The Atomic Nature of Matter
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1 Chapter 11 The Atomic Nature of Matter I. The Atomic Hypothesis All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are composed of a positively charged nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and negatively charged electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Characteristics of atoms: Atoms are incredibly tiny. The diameter of the nucleus of a hydrogen atom is approximately m, while the diameter of an atom is about m. Atoms are numerous. There are about atoms in a gram of water. There are about as many atoms in a normal breath of air as there are breaths of air in the Earth s atmosphere! Atoms are perpetually moving. In a solid the atoms vibrate about fixed positions; in a liquid 1
2 the atoms migrate from one location to another; and in gases the atoms migrate and move much faster than in liquids. II. The Elements To date, we know of about 115 distinct atoms, called the chemical elements. An element is a substance composed of only one kind of atom. 92 of these different kinds of atoms are found naturally, the others are made in laboratories. The nuclei of atoms with more than 82 protons in them are radioactive (unstable). Living things are comprised primarily of the following atoms: hydrogen H (1 proton) carbon C (6 protons) oxygen O (8 protons) nitrogen N (7 protons) 2
3 III. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Elements: these are composed of a single kind of atom (see periodic table on page 203). Compounds: these are composed of elements that are combined chemically. For example: water (H 2 O), salt (NaCl). Mixtures: substances mixed together but without combining chemically. For example: air (N 2, O 2, CO 2 ) sand combined with salt. IV. The Electron Electrons are negatively charged. Their charge equals 1.6x10-19 Coulombs. The mass of an electron is 9.11x10-31 kilograms. Benjamin Franklin (1752) 3
4 1. kite experiment showed that lighting is an electrical discharge between clouds and the ground. Crooke s tube (1870 s) 1. sealed glass tube containing gas and electrodes. Gas glowed when electrodes were connected to a battery. 2. Gas made to glow by rays coming from negative terminal (cathode), hence called cathode rays. 4
5 J. J. Thomson (1897) 1. Showed that cathode rays are electrons. 2. Discovered the electron for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in Measured the mass-to-charge ratio of the electron. Robert Millikan (1909) 1. Calculated charge of electron and therefore was able to calculate its mass. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in V. The Atomic Nucleus Ernest Rutherford (1909) 1. Showed that the nucleus contains nearly all the mass of the atom, is positively charged, and occupies small fraction of volume of the atom. 5
6 VI. The Proton It is found inside the nucleus of an atom and is about 2000 times (actually 1836 times) more massive than the electron. Charge is equal to that of the electron, but opposite in sign. The proton is positive while the electron is negative. Atomic Number: Defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It distinguishes the element. VII. The Neutron Found inside the nucleus of an atom. It has zero charge and is a bit more massive than the proton. Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of the element. VIII. Quarks Quarks are the fundamental matter particles that are constituents of protons and neutrons. Proposed theoretically by Murray Gell-Mann in 1963 (Cal-Tech). There are 6 different flavors (types) of quarks: o Up o Down o Charm o Strange o Top o Bottom 6
7 Protons consist of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark bonded together by the strong nuclear force. Neutrons consist of 1 up quark and 2 down quarks bonded together by the strong nuclear force. IX. Molecules A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance consisting of two or more atoms bonded together by electromagnetic forces. Examples of molecules are: oxygen (O 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), and water (H 2 O) X. Antimatter The atoms of antimatter are composed of negatively charged nuclei and positively charged electrons. The positively charged electrons are called positrons. Positrons were discovered in 1932 in experiments where cosmic rays bombard the Earth s atmosphere. First anti-atom consisted of a positron (anti-electron) orbiting around an anti-proton and it was constructed in
8 Every fundamental particle in the universe has an antiparticle. When matter and anti-matter meet, they annihilate each other with 100% of the matter converting to radiant energy. Gravitational forces do not distinguish between matter and anti-matter. XI. Dark Matter Dark matter is an unknown type of matter making up ~ 23% of the matter/energy content of the universe. It binds stars and galaxies together. Dark matter affects how galaxies spin and form. Dark matter does not interact with light in the sense that it does not absorb light, and it does not emit light either. Dark matter can deflect though the path of light by a mechanism called gravitational lensing. Dark matter interacts with ordinary matter only by gravitational forces. 8
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