THREE-QUANTA POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT OXYGENATION LEVELS

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1 THREE-QUANTA POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT OXYGENATION LEVELS MARY CHIN & NICHOLAS SPYROU Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

2 THREE-QUANTA POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT 1. WHY OXYGENATION LEVELS 2. CONTROVERSIES 3. HOW

3 THREE-QUANTA POSITRON ANNIHILATION IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF Used in material science but not DIFFERENT OXYGENATION LEVELS medical imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET) currently is based on TWO-QUANTA annihilations only

4 THREE-QUANTA POSITRON ANNIHILATION Attractions: IN BLOOD SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT OXYGENATION LEVELS 1.Image reconstruction without backprojection 2.Molecular imaging without dedicated radiopharmaceutical or contrast agent

5 2γ PET 3γ PET IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION By conservations of energy & momentum KNOWN (E 1, α 1 ) (E 2, α 2 ) (E 3, α 3 ) UNKNOWNS (x 1, y 1, z 1 ) WE HAVE TO BACK-PROJECT COZ WE DON T KNOW AT WHICH POINT THE ANNIHILATION HAPPENED LINE OF RESPONSE solve simultaneous eqs POINT OF RESPONSE

6 e + 70% 30% annihilate form directly 99.7% 0.27% positronium 25% 75% 2γ 3γ CONVENTIONAL PET 2γ 3γ

7 annihilate directly e + 70% INHIBITION 30% 99.7% 0.27% form positronium 25% 75% 2γ 3γ QUENCHING CONVENTIONAL PET 2γ 3γ

8 e + INHIBITION annihilate directly form positronium AGENTS eg O 2, NO, CO 2 QUENCHING oxygenation PROSPECTS FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING

9 MEASURE 3γ/2γ YIELD? FIND OUT O 2 IN BODY TISSUES? PROSPECTS FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING

10 PROPOSAL

11 REFUTAL REPRODUCED FROM MERCURIO K et al PHYS. MED. BIOL. 2006;51:N323-9

12 REPRODUCED FROM MERCURIO K et al PHYS. MED. BIOL. 2006;51:N323-9

DATA TO BE PRESENTED HERE The GAMMASPHERE detector system when it was stationed at Argonne National Laboratory 4π array of 110 Compton-suppressed

13 DATA TO BE PRESENTED HERE The GAMMASPHERE detector system when it was stationed at Argonne National Laboratory 4π array of 110 Compton-suppressed high-purity germanium detectors (HPGe) Experiment carried out by Dr K Kacperski when he was employed as a postdoc at the University of Surrey source:

14 GAMMASPHERE: AN UNPRECEDENTED LUXURY FOR US LUXURY #1 NEAR-4π SOLID ANGLE LUXURY #2 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA WRITTEN OUT

15 GAMMASPHERE: AN UNPRECEDENTED LUXURY FOR US LUXURY #1 NEAR-4π SOLID ANGLE LUXURY #2 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA WRITTEN OUT

16 GAMMASPHERE: AN UNPRECEDENTED LUXURY FOR US LUXURY #1 NEAR-4π SOLID ANGLE LUXURY #2 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA WRITTEN OUT

17 GAMMASPHERE: AN UNPRECEDENTED LUXURY FOR US LUXURY #1 NEAR-4π SOLID ANGLE LUXURY #2 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA WRITTEN OUT

18 HAEMOLYSED BLOOD (HAEMOGLOBINS HAVE BEEN LIBERATED FROM RED BLOOD CELLS) SERUM (LIKE PLASMA BUT NO CLOTTING FACTORS) CELL CONCENTRATE (NO PLASMA) WHOLE BLOOD RELATIVE 3γ/2γ YIELD

19 THE FACT THAT THEY VARY IS ENCOURAGING AT LEAST THE METHOD IS SENSITIVE TO SOMETHING OXYGENATION IS NOT THE ONLY FACTOR. THERE ARE COMFOUNDING FACTORS PERTURBING THE 3-QUANTA YIELD RELATIVE 3γ/2γ YIELD

20 THREE-QUANTAS STUDIES: DIFFICULTIES & CHALLENGES 1. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT RARE EVENTS NOT EASY TO DETECT DIFFICULT TO PICK OUT FROM COMPTON-SCATTERED BACKGROUND (even with Compton-suppression) DEAD TIME 2. MONTE CARLO INTERACTION CROSS-SECTIONS CHEMICAL BINDING (same elemental composition bound/structured differently causes different 3-quanta yields THE SAME PROPERTY WHICH LENDS THE METHOD MOLECULAR IMAGING PROSPECTS)

21 DETECTION OF 3γ/2γ YIELDS SLOW COMPONENT ORTHO-POSITRONIUMS (3γ) FAST COMPONENT FREE POSITRONS TIME 511 kev PEAK SHORTENNED COUNTS SPREAD TO LOWER ENERGIES ENERGY

22 spurious detectors BEFORE COMPTON-SUPPRESSION Characteristic x-rays from bismuth COMPTON-SUPPRESSED SUPPRESSED & COINCIDENT

23 (More energy-dependent) Filtering effect due to Compton-suppression Filtering effect due to coincidence-gating FILTERED THE LEAST: FULL-ENERGY PHOTO-PEAK & SUMMED PEAK

24 DIFFICULTIES & CHALLENGES STAGES OF FILTERING 1. COMPTON-SUPPRESSION 2. COINCIDENT TIME GATING 3. ANGULAR CORRELATION 4. ENERGY & MOMENTUM CONSERVATION 3-QUANTA SPECTRA Ore & Powell (1949) Adkins (1983) IN OUR ATTEMPT TO CLEAN-UP THE SPECTRA TO SINGLE-OUT THREE-QUANTA COUNTS, WE INEVITABLY REMOVE THE COUNTS WE WANT, AND OBTAIN THE COUNTS WE DO NOT WANT

25 FURTHER WORK TO SUPPRESS OR NOT TO SUPPRESS FROM COMPTON-SUPPRESSION TO GAMMA-TRACKING To include Comptonscattered counts instead of removing them Next-generation largearray detectors (AGATA and GRETA) Great idea but is it going to work?

26 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY NEEDS A RETHINK POSITRON PHYSICS PET SO FAR 180º 511 kev photon pairs TIME-OF-FLIGHT PET ANNIHILATIONS IN-FLIGHT 1 THREE-QUANTA 2 Surrey s attempts in stepping out of the comfort zone : 1 Chin & Spyrou 2007 NIM-A 580:481 2 Latest work: this and Alkhorayef s presented in Cancun and Lisbon

Positron about to decay in flight 1 0.606 1 2 0.155,0.023,500.314-0.

311, 0.020, 0.950 2 0.649 0 2 0.155,0.023 500.314 0.282,-0.935,-0.

27 Positron about to decay in flight ,0.023, ,-0.592, Resulting photons , , 0.020, , ,-0.935, NOT NOT BACK-TO-BACK! Chin & Spyrou 2007 Nucl Instr Meth A 580:481

EVENT-BY-EVENT MONTE CARLO TRACKING OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS IN NEUTRON DETECTORS

EVENT-BY-EVENT MONTE CARLO TRACKING OF NEUTRON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS IN NEUTRON DETECTORS MARY CHIN & NICHOLAS SPYROU Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom A VERY