ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
|
|
- Reginald Washington
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki Periodic Table of the Elements Reference Tables Physical Constants Units & Conversions Lab Techniques ChemWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry E-textbook > Inorganic Chemistry > Descriptive Chemistry > s-block Elements > Group 1: The Alkali Metals > Chemistry of Hydrogen Chemistry of Hydrogen Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the world. It is all around us. It is a component of water (H 2 O), fats, petroleum, table sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) things essential to life, as we know it. This module will explore several aspects of the element and how they apply to the world. Hydrogen Facts Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Symbol: H Atomic Weight: Electronic Configuration: 1s 1 Oxidation States: 1, -1 Atomic Radius: 78 pm Melting Point: C Boiling Point: C Elemental Classification: Non-Metal At Room Temperature: Colorless & Odorless Diatomic Gas History of Hydrogen Hydrogen was first isolated and shown to be a discrete element by Henry Cavendish in Before that, Robert Boyle and Paracelsus both used reactions of iron and acids to produce hydrogen gas. Antoine Lavoisier gave hydrogen its name because it produced water when ignited in air. Hydrogen comes from Greek meaning water producer ( hydro =water and gennao =to make). Properties of Hydrogen Hydrogen is a nonmetal. It is placed above group in the periodic table because it has ns 1 electron configuration like the alkali metals. However, it varies greatly from the alkali metals as it forms cations (H + ) more reluctantly than the other alkali metals. Hydrogen s ionization energy is 1312 kj/mol, while lithium (the alkali metal with the highest ionization energy) has an ionization energy of 520 kj/mol. Because hydrogen is a nonmetal and forms H - (hydride anions), it is sometimes placed above the halogens in the periodic table. Hydrogen also forms H 2 dihydrogen like halogens. However, hydrogen is very different from the halogens. Hydrogen has a much smaller electron affinity than the halogens. H 2 dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen is non-polar with two electrons. There are weak attractive forces between H 2 molecules, resulting in low boiling and melting points. However, H 2 has very strong intramolecular forces; H 2 reactions are generally slow at room temperature due to strong H H bond. H 2 is easily activated by heat, irradiation, or catalysis. Activated hydrogen gas reacts very quickly and exothermically with many substances. Hydrogen also has an ability to form covalent bonds with a large variety of substances. Because it makes strong O H bonds, it is also considered a good reducing agent for metal oxides. Example: CuO(s) + H 2 (g) Cu(s) + H 2 O(g) H 2 (g) passes over CuO(s) to reduce the Cu 2+ to Cu(s), while getting oxidized itself. Reactions of Hydrogen 1. Hydrogen wanting to give up its single electron causes it to act like an alkali metal: H(g) H + (g) + e - 2. A half-filled valence shell with one e- also causes hydrogen to act like a halogen because it wants to gain Noble gas configuration by adding an e - : H(g) + e - H - (g) 1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hydrogen 1/5
2 3. Reactions with Active Metals: Hydrogen accepts e- from an active metal to form ionic hydrides like LiH. By forming an ion with -1 charge, the hydrogen behaves like a halogen. 2M(s)+H 2 (g) 2MH(s) M= group 1 metals Example: 2K(s)+H 2 (g) 2KH(s) 2K(s)+Cl 2 (g) 2KCl(s) M(s)+H 2 (g) MH 2 (s) M= group 2 metals Example: Ca(s)+H 2 (g) CaH 2 (s) Ca(s)+Cl 2 (g) CaCl 2 (s) 4. 4) Reactions with Nonmetals: Unlike metals forming ionic bonds with nonmetals, hydrogen forms polar covalent bonds.despite being electropositive like the active metals that form ionic bonds with nonmetals, hydrogen is much less electropositive than the active metals, and forms covalent bonds. Hydrogen + Halogen Hydrogen Haliden(H 2 (g)+ Cl 2 (g) HCl(g)) Hydrogen + Oxygen Water (H 2 (g)+o 2 (g) H 2 O(g)) Hydrogen gas reacting with oxygen to produce water and a large amount of heat. 5) Reactions with Transition Metals: Reactions of hydrogen with Transition metals (Group 3-12) form metallic hydrides. There is no fixed ratio of hydrogen atom to metal because the hydrogen atoms fill holes between metal atoms in the crystalline structure. Uses & Application Hydrogen is very important to the world. About 70% of the hydrogen produced is used in the Haber process, which is a process of fixing nitrogen gas into ammonia (a usable form by plants). Without the Haber process, we would not be able to grow the huge amounts of crops we grow today. Hydrogen is also used for the hydrogenation of oils.hydrogenation entails replacing double bonds in oils by hydrogen, converting the double bonds into single bonds. This transformation of unsaturated fats to saturated fats drastically increases the shelf life of many foods. However, an increased consumption of saturated fats has been linked to greater visible for heart disease, high cholesterol, and certain types of cancer. Because hydrogen is a good reducing agent, it is used to produce metals like iron, copper, nickel, and cobalt from their ores. Liquid hydrogen (combined with liquid oxygen) is a major component of rocket fuel (as mentioned above combination of hydrogen and oxygen relapses a huge amount of energy). Because one cubic feet of hydrogen can lift about.07 lbs, hydrogen lifted airships or Zeppelins became very common in the early 1900s.However, the use of hydrogen for this purpose was largely discontinued around World War II after the explosion of The Hindenburg. The Hindenburg prompted greater use of inert helium, rather than flammable hydrogen for air travel. 1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hydrogen 2/5
3 Video Showing the explosion of The Hindenburg. (Video from Youtube) Recently, due to the fear of fossil fuels running out, extensive research is being done on hydrogen as a source of energy. Because of their moderately high energy densities liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas are possible fuels for the future. A huge advantage in using them is that their combustion only produces water (it burns clean ). However, it is very costly, and not economically feasible with current technology. Combustion of fuel produces energy that can be converted into electrical energy when energy in the steam turns a turbine to drive a generator. However, this is not very efficient because a great deal of energy is lost as heat. The production of electricity using voltaic cell can yield more electricity (a form of usable energy). Voltaic cells that transform chemical energy in fuels (like H 2 and CH 4 ) are called fuel cells. These are not self-contained and so are not considered batteries. The hydrogen cell is a type of fuel cell involving the reaction between H 2 (g) with O 2 (g) to form liquid water; this cell is twice as efficient as the best internal combustion engine. In the cell (in basic conditions), the oxygen is reduced at the cathode, while the hydrogen is oxidized at the anode. Reduction: O 2 (g)+2h 2 O(l)+4e - 4OH - (aq) Oxidation: H 2 (g) + 2OH - (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + 2e- Overall: 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) E cell= Reduction- Oxidation= E O2/OH - - E H2O/H2 =.401V (-.828V) = However, this technology is far from being used in everyday life due to its great costs. Natural Occurrence & Other Sources Image of A Hydrogen Fuel Cell. (Image made by Ridhi Sachdev) 1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hydrogen 3/5
4 Naturally Occurring Hydrogen Hydrogen is the fuel for reactions of the Sun and other stars (fusion reactions). (Video from Youtube) Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. About 70%- 75% of the universe is composed of hydrogen by mass. All stars are essentially large masses of hydrogen gas that produce enormous amounts of energy through the fusion of hydrogen atoms at their dense cores. In smaller stars, hydrogen atoms collided and fused to form helium and other light elements like nitrogen and carbon(essential for life). In the larger stars, fusion produces the lighter and heavier elements like calcium, oxygen, and silicon. On Earth, hydrogen is mostly found in association with oxygen; its most abundant form being water (H 2 O). Hydrogen is only.9% by mass and 15% by volume abundant on the earth, despite water covering about 70% of the planet. Because hydrogen is so light, there is only.5 ppm (parts per million) in the atmosphere, which is a good thing considering it is EXTREMELY flammable. Other Sources of Hydrogen 1) Hydrogen gas can be prepared by reacting a dilute strong acid like hydrochloric acids with an active metal. The metal becomes oxides, while the H + (from the acid) gests reduced to hydrogen gas. This method is only practical for producing small amounts of hydrogen in the lab, but is much too costly for industrial production: Zn(s) + 2H + (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + H 2 (g) 2) The purest form of H 2 (g) can come from electrolysis of H 2 O(l), the most common hydrogen compound on this plant. This method is also not commercially viable because it requires a huge amount of energy (about 572 kj): 2H 2 O(l) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ΔH =+572 kj 3) H 2 O is the most abundant form of hydrogen on the planet, so it seems logical to try to extract hydrogen from water without electrolysis of water. To do so, we must reduce the hydrogen with +1 oxidation state to hydrogen with 0 oxidation state (in hydrogen gas). Three commonly used reducing agents are carbon (in coke or coal), carbon monoxide, and methane. These react with water vapor form H 2 (g): C(s) + 2H 2 O(g) CO(g) + H 2 (g) CO(g) + 2H 2 O(g) CO 2 + H 2 (g) Reforming of Methane: CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + 3H 2 (g) These three methods are industrially feasible (cost effective) methods of producing H 2 (g). Isotopes Figure :Three Hydrogen Isotopes (Image Made by of Ridhi Sachdev) Protium ( 1 H) is the most common isotope, consisting of 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. It is a nucleus containing a single proton. Deuterium ( 2 H) is another an isotope containing a proton and neutron, consisting of only.0156% of the naturally occurring hydrogen. Commonly indicated with symbol D, D20 is called heavy water, which has a higher density, melting point, and boiling point than regular water. Replacing protium with deuterium (called deuteration) has important implications for the rate of reaction called kinetic-isotope effect. 1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hydrogen 4/5
5 Tritium ( 3 H) is a radioactive isotope with a 12.3-year half-life, which is continuously formed in the upper atmosphere due to cosmic rays. It is can also be made in a lab from Lithium-6 in a nuclear reactor. Tritium is also used in hydrogen bombs. References 1. Shultz, M., Kelly, M., Paritsky, L., Wagner, J. A Theme-Based Course: Hydrogen as the Fuel of the Future. Journal of Chemical Education (9), Rigden, John. Hydrogen: The Essential Element. The President and Fellows of Harvard College Banks, Alton. Hydrogen. Journal of Chemical Education (10), Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, Print 5. Sadava, Heller, Orians, Purves, Hillis. Life The Science of Biology. 8th ed. Sunderland, MA: W.H. Freeman, Dinga, G. Hydrogen:The ultimate fuel and energy carrier. Journal of Chemical Education (8), 688. Outside Links Problems 1. Write the reaction of Na(s) with H 2 (g). 2. What is the name of the radioactive isotope of hydrogen? 3. What characteristics of alkali metals does hydrogen display? 4. What characteristics of halogens does hydrogen display? 5. How does the electronegativity of hydrogen compare to that of the halogens? 6. What is the electron configuration of a neutral hydrogen atom. Answers 1. 2Na(s) + H 2 (g) 2NaH(s) 2. Tritium 3. Hydrogen is placed above group in the periodic table because it has ns 1 electron configuration like the alkali metals. However, it varies greatly from the alkali metals as it forms cations (H + ) more reluctantly than the other alkali metals. Hydrogen s ionization energy is 1312 kj/mol, while lithium (the alkali metal with the highest ionization energy) has an ionization energy of 520 kj/mol. 4. Because hydrogen is a nonmetal and forms H - (hydride anions), it is sometimes placed above the halogens in the periodic table. Hydrogen also forms H 2 dihydrogen like halogens. However, hydrogen is very different from the halogens. Hydrogen has a much smaller electron affinity than the halogens. 5. Hydrogen is less electronegative than the halogens. 6. 1s 1 Contributors Ridhi Sachdev (UC Davis) Copyright 2015 Chemwiki Powered by MindTouch Unless otherwise noted, content in the UC Davis ChemWiki is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at copyright@ucdavis.edu. Questions and concerns can be directed toward Prof. Delmar Larsen (dlarsen@ucdavis.edu), Founder and Director. Terms of Use 1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hydrogen 5/5
ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationTrends in Atomic Radius
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More informationLesson 1 PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN
Lesson 1 PROPERTIES OF YDROGEN The English chemist enry Cavendish (1731-1810) first isolated pure hydrogen. Because the element produces water when burned in air, the French chemist Lavoisier gave it the
More informationElectronic Structure and Reactivity of the Transition Metals
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationPhysical Properties of Period 3 Elements
2/8/205 Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements - Chemwiki Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The
More informationElectronegativity Trends
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationHow Cell potentials Depend on Concentrations
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationCHAPTER-9 NCERT SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER-9 NCERT SOLUTIONS Question 9.1: Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration. Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table. Its electronic
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More information1 Enthalpy diagrams and their uses
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationPeriodic Properties of the Elements
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register ashwenchan username password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki
More information15.5A: Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions - the general picture
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationLecture 18 The Network and the Chemistry of Hydrogen and its Compounds
2P32 Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Dr. M.Pilkington Lecture 18 The Network and the Chemistry of Hydrogen and its Compounds 1. Inert Pair Effect 2. Division of Elements into Metals and Non Metals 3.
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More information4.3A: Electronic transitions
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More information13.3A: The general mechanism for an aldol reaction
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationT2-1P1 [187 marks] [1 mark] How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in each atom of 31 P? [1 mark]
T2-1P1 [187 marks] 1. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in each atom of 31 P? 2. What is the atomic number of a neutral atom which has 51 neutrons and 40 electrons? A. 40 B. 51 C. 91
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationEdexcel Chemistry Checklist
Topic 1. Key concepts in chemistry Video: Developing the atomic model Describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time. Describe the difference between the plum-pudding model of the atom and
More informationDiscovery of Elements. Dmitri Mendeleev Stanislao Canizzaro (1860) Modern Periodic Table. Henry Moseley. PT Background Information
Discovery of Elements Development of the Periodic Table Chapter 5 Honors Chemistry 412 At the end of the 1700 s, only 30 elements had been isolated Included most currency metals and some nonmetals New
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationFamilies of Elements. Hannah Morrison College Chemistry period 6
Families of Elements Hannah Morrison College Chemistry period 6 Hydrogen 1. Discovered in 1766 2. Most abundant element, takes Atomic # - 1 up ¾ % of the mass of the Symbol - (H) universe Valence Electrons
More informationSodium, Na. Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 10.1 to 10.4.
Sodium, Na Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 10.1 to 10.4 Forms of Carbon Hydrogen (The Groupless Element) Hydrogen has three isotopes:
More informationName: Period: AP Take Home Practice Test for Unit 0.5 Exam
Name: Period: AP Take Home Practice Test for Unit 0.5 Exam 1. Which of the following is a correctly balanced equation? a. Al 2(SO 4) 3 + 2 CaCl 2 2 CaSO 4 + 3 AlCl 3 b. Al 2(SO 4) 3 + 3 CaCl 2 3 CaSO 4
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationFamilies of Elements. By: Scarlett Stein College Chemistry Period: 6
Families of Elements By: Scarlett Stein College Chemistry Period: 6 Group 1- Alkali Metals Alkali Metals only one valence electron. These elements form a +1 cation. This group is rarely found in nature
More informationAtoms to Minerals CH 5.1
Atoms to Minerals CH 5.1 Objectives Identify the characteristics of matter Compare the particles that make up atoms of elements Describe the three types of chemical bonds Identify the characteristics of
More informationSample. Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2007 HS Chemistry. - signup at to remove - Student name:
Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS Student name: Author: Massachusetts District: Massachusetts Released Tests Printed: Thursday February 14, 2013 1 Which of the following Lewis dot structures represents
More information2/15/2013. Chapter 6 6.1
Chapter 6 In a self-service store, the products are grouped according to similar characteristics. With a logical classification system, finding and comparing products is easy. You will learn how elements
More informationPeriodic Properties of the Elements. Chapter 7
Periodic Properties of the Elements Chapter 7 The Sizes of Atoms The bond distance: d The covalent radius of the atom Non-bonding atomic radius Atomic size varies consistently through the periodic table.
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationTest ID B 1. C 2. C 3. E 4. A 5. E 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. E 10. E 11. E 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. E 19. D 20. D 21. B
Multiple Choice Answers Test ID A 1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. E 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. E 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. E 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. A 21. A Test ID B 1. C 2. C 3. E 4. A 5. E 6. B 7. C 8. D
More informationDescribe how the inter-conversion of solids, liquids and gases are achieved and recall names used for these inter-conversions
Understand the arrangements, movements and energy of the particle in each of the 3 states of matter : solid, liquid and gas Describe how the inter-conversion of solids, liquids and gases are achieved and
More informationPhysical Science Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Physical Science Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table
More informationName Pd SN Date Chemistry Review Packet- Spring 2014
Name Pd SN Date Chemistry Review Packet- Spring 2014 1.1.1 Draw pictures to illustrate the differing isotopes and ions of a given element. 1.1.1 Which atomic symbol represents an isotope of sulfur with
More informationQ1. As the world population increases there is a greater demand for fertilisers.
Q1. As the world population increases there is a greater demand for fertilisers. (a) Explain what fertilisers are used for............. (b) The amount of nitrogen in a fertiliser is important. How many
More informationChapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table 1864 - John Newlands - Law of Octaves- every 8 th element had similar properties
More informationEDULABZ INTERNATIONAL 3 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
3 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS I. Multiple choice questions (Tick the correct option). 1. Which one of the following proposed the atomic theory of matter? (a) John Dalton (b) J.J. Thomson (c) Rutherford (d) Niels
More informationBonding Review Questions
Name: Date: 1. As an Na atom forms an Na 2+ ion, the number of protons in its nucleus 4. Atoms of which of the following elements have the strongest attraction for electrons? A. decreases B. increases
More information2. What is the charge of the nucleus in an atom of oxygen-17? (1) 0 (2) 2 (3) +8 (4) +17
60 Most Missed Chemistry Regents Exams Questions 1. In the wave-mechanical model, an orbital is a region of space in an atom where there is (1) a high probability of finding an electron (2) a high probability
More informationChemical changes. All exothermic reactions release heat energy to the surroundings. Heat given out. Products. Progress of reaction
Chemical changes 6.1 Energetics of a reaction All chemical reactions involve an energy change. Energy is taken in or given out in the form of heat. So the reactions are divided into 2 groups Exothermic
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structure of the Atom. Atoms and Elements
CHAPTER 2 Atoms and Elements 1 Atoms Dalton s Atomic Theory - 1808 1. -Element is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. 2. -Atoms of an element have identical properties that differ from
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Contents. Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen. Composition of Dry Air. 8-1 The Atmosophere. Chemicals from the Atmosphere
General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Contents 8-1
More informationATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS
ATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS [MH5; Ch. 2] Atoms and Atomic Theory [MH5; 2.1-2.2] The three main postulates of atomic theory are: 1) Elements are made up of atoms. 2) In chemical reactions, atoms transfer
More informationb. Na. d. So. 1 A basketball has more mass than a golf ball because:
Chem I Semester Review All of the following are general characteristics of a substance in the liquid state except a. definite volume. c. not easily compressed. b. able to flow. d. definite shape. In the
More informationChapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Chapter 7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table 1864 - John Newlands - Law of Octaves- every 8th element had similar properties
More informationDATE: NAME: CLASS: BLM 1-9 ASSESSMENT. 2. A material safety data sheet must show the date on which it was prepared.
Chapter 1 Test Goal Demonstrate your understanding of the information presented in Chapter 1. What to Do Carefully read the instructions before answering each set of questions. True/False On the line provided,
More informationChemistry Final Review 2017
Chemistry Final Review 2017 Atomic/Molecular Structure and Periodic Trends 1. What is the atomic number trend on the periodic table? 2. On the following periodic table label metals, nonmetals, Alkali metals,
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen. Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition
General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice-Hall
More informationPeriodic Table Notes (Quick Reference)
Periodic Table Notes (Quick Reference) Periodic Trends: P.T. trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size
More informationBonding Mrs. Pugliese. Name March 02, 2011
Bonding Mrs. Pugliese Name March 02, 2011 1. Atoms of which element have the greatest tendency to gain electrons? 1. bromine 3. fluorine 2. chlorine 4. iodine 2. Which polyatomic ion contains the greatest
More informationChapter 9: Elements are the Building blocks of Life
Chapter 9: Elements are the Building blocks of Life Section 9.1- Elements and the Periodic Table Keep Scale in mind Animation: http://htwins.net/scale2/ I. ELEMENTS All matter is made up of one or more
More informationTypes of bonding: OVERVIEW
1 of 43 Boardworks Ltd 2009 Types of bonding: OVERVIEW 2 of 43 Boardworks Ltd 2009 There are three types of bond that can occur between atoms: an ionic bond occurs between a metal and non-metal atom (e.g.
More informationSample. Test Booklet. Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2012 HS Chemistry. - signup at to remove - Student name:
Test Booklet Subject: SC, Grade: HS MCAS 2012 HS Chemistry Student name: Author: Massachusetts District: Massachusetts Released Tests Printed: Thursday January 24, 2013 1 Which of the following statements
More informationQ1. Methane and oxygen react together to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Chemistry C3 Higher Questions Part 2 Q1. Methane and oxygen react together to produce carbon dioxide and water. The methane gas will not burn in oxygen until a flame is applied, but once lit it continues
More informationChemistry Study Guide
Chemistry Study Guide Marking Period 3 Exam Week of 3/21/17 Study Guide due - When studying for this test, use your do nows, notes, homework, class handouts, and your textbook. Vocabulary Chapter 7 Anion
More informationICSE Board Class IX Chemistry Paper 5 Solution
ICSE Board Class IX Chemistry Paper 5 Solution SECTION I Answer 1 i. Dalton used the symbol for oxygen and the symbol for hydrogen. Symbol represents gram atom(s) of an element. i Symbolic expression for
More informationCh. 7- Periodic Properties of the Elements
Ch. 7- Periodic Properties of the Elements 7.1 Introduction A. The periodic nature of the periodic table arises from repeating patterns in the electron configurations of the elements. B. Elements in the
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationUnit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS
Unit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS Review of Atomic Structure What is an atom? The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that
More informationChapter 6: Chemical Bonds
Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds Section 6.1: Ionic Bonding I. Stable Electron Configurations Group # II. III. Ionic Bonds Group # A. Transfer of Electrons Group # B. Formation of Ions Group # C. Formation of
More informationAngel International SchoolManipay
Grade OL Angel International SchoolManipay 2 nd Term Examination March, 2016 Chemistry Duration: 3 Hours 1. Which property is common to calcium, potassium and sodium? a) Their atoms all lose two electrons
More information2. Like alkali metals, hydrogen combines with electronegative elements to form oxides, halides, and sulphides.
Hydrogen Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration. Ans. Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table. Its electronic configuration is [
More informationPractice I: Chemistry IGCSE
Practice I: Chemistry IGCSE cristian.obiol@gmail.com 1) Explain the following processes related to changes of states of matter. -Melting:... -Vaporization:... -Freezing:... -Condensation:... -Sublimation:...
More informationChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki PhysWiki MathWiki SolarWiki
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki BioWiki GeoWiki StatWiki
More informationScience 10 Chapter 4 Atomic Theory Explains the Formation of Compounds
What is a pure substance? -contains only 1 kind of matter What are the 2 categories of pure substances? -elements -compounds What is an element? -a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
More informationLesson Plan. 24. Describe the influence of intermolecular forces on the physical and chemical properties of covalent compounds (PS-H-C5).
Lesson Plan GLE Physical Science 22. Predict the kind of bond that will form between two elements based on electronic structure and electronegativity of the elements (e.g., ionic, polar, nonpolar) (PS-H-C5).
More informationName 2/14 Bonding Page 1
Bonding Page 1 Name 2/14 1. Which formula represents an ionic compound? A) NaCl B) N2O C) HCl D) H2O 2. Which type of bond results when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
More informationCLEP Chemistry Practice Test
Practice Test Time 90 Minutes 80 Questions Part A For each question below, choose the best answer from the choices given. 4. Which point is the critical point Directions: Each set of lettered choices below
More informationCh(3)Matter & Change. John Dalton
Ch(3)Matter & Change John Dalton What is Matter? Matter is anything that contains mass & volume (takes up space) Energy, such as light, heat, and sound, is NOT matter. The Particle Theory of Matter 1.
More informationElectronic Structure and Bonding Review
Name: Band: Date: Electronic Structure and Bonding Review 1. For electrons: a. What is the relative charge? b. What is the relative mass? c. What is the symbol? d. Where are they located in the modern
More informationQuestions 1 to 58 must be answered on the Scantron sheets.
Questions 1 to 58 must be answered on the Scantron sheets. Base your answers to questions 1 to 5 on the heating curve for a pure substance that is shown below. 1. The freezing point of the substance is
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More information2.1A: Another look at the H 2 molecule: bonding and antibonding sigma molecular orbitals
Ashley Robison My Preferences Site Tools Popular pages MindTouch User Guide FAQ Sign Out If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it
More informationAn Incomplete Study Guide For The First Semester Exam
An Incomplete Study Guide For The First Semester Exam Dr Mandes 1. 2. Which term refers to the number of protons in an atom? a. atomic mass b. atomic number c. isotopic mass d. proton number A cation is
More informationChapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements The periodic table is one of the most useful tools available to chemists. Elements are arranged to emphasize the similarities and variations in properties.
More information