Exam Review. Answer all questions completely. Show work where necessary. Work neatly. 1. Which of the following represents an Erlenmeyer flask?

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1 Name Block ate Exam Review Mr. Buchanan Chemistry Answer all questions completely. Show work where necessary. Work neatly. Labs 1. Which of the following represents an Erlenmeyer flask? C 2. The reaction times for three trials of an experiment are 90.3, 90.2, and 90.5 seconds. Which average time is expressed using the correct number of significant figures in seconds? A a b c. 90 d A student performed an analysis of a sample for the calcium content and got the following results: 14.8% 14.9% 15.0% 14.9% The actual percentage of calcium in the sample is 15.7%. Characterize these data in terms of accuracy and precision. C a. These data are accurate and precise b. These data are accurate but not precise. c. These data are precise but not accurate. d. These data are neither precise nor accurate. 4. Which piece of lab equipment would most precisely measure 13 ml of water? B a. 25 ml test tube b. 25 ml graduated cylinder c. 25 ml beaker d. 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask 5. Which is the safest practice when heating the contents of a test tube over a flame? C a. Wearing long hair down b. Having safety goggles within reach c. Pointing the test tube away from people d. Keeping the test tube securely stoppered 6. A student spills a diluted acid solution on his hand. He should a. wipe it off with a paper towel b. let it air dry c. apply a base solution to neutralize it d. rinse it off with running water

2 7. What is the name of the lab equipment shown below? B a. Watch glass b. Crucible _ c. Beaker d. Evaporating dish 8. A student used the below ruler to measure the length of a nail. The length of this nail, according to the precision of the ruler, is a. 3.5 cm b cm c. 3.7 cm d cm Scientific notation and significant digits: 1. Express the following numbers in standard exponential form: a) x 10 4 b) x 10-7 c) 7800 x x 10-4 d) x x 10-7 e) x x Perform the following mathematical operations, write all answers in standard exponential form and be sure to round correctly. a) ( ) ( ) ( ) = x = 4 x b) = = 57 = 5.7 x 10 1 c) ( x 10 5 ) ( 8.20 x 10-6 ) ( ) = x = 1.2 x ( 8.03 x ) ( 730 ) ( ) d) 3.89 x x = x = 9.80 x

3 Metric conversions: 1. Perform the following conversions: a) 3.5 L = 3500_ cm 3 d) 436 ng = 4.36 x 10-7 g b) 0.75 kg = 7.5 x 10 5 mg e) 7800 µm = 7.8 x 10-2 dm c) 5000 cm 3 = _5 x 10 6 mm 3 f) 4.89 x10-7 cm = _ 4.89 _nm 2. The angstrom ( A ) is a unit of length used for measuring small dimensions, such as the diameters of atoms. 1 A = 1 x m. If the diameter of an atom is 3 A, what is its diameter in millimeters? in kilometers? 1 A = 1 x m so 3 A = 3 x m 3 x m 1000 mm = 3 x 10-7 mm 3 x m 1 km = 3 x km 1 m 1000 m 3. istinguish between accuracy and precision. Accuracy = how close is the data to the true or real value Precision = how close is the measurable data to itself. 4. First measurement: g; Second measurement: g ; Third measurement: g A student obtained these data after measuring the mass of an object three different times. If the true value of the object s mass is g, these data are best described as A a) precise but not accurate _ b) accurate but not precise c) accurate and precise d) neither accurate nor precise 5. Four students each took three temperature readings of a sample of water. The actual temperature of the sample was 80.0ºC. Which student s measurements were both accurate and precise? a) Student 1 c) Student 3 b) Student 2 d) Student 4

4 Atomic Structure: 1. Using the Periodic Table, determine the following information concerning the element gold. a) symbol Au b) atomic mass 197 c) atomic number 79 d) number of protons 79 e) number of neutrons 118 f) number of electrons Calculate the percent abundance of copper if the average atomic mass of copper is 64.5 amu. The two isotopes of copper are found in nature to have masses of 63.0 amu and 65.0 amu. 65 X + 63 (1-X) = X X = X + 63 = X = 1.5 X = % % = 64.5 amu 3. etermine the average atomic mass for lead given the following information: 1.37 % Pb-205; % Pb-206; % Pb-207; and % Pb % % % % 208 = amu 4. A particle of matter contains 6 protons, 7 neutrons and 6 electrons. This particle must be a A a. neutral carbon atom b. neutral nitrogen atom c. positively charged carbon ion d. positively charged nitrogen ion 5. Complete the following table: sisotope Symbol Atomic No. Atomic Mass # Protons # Neutrons # Electrons Hydrogen-2 H Strontium 83 Sr Uranium U Mercury Hg

5 6. Which of the following particles has the least mass? A a. an electron b. a proton c. an alpha particle d. a neutron 7. The atoms in a sample of an element must contain nuclei with the same number of B a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. nucleons 8. Which of these conclusions can be drawn from Rutherford s experiment? a. Each atom contains electrons. b. The nucleus of an atom can be split. c. Each atom contains protons. d. Atoms are mostly empty space. 9. A strontium atom differs from a strontium ion in that the atom has a different: A a. number of electrons b. number of protons c. atomic number d. mass number 10. A chloride ion (Cl - ) has the same number of electrons as a neutral atom of C a. fluorine b. sulfur c. argon d. bromine 11. After 1911, most scientists accepted the theory that the nucleus of an atom was very dense and very small and had a positive charge. What led scientists to accept this theory? a. alton s theory of the atom was over 100 years old. b. Scientists before 1911 used the scientific method of inquiry improperly. c. A new model proved that the quantum theory of the atom was inaccurate. d. Rutherford did an experiment firing alpha particles at a thin piece of gold foil. 12. How does the radioactive isotope C-14 differ from its stable counterpart C-12? C a. It has a different number of protons and two less neutrons than C-12. b. It has the same number of protons and two more electrons than C-12. c. It has the same number of protons but two more neutrons than C-12. _ d. It has a different number of protons and two more neutrons than C-12.

6 13. Chlorine forms a 1 ion. How many electrons does a chloride ion have? a. 1 c. 17 b. 16 d Which of these elements is the most chemically active? A a. F b. Cl c. Br d. I 15. Which of the following orbital diagrams is incorrect because it violates Hund s rule? H imensional analysis 1. The first measurement of sea depth was made in 1840 in the central South Atlantic, where a plummet was lowered 2425 fathoms. What is the depth in meters? Note that 1 fathom = 6 ft and 1 inch = 2.54 cm fathoms 6 feet 12 inches 2.54 cm 1 meter = m or 4435 m 1 fathom 1 feet 1 inches 100 cm 2. In a laboratory exercise to determine the density of a substance, a student found the mass of the substance to be 6.00 grams and the volume to be 0.50 ml. Expressed to the correct number of significant figures, the density of the substance is F a g/ml b g/ml c g/ml d g/ml e g/ml f. 12 g/ml

7 3. Which Kelvin temperature is equal to 73 C? (C = 273 K or K = C + 273) C a. 100 K b. 173 K c. 200 K d. 346 K 4. An over the counter medicine has 325 mg of its active ingredient per tablet. How many grams is this? a. 325,000 g b g c g d g Physical and chemical properties/changes and mixtures: 1. List five characteristics of a chemical change. A change in color, a substance emits light, a change in the smell, emanate heat or cool and/or decomposes 2. istinguish between a heterogeneous mixture and a homogeneous mixture. Give at least three examples of each type of mixture. Homogeneous mixture is considered homogeneous if it appears uniform to the eye. That is, they are made up of atomic-sized particles, too small to see. Homogeneous mixtures are also called Solutions. Heterogeneous mixtures are also known as suspensions and consist of particles larger than those in a homogeneous mixture. These particles are visible to the naked eye and can be easily distinguished from one another 3. When sugar is dissolved in water, with no visible sugar remaining, the resulting solution is classified as a A a. homogeneous mixture b. heterogeneous mixture c. homogeneous compound d. heterogeneous compound 4. An example of a heterogeneous mixture is A a. soil b. sugar c. carbon monoxide d. hydrogen 5. Which statement describes a characteristic of all compounds? (omit question) C a. compounds contain one element b. compounds contain two elements c. compounds can be decomposed by physical means d. compounds can be decomposed by chemical means

8 Bonding and Periodic Trends 1. On a separate sheet of paper, set up a table with the following headings: Formula; Bond Type (electronegativity difference); Lewis Structure (dot diagram); Shared vs. Unshared Pairs; Total Pairs; Bonding Orbitals and Shape. Complete the table using the following compounds: CO 2 ; CCl 4 ; H 2 O; PCl 3 ; CH 2 F 2 ; AlCl 3 ; H 2 CO; and CaCl 2. Formula Bond Type electronegativity difference Lewis Structure Shared Unshared Pairs Total Pairs Bonding Orbitals Shape CO 2 PC p Linear CCl 4 C s p Tetrahedral H 2 O PCl 3 PC 1.4 C p p Bent Trigonal Pyramidal CH 2 F 2 C s p Tetrahedral AlCl 3 PC p Trigonal Planar H 2 CO PC s p CaCl 2 I s Trigonal Planar Linear

9 2. Given a blank periodic table, show the periodic trends ( atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, and shielding effect ) and how these trends change from left to right and top to bottom. 3. What is the difference in size of a metallic ion compared to its original atom? What is the difference in size of a nonmetallic ion compared to its original atom? Metallic Ions are smaller than their non ions atoms. Nonmetallic Ions are larger than their non ions atoms

10 4. Set up a table to show the characteristics of metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds. Characteristics of Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Metallic Bonds Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond This bond is formed when one element pulls the electron from another element. A electrostatic attraction forms between these oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. These kinds of bonds occur mainly between a metallic and a non metallic atom. Boiling Point- High Melting point High Polarity - High Phase - Solids at room temperature When in solid form, all ionic compounds are crystalline solids (the alternating positive and negative ions are arranged in a crystal lattice structure) Most ionic compounds are soluble in water Covalent bonding is formed between two non metallic atoms. It is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds. Boiling Point - Low Melting point Low Phase Liquids or gases at room temperature Polarity Low Generally: High stability (it s not easy to break a bond of shared electrons). High energy (when a covalent bond is broken, it releases a large quantity of energy), and No net charge. Metallic bonding is the bonding within metals. It involves the delocalized sharing of free electrons (sea of electrons) between a lattice of metal atoms. The metallic bond is actually a special case of an ionic bond. Boiling Point High Melting point High Phase Solids at room temperature Polarity High Think of metallic bonding as a more or less static arrangement of positive ions within a moving array of mobile electrons. Metallic properties include: Heat conductivity (mobile electrons can carry the kinetic energy of heat), Shiny appearance (the rapidly moving electrons emit energy in the form of light), Electricity conductors (electricity is the flow of electrons), and Malleability (ability to be easily shaped into flat sheets or drawn into wires).. 5. Which of the following groups on the periodic table contains a metalloid? B a. 1 c. 7 b. 13 d Sodium chloride conducts electricity when dissolved in water. What type of bond is present in NaCl? a. Nonpolar covalent c. Hydrogen b. Polar covalent d. Ionic 7. Which of the following shows the correct number of atoms of each element in the formula Mg(NO 3 ) 2 a. 1 magnesium atom, 2 nitrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms b. 1 magnesium atom, 2 nitrogen atoms, and 5 oxygen atoms c. 1 magnesium atom, 1 nitrogen atom, and 6 oxygen atoms d. 1 magnesium atom, 1 nitrogen atom, and 5 oxygen atoms A

11 8. An alien astronaut landed on Earth and created the periodic table shown. The astronaut was trying to determine what type of bond would be present in several compounds. The type of bond in a compound containing G and E would be a. a metallic bond b. a nonmetallic bond c. a covalent bond d. an ionic bond 9. Which of the following is the correct Lewis electron-dot diagram for the sodium atom? A 10. What shape does the molecule BF 3 have? a. Bent c. Tetrahedral b. Linear d. Trigonal planar C

12 12. The shape of PCl 3 molecule is. E a. bent b. trigonal planar c. linear d. tetrahedral e. trigonal pyramid 13. Which of the following would not be considered a bond? B a. Covalent bond b. Hydrogen bond c. Ionic bond d. Metallic bond Nuclear Chemistry 1. Iodine-131 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 8 days. How many grams of a 64 g sample of iodine-131 will remain at the end of 24 days? a. 56 g b. 48 g c. 32 g d. 8 g 64g (½) 3 = M f 64g (⅛) = M f 8g = M f 2. A gamma ray is best described as having A a. no charge and no mass b. a negative charge and no mass c. a positive charge and a mass number of 2 d. a positive charge and a mass number of 4 3. In the following reaction the isotope represented by X is: a. 230 b. 90Th 236 c. 92U 233 d. 90Th A

13 4. Write the balanced equation for the following nuclear decays. (4 pts total) a. Alpha decay of Astatine 196. b. Electron capture of Aluminum- 26 Light and Energy 1. A hydrogen lamp emits several lines in the visible region of the spectrum. One of these lines has a wavelength of 656 nm. What are the color, frequency, and energy of this radiation? A Spectrum Chart will be provided for the Exam. The wavelength corresponds to Red. The first formula is c= λν (c = velocity of light = 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec, Greek letter nu, ν, for frequency and = λ wave length) x 10 8 m/sec = 656 nm ν (must covert nm to meters 656 nm = 6.56 x 10-7 m) 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec = 6.56 x 10-7 m ν 6.56 x 10-7 m 6.56 x 10-7 m x /sec or sec -1 or hertz = 4.58 x /sec or hertz The second formula for energy is E = h ν (E = energy, h = Planck's Constant x Js and ν, for frequency) E = h ν E =6.626 x Js 4.58 x /sec E = x J = 3.03 x J 2. What is the frequency of light with a wavelength of 8.87 x 10-5 cm.? The formula is c= λν 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec = 8.87 x 10-5 cm ν (convert units) 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec = 8.87 x 10-7 m ν 8.87 x 10-7 m 8.87 x 10-7 m x /sec or hertz 3.34 x /sec or hertz 3. etermine the wavelength and identify the color of light associated with a frequency of 5.49 x s -1. The formula is c= λν 3.00 x 10 8 m/sec = λ 5.49 x s x s x s x 10-6 m = 5.46 x 10-7 m

14 Quantum Numbers 1. Write electron configurations, orbital filling diagrams, and electron dot diagrams for the following elements: a) Al b) Mn 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1 c) Ag 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5 d) Rb 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 9 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1 2. For the element Ag assign quantum numbers for the electrons found in the outermost shell in the electron configuration to the end of the configuration. Silver is a transition metal and has electrons in the 4d orbital, but its outer energy level is 5s. 5s 4d n=5, l=0, m l =0, m s =+½ n=5, l=0, m l =0, m s =-½ n=4, l=2, m l =-2, m s =+½ n=4, l=2, m l =-1, m s =+½ n=4, l=2, m l =0, m s =+½ n=4, l=2, m l =1, m s =+½ n=4, l=2, m l =2, m s =+½ n=4, l=2, m l =-2, m s =-½ n=4, l=2, m l =-1, m s =-½ n=4, l=2, m l =0, m s =-½ n=4, l=2, m l =1, m s =-½ 3. A particle of matter contains 6 protons, 7 neutrons and 6 electrons. This particle must be a A a. neutral carbon atom b. neutral nitrogen atom c. positively charged carbon ion d. positively charged nitrogen ion

15 4. What is the total number of electrons in an Mg 2+ ion? A a. 10 b. 2 c. 12 d The mass number of an atom is always equal to the total number of its a. electrons b. protons c. electrons and protons d. neutrons and protons 6. What is the mass number of an ion that has 83 protons, 80 electrons and 126 neutrons? C a. 83 b. 206 c. 209 d An atom of an element has an electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2. What is the total number of valence electrons in this atom? a. 6 b. 2 c. 5 d What are the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an isotope of titanium with a mass number of 50? a. 22 p, 22 n, 28 e b. 28 p, 22 n, 22 e c. 50 p, 22 n, 50 e d. 22 p, 28 n, 22 e Nuclear Chemistry 1. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each of the following reactions. a) Polonium (Po) is a naturally radioactive element decaying with the loss of an alpha particle. b) Thorium-234 (Th) undergoes beta particle production. c) Lead-210 undergoes beta particle production.

16 d) Potassium-38 decays by positron production. e) Lead-212 decays by beta particle and gamma ray emission. f) Curium-240 (Cm) decays by alpha particle production. 2. Phosphorus-32 is a commonly used radioactive nuclide in biochemical research, particularly in studies of nucleic acids. The half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days. What mass of phosphorus-32 is left of an original sample of 175 mg after 35.0 days? M O (½) n = M f n = 35/14.3 M O = 175 g 175g (½) 35/14.3 = M f 175 mg 14.3 ½ 35 = M f 175 mg (7.71 x 10-5 ) = M f 32.1 mg = M f Heat and Energy 1. If 82.4 kj of heat is applied to a gram block of metal, the temperature increases by 20.5 o C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal in J/g o C. S.H. = heat (cal) mass(g) x change in temp(ºc) 82.4 kj 1000 J / 1kJ = J S.H. = J = J/g o C = 33.2 /g o C g 20.5ºC

17 Naming compounds and writing formulas: 1. Name the following: a) Na 2 S Sodium Sulfide b) H 2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide c) HBr Hydrobromic Acid d) H ( C 2 H 3 O 2 ) Acetic Acid e) Sn ( SO 4 ) 2 Tin (IV) Sulfate f) N 2 O 4 initrogen tetroxide 2. Write formulas for the following: a) perchloric acid HClO 4 b) aluminum hyposulfite Al 2 (SO 2 ) 3 c) carbon tetrachloride CCl 4 d) hydroiodic acid HI e) ammonia NH 3 f) ferrous permanganate Fe(MnO 4 )