ANSWER GUIDE TO TEXT PROBLEMS

Transcription

1 ANSWER GUIDE TO TEXT PROBLEMS GENERAL CONCEPTS Chapter 1: Chemistry and You CR 15 Scientific Method... Section 1-2 PP 1 What is Chemistry?... Section 1-1 Chapter 2: Energy and Matter CR 7 classification mixtures / separations Section classification mixtures... p 77 PP 11 classification... Section 2-4,2-5 CR 5 chemical/physical changes Section physical/chemical properties... p Law Conservation of Matter... p PP 8 Law Conservation of Matter... p %, chemical formula... p 75 and % s g Mg, 20 g O CR 24 Conservation of Energy... Section 2-1 PP 1 unit conversions... p 57 (set up a proportion) ,000 cal, 561,000 J 13 Conservation of Energy Section 2-1, p 79 (back to) Chapter 1: Chemistry and You CR 31 metric prefixes... p metric prefixes... p scientific notation... p CR 25 graphing... general knowledge 26 dependent/independent variables.. p 44 CR 10 accuracy and precision Section accuracy and precision Section accuracy and precision... Section precision Section SF... Section 1-6 PP 8 precision and range... p 23 9 precision vs accuracy... Section 1-5 CR 38 SF... Section 1-6 CR NOTE: for the unit conversions, 44 simple unit conversions & SF... you must use the unit equalities available in the text p 25-29, p cm; 226 min; 32.7 cal; Pa 55 multiple unit conversions & SF... p 25-29, p in; ft; - ; cm; - 56 multiple unit conversions. & SF.. p 25-29, p m 3 ; ms CR 41 density... p density & ratio unit conversions.. p 25-29, p 34-36, p kg/m 3 (NOTE: use Table 1-27, not 1-29) 45 D = M/V... p cm 3 Al 50 D = M/V... p g/cm 3 53 D = M/V... p (±10) g OR g Chapter 3:Atomic Structure CR 22 subatomic particles... Section 3-2, p Rutherford... p

2 27 charged particles... p sketch of Be atom... p PP 4 problem solving / mass & charge e e - 7 problem solving / atomic size g 8 atomic structure... p (especially p 109!) 9 atomic structure... p atomic structure... p

3 Chapter 4: Electron Configurations CR 1... p p p p p c =... p E = h... p 131 PP 1 c =... p wave amplitude... p c = & unit conversions... p /s 4 E = h... p c = and E = h... p m, J CR p p , p p p p p p orbit vs orbital... p #e - in sublevel (subshell)... p excited vs ground state... p 136, e - configuration rules... p , electron configuration... p electron configuration... Section 5 28 ground/excited/impossible state... Section 5 PP 16 ground/excited/impossible state... Section 5 Chapter 5: Periodic Table CR 1 triads... p ekasilicon... p periods... p noble gases... p nonmetals... p [Ar]4s 1... p inner transition elements... p Periodic Law... p rows/columns... p group names... p metal / nonmetal... p shorthand... p valence e -... p why more elements per row... p hydrogen... p 168 **... ** NOTE: Pure hydrogen has both metal and nonmetal properties. When combining with other nonmetals it behaves like a nonmetal. CR 8 trends... p electron affinity... p radius trend... p IE differences... p IA Section A Section radius trend... Section 5-3

4 26 ion size... Section jumps in IE... Section jumps in IE... p trends in IE... Section 5-3 PP 9 ion size trends... Section trends... Section 5-3

5 (back to) Chapter 3:Isotopes and Radioactivity CR 1 Democritis... p atomic theory... p ions... p ions... p like repel... p cathode rays... p particles... p e - discharge... p atomic charge... p isotope... p radioactivity/nuclear decay p nuclear force... p radiation... p cathode ray... p e - mass... p atomic mass #p... p ion / isotope... p mass #... p decay... p nuclear decay... p radioactivity... p 113 **... ** NOTE: radiation in this context includes - and radiation as well as -radiation PP 8 particle symbols... p particle symbols... p particle symbols... p Chapter 6: Groups of Elements Chapters 3 to 6 Review 8-10 atomic structure... CH radiation CH c = and E = h... CH m, J 23,25,26 electron configurations and CH 4-5 trends electron configurations and trends... CH 4-5

6 Chapter 7: Chemical Formulas and Bonding CR 1 ions... p hydrates... p group atoms / molecule... p neutral... p valence e -... p , structural formula... p cation/anion... p ionic properties... p EN / polarity... p ion electron configuration p negative ion... p polyatomic... p formulas... p , ionic bond / share e -... p 236, molecules / ions... p 226, naming... p ions... p ionic vs molecular... CH 7 CR 18 polarity... p polarity... p ozone... p CR 11 Lewis dot... p single/double/triple bond... p Lewis dot / bond polarity... p names and formulas... Section 7-3 PP 2 Lewis dot diagrams / ionic... p stable / legitimate... CH 7, and electron configs **... ** NOTE, to determine if the formulas represent stable/legitimate compounds: for covalent/molecular- try to draw a Lewis structure; if you can draw a legitimate Lewis structure then the formula may represent a stable/legitimate substance for ionic- to determine if the formula is legitimate, determine if the formula represents a neutral substance Chapter 8: Molecular Shape CR 1 shape... p polarity / shape... CH 8 5 unshared e - repulsion... p CO 2 shape / polarity... CH 8 7 ball and stick model... p CH 4 shape... p polar attract polar... p dipole... p BCl 3 shape... p H 2 O... CH 8 14 bond angle... p shape... p bond length... p bond angle and unshared e -... p polarity... p VSEPR... p 257

7 28 polarity / shape... CH 8 32 phospholipids / H 2 O... Section 8-2 ** ** see your answer to CR 10 to guide your answer for this problem PP 2 structural formulas... p

8 Chapter 13: Gases CR 16 absolute T... p 425, assumptions of kinetic theory.. p , pressure and kinetic theory... p atmospheric gases... CH 13 PP 1 diffusion... Section ideal gas... Section 13-1, p 423 CR 15 Boyle s / Charles Laws... p , 443 NOTE: KMT... account for Boyle s 1 st (straightforward); to account for Charles... consider effect of T on P, then P on V) 36 V, T (Charles Law)... p L 37 Dalton s Law... p kpa PP 3 unit conversions... p mmhg, 1.17 atm, 119,000 Pa 4 units... P Boyle s Law... p atm 6 Charles Law... p ml CR 23 1 mol He vs 1 mol O 2... CH 13 **... ** NOTE: He exits as atoms not molecules 38 PV = nrt... p atm, 274 K NOTE: Unit conversion C to K in your notes 39 PV = nrt... p L PP 15 PV = nrt and unit conversions.. p atm 16 PV = nrt and unit conversions.. p (look carefully on p 442)... 64,000 Pa; P(N 2 ) 33,000 Pa; P(Ar) 20,000 Pa; P(CO 2 ) 12,000 Pa Chapter 12: Heat in Chemical Reactions Chapter 14: Liquids and Solids CR 18 diffusion gas, liquid, solid... p van der Waals interactions... p forces between RP... p PP 1 CH 4 vs CH 3 CH 3... p van der Waals... p van der Waals... p (see structural diagrams to the right...) 7 NaCl(l) conducts... Section 14-3 CR 25 evaporation vs boiling... p bp and P... p H fus < H vap... PP 12 H vap = - H cond... p heating/cooling curves... p Chapter 10: The Mole CR 16 definition of the mole... p 315, Section amu to grams... p count to unit conversions # s / sec (NOTE: a typical homecomputer has a processing speed of # s/sec) PP 1 N AV... Section formula mass and molar mass... Section moles and chemical formula... Section H 2 (SO 4 ) 1

9 CR 21 STP... p RP... Section mass to moles, MM... p mol H 2 O, mol Ca(OH) 2 35 moles to mass, MM... p g O 2, 162 g Ca(CO 3 ) 37 moles to RP... p mlc CH 4, mlc NO 2 39 RP to moles... p mol Mg Atoms,.540 mol Fe(SO 4 ) formula units (Chapter 10, continues)

10 (Chapter 10, continued) CR 51 mass to RP... D = M/V, Section mol H 2 O, mlc H 2 O 52 % by mass, mass to RP... p mol C, atoms C 53 mole to mass... Section g suc, g NaCl CR 22 empirical and molecular formula... Section empirical and molecular formula... Section empirical formula: C 7.00 H 5.01 N 3.00 O 6.00 molecular formula: C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 55 empirical formula... Section C 9.01 H 10.9 N 1.00 O 2.00 don t forget you have your empirical formula guide notesheet... refer to it for guidance Chapter 15: Solutions CR 17 solution examples... general knowledge 20 like dissolves like... p solvation energy... p solubility factors... p process of dissolving... p CR 34 saturation... p 511 PP 3 molarity... unit conversions, Section M NaCl 4 volume sol n to mass solute... MM, Section g K(OH) 5 mass solute to volume sol n... MM, Section L sol n Chapter 17: Solubility and Precipitation CR 24 solubility rules... p solubility rules... p solubility rules... p chem eq n for solution... p solubility rules... p Chapter 23: Energy and Disorder Chapter 9: Chemical Reactions and Equations CR 16 chemical reaction... p chemical reaction... p chemical reaction... p balanced chemical equation... p balanced chemical equation... p , plus sketches **... ** include sketches (like for problem 28) for at least 26 O 2 (aq)... general knowledge three of your balanced chemical equations 27 coefficients in balanced chem eq n p make sure your sketches represent balanced 29 coefficients in balanced chem eq n p equations PP 3 3 O 2 vs 2 O 3... Section balanced chemical equation... Section balanced chemical equation... Section balanced chemical equation... Section balanced chemical equation... Section 9-2 PP 12 classify reactions... Section metal reactivity... Section 9-3, review metal reactivity Chapter 11: Mathematics of Chemical Equations CR 15 balanced chem eq n / stoichiometry Section 11-1, bags of oranges analogy... Section 11-1, moles to moles... p conservation of mass... p **... ** NOTE: mass of reactants must equal mass of

11 (Chapter 11 oontinues) product

12 (Chapter 11 continued) CR 41 mass to volume STP)... Section L CO 2 42 mass to volume (@ STP)... Section L CO 2 PP 2 balanced chem eq n, moles to moles CH 9 review, p mol Al 8 mass to mass... Section g HNO 3, 20. g NO 14 balancing, mass to volume... Section L O 2 (g), 17.2 L CO 2 (g), 20.1 L H 2 O(g) 15 volumes of gas produced / consumed general behavior of matter CR 48 limiting reactants... Section mol Al, 3.06 mol O 2 49 mass to mass, % yield... Section 11-2, % by mass yield H 2 O Chapter 18: Acids, Bases, and Salts CR 1 properties of acids and bases... p Arrhenius definition... p H + (aq)... p compounds as both acid and base... p strong acid... p K a weak acid... p acids vs bases... p strength acid vs conjugate base... p [OH - ] for Na(OH) and Ca(OH) 2.. CH 17 p , CH15 p 512 PP 1 Arrhenius acid / base, neutralization 5 hydrochloric vs acetic acid... CR 25 acidic hydrogen s... p structure acids / bases... p Chapter 20: Oxidation and Reduction CR 1 definitions redox... p direct combination (synthesis) p metal reactivity... p oxidizing/reducing agents... p bleaches... p decomposition and redox... p reducing agent definition... p oxid # s / oxid/red?... p , metal reactivity and redox... p bleaches... p redox... p reducing agent and electron conf... p oxidizing agent and electron conf... p metal reactivity... p CR 2 oxidation # of sodium... review elec conf, p oxidation # s... p oxidation # s... p oxidation # s and electron conf... review elec conf, p PP 1 oxid # s, oxid # s, red/oxid agent... Section 20-1, oxid # s, oxid # s, red/oxid agent... Section 20-1, oxid # s, oxid # s, red/oxid agent... Section 20-1, oxid # s, oxid # s, red/oxid agent... Section 20-1, 20-2

13 Chapter 22: Rates of Reaction CR 19 collision theory... p rate factors... p E a and catalysts... p energy diagram / exo & endothermic p rate factors, concentration... p PP 9 collision theory... Section activated complex... Section rate factors / net energy... Section 22-3 Chapter 16: Chemical Equilibrium CR 15 reversible reactions and chem eq ns.. p PP 1 balanced chemical equation... review 2 reaction progress... p reversible reactions... p equilibrium law... p CR 1 equilibrium expression (law)... p K eq... p equilibrium law... p 541, K eq... p K eq vs reaction rate... p calculate K eq... p PP 5 equilibrium expression p CR 5 Le Chatelier s principle... p Le Chatelier s principle... p Chapter 19: Reactions of Acids and Bases CR 1 [OH - ] and ph... p acidic ph... p K w... p ph values... p self-ionization of water... p definition ph... p ph values... p ph values... p neutral ph... p self-ionization of water... p relationship between [OH - ] & [H 2 O + ] p logarithms and SF... p CR 36 K w at 37 C... Section [H 3 O + ] and ph... Section M H 3 O +, M OH + 44 [OH - ] and ph... Section ph definition and values... p Chapter 21: Electrochemistry CR 18 voltaic and electrolytic cells... p oxidation/reduction, anode/cathode... p voltaic cell diagram... p V 25 metal reactivity revisited... review metal reactivity 26 oxidizing/reducing agent... elec conf and oxid/red agent, p 693 PP 1 structure and conductivity... Section 21-1

14 3 electrode definition... Section voltaic cell diagram... Section E cell =.13 V Chapter 24: Nuclear Chemistry Chapters 25-27: Organic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry