastics and cellulosic fibre 123 Manju MISRA, Ozgur SEYDIBEYOGLU, Dipa RAY, Kunal DAS and Amar MOHANTY 6.1 Introduction to nanocomposites and biodegradable materials Biobased and biodegradable materials The importance of plant materials Cellulosic plastics Cellulose esters Chitin Chitosan Cellulosic fibres (micron and nanoscale) Cellulose nanowhiskers Microfibrillated cellulose Bacterial cellulose Processing cellulose nanocomposites Characterization of cellulose nanocomposites Future perspectives Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References Silica/alginate bio-nanocomposites 166 Thibaud CORADIN 7.1 Introduction Alginate-based materials Design of silica/alginate biocomposites The composite approach The hybrid approach The IPN approach Scaling down of the procedures 173

5 x Contents 7A Physical and chemical properties of silica/alginate nanocomposites Mechanical and thermal stability Chemical stability Applications Enzymatic biocatalysts Cell-based bioreactors Artificial organs Drug delivery systems Extensions and perspectives Other alginate-based bio-nanocomposites Bases for further partnership References Bio-based elastomers from soy oil and nanoclay 189 Lin ZHU and Richard P. WOOL 8.1 Introduction Experimental Preparation of clay/elastomer elastomer hybrid Characterization Results and discussion Organic modifier selection Morphology Mechanical properties Crosslink density and network perfection Thermal stability and glass transition temperature Biodegradability Biocompatibility Conclusions References Gelatine-based bio-nanocomposites 209 Francisco M. FERNANDES, Margarita DARDER, Ana I. RUIZ, Pilar ARANDA and Eduardo RUIZ-HITZKY 9.1 Introduction Gelatine composite materials Gelatine, from the kitchen to the operating table Gelatine, between collagen and synthetic polymers Structural gelatine composites Functional gelatine composites Silica and silicate-based gelatine nanocomposites Silica-based gelatine nanocomposites Layered silicate-based nanocomposites Fibrous silicate-based nanocomposites Gelatine nanocomposites based on other inorganic solids Gelatine in three-component nanocomposite systems Future perspectives 226

6 Contents xi 9.7 Acknowledgements References Bio-nanocomposites based on starch 234 Fengwei XIE, Peter J. HALLEY and Luc AVEROUS 10.1 Introduction Processing techniques Solution intercalation Melt intercalation Starch-based bio-nanocomposites Starch bio-nanocomposites filled by layered clays Starch bio-nanocomposites filled by whiskers Starch bio-nanocomposites filled by starch nanocrystals Starch bio-nanocomposites filled by other types of nanofillers Bio-nanocomposites based on other starch-based matrices Applications Summary References Soy protein-based polymer nanocomposites 261 Jin HUANG, Ning LIN, Yun CHEN, Peter R. CHANG and Jiahui YU 11.1 Introduction Soy protein-based nanocomposites filled with inorganic nanofillers Soy protein nanocomposites filled with layered silicates Soy protein nanocomposites filled with spherical Si02 nanoparticles Soy protein nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotube In situ synthesis of soy protein/inorganic nanocrystal nanocomposites Soy protein-based composites filled with organic nanofillers Soy protein filled with polysaccharide nanocrystals Soy protein filled with artificial nanoparticles Soy protein filled with self-assembled nanoparticles Soy protein filled with lignin nanophase Structure-property relationship of soy protein-based nanocomposites Interfacial interaction between nanofillers and soy protein matrix Entanglement and penetration of polymer matrix with hollow nanoparticles Self-organization organization of nanofillers in soy protein matrix Co-continuous phase mediated with polymer chains on nanoparticles In situ formed nanostructure in soy protein matrix 278

7 xii Contents 11.5 Conclusion and prospects References Biodegradable nanocomposites based on poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 283 Narendra K. SINGH and Pralay MAITI 12.1 Introduction Preparation of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) nanocomposites Solution casting method Melt extrusion technique In situ polymerization Characterization of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) nanocomposites Nanostructure Microstructure Properties Mechanical properties Thermal properties Gas barrier properties Biodegradation Processing Melt rheology and structure-property relationship Uses Conclusion Acknowledgements References Bio-nanocomposites using bio-based epoxy resins 329 Mitsuhiro SHIBATA 13.1 Introduction Bio-based epoxy resin/montmorillonite nanocomposites Layered silicates as fillers of bio-nanocomposites Preparation and morphology of PGPE-PL/MMT nanocomposites Properties of PGPE-PL/MMT composites Bio-based epoxy resin/microfibrillated cellulose nanocomposites Microfibrillated cellulose as reinforcing fibres of bio-nanocomposites Preparation of GPE/TA/MFC and SPE/TA/MFC Properties of GPE-TA/MFC and SPE-TA/MFC Bio-based epoxy resin/self-assembled hydroxystearic acid nanocomposites Self-assembled suplamolecular fibres as reinforcing fibres of bio-nanocomposites Preparation and characterization of photo-cured ESO/HSA nanocomposites Mechanical properties of photo-cured ESO/HSA nanocomposites References 345

8 Contents xiii 14 Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications 348 Caisa JOHANSSON 14.1 Background Food packaging requirements Paper-based packaging laminates 349 material Self-supporting packaging 14.3 Industrial manufacture of bio-nanocomposite food packaging Bio-nanocomposites Nanosized components in bio-nanocomposites Poly(lactic acid)-based nanocomposites Polycaprolactone-based nanocomposites Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based nanocomposites Starch-based nanocomposites Chitosan-based nanocomposites Other classes of bio-nanocomposites Costs and commercial availability of bio-nanocomposite components Potential risks related to bio-nanocomposites in food packaging Contamination and migration Antimicrobial functionality in bio-nanocomposites Environmental aspects of bio-nanocomposites References Conductive biopolymer nanocomposites for sensors 368 Jean-Francois FELLER, Bijandra KUMAR and Mickael CASTRO 15.1 Introduction Conductive biopolymer nanocomposite (CPC) transducer development Choice and association of materials for conductive biopolymer composite development Conductive biopolymer nanocomposite architecture design Conductive biopolymer nanocomposite transducer characterization Instrumentation and tests Principle of conductive biopolymer nanocomposite Properties of conductive biopolymer nanocomposite resistive resistive sensors 379 transducers Principle of conductive biopolymer nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors Applications Conclusion References Commercial aspects associated with bio-nanocomposites 400 Sunil P. LONKAR, A. Pratheep KUMAR and R. P SINGH 16.1 Introduction Classification of bio-nanocomposites Nanocomposites of biodegradable polymers Commercial preparation, processing and challenges 407

9 xiv Contents Method of preparation Compounding of bio-nanocomposites Thermosetting methods Scale-up/challenges Methods for improving the properties Energy consumption Commercial aspects of bio-nanocomposites: the importance Future perspectives Summary/conclusions References 415 Index 421