Hie-Joon Kim. Professor Emeritus Seoul National University. Experience. Representative Publications
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1 Hie-Joon Kim Professor Emeritus Seoul National University B.S. Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea, 1970 Ph.D. Chemistry, University of Chicago, USA, 1977 Experience Professor, Department of Chemistry Seoul National University ( ) Chair Professor, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (2013-Present) SNU Teaching Award (2007) Representative Publications Philosophical Questions Scientific Answers (Thinking Power Books, 2012) Chemistry of Life, Chemistry for Life (Free Academy, 2009)
2 Chapter 1 Atomic Nucleus
3 INTRODUCTION Nobel Lecture in Chemistry (1908) The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances Ernest Rutherford
4 1-1 Radioactive Decay Alpha-rays were first observed in 1899 as a special type of radiation and during the last six years there has been a persistent attack on this great problem, which has finally yielded to the assault when the resources of the attack seemed almost exhausted.
5 1-1 Radioactive Decay The proof of the identity of the beta-particles with the electrons constituting the cathode rays was completed in 1900 by Becquerel,
6 1-1 Radioactive Decay who showed that the beta-particles from radium had about the same small mass as the electrons and were projected at a speed comparable with the velocity of light.
7 1-2 Alpha-Particle Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) in 1901 and Sir William Crookes in 1902 suggested that the alpha-particles might possibly prove to be projected particles carrying a positive charge.
8 1-2 Alpha-Particle e/m of alpha-particle = (e/m of hydrogen)/2 The value of e/m was found to be 5,000 electromagnetic units. Now it is known from the data of the electrolysis of water that the value of e/m for the proton hydrogen atom is 9,650.
9 1-2 Alpha-Particle This proof that the alpha-particles consisted of actual charged atoms of matter projected with an enormous velocity at once threw a flood of light on radioactive processes, in particular upon another important series of investigations which were being contemporaneously carried on in the Laboratory at Montreal in conjunction with Mr. F. Soddy.
10 1-2 Alpha-Particle Soddy Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1921) McGill University
11 1-2 Alpha-Particle Using 30 milligrams of Giesel s preparation, Sir William Ramsay and Soddy in 1903 were able to show conclusively that helium was present in radium some months old and that the emanation produced helium. radium
12 1-2 Alpha-Particle If the alpha-particle carried a charge equal to twice that of the hydrogen atom, the mass of the alpha-particle would work out at nearly four, i.e. a mass nearly equal to that of the atom of helium.
13 1-2 Alpha-Particle A large quantity of emanation was forced into a glass tube which had walls so thin that the alpha-particles were fired right through them, though the walls were impervious to the emanation itself.
14 1-2 Alpha-Particle The alpha-particles were projected into the glass walls of an outer sealed vessel and were gradually released into the exhausted space between the emanation and the outer vessel. After some days a bright spectrum of helium was observed in the outer vessel.
15 1-3 Composition of Atomic Nucleus We conclude that the alphaparticle is a projected atom of helium, which has, or in some way during its flight acquires, two unit charges of positive electricity.
16 1-3 Composition of Atomic Nucleus We are consequently driven to the conclusion that the atoms of the primary radioactive elements like uranium and thorium must be built up in part at least of atoms of helium.
17 1-3 Composition of Atomic Nucleus 3 2 He 6 C 6C + 2 He 8 O It is consequently not unreasonable to suppose that other elements may be built up in part of helium, although the absence of radioactivity may prevent us from obtaining any definite proof. red giant
18 1-3 Composition of Atomic Nucleus It may prove significant that the atomic weights of many elements differ by four - the atomic weight of helium - or a multiple of four.
19 1-4 Discovery of the Proton Nobel Lecture (Perrin, 1926) Rutherford succeeded in proving, in admirable experiments (1922), that when a nucleus of nitrogen, aluminum, or phosphorus is struck forcefully by an alpha projectile (sufficiently fast to hit it in spite of the electrical repulsion), a proton is expelled with an energy which may exceed that of the projectile, and Rutherford interpreted this transmutation as being the effect of an explosive disintegration.
20 1-4 Discovery of the Proton I maintained, on the contrary (1923), that there was an integration, that the helium nucleus at first combines with the nucleus that it has hit, to form a radioactive atom which soon expels a proton, and that there finally remains an atom which is three units heavier than the atom that has been hit.
21 1-4 Discovery of the Proton This has since been confirmed by Blackett (1925) in the very laboratory of Rutherford: three converging rays are counted (by the method of C.T.R. Wilson) when a Rutherford transmutation occurs, instead of the four which would exist if the striking projectile retained its individuality after the impact.
22 Review Rutherford came from New Zealand To work at Cavendish in England. Alpha particle was his protégé. Discovery of the nucleus brought in a new age. Atomic transformation brought him the highest prestige.
23 Big Bang and the Origin of Chemical Elements THANK YOU
The Chemical Nature of the Alpha Particles from Radioactive Substances
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Hie-Joon Kim. Professor Emeritus Seoul National University. Experience. Representative Publications
Hie-Joon Kim Professor Emeritus Seoul National University B.S. Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea, 1970 Ph.D. Chemistry, University of Chicago, USA, 1977 Experience Professor, Department of Chemistry
Hie-Joon Kim. Professor Emeritus Seoul National University. Experience. Representative Publications
Hie-Joon Kim Professor Emeritus Seoul National University B.S. Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea, 1970 Ph.D. Chemistry, University of Chicago, USA, 1977 Experience Professor, Department of Chemistry
Hie-Joon Kim. Seoul National University. Experience. Representative Publications
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