The diffuse double layer + +
|
|
- Barbara Merritt
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Soil chemistry
2 The diffuse double layer Diffuse doppio strato double diffuso layer soluzione Soil solution del terreno
3 Cation Exchange The interchange between a cation in solution and another cation on the surface of any negatively charged material such as clay or organic matter soil colloid Ca 2Na Na Ca Na soil solution soil colloid solution
4 The cation exchange capacity of a soil is simply a measure of the quantity of sites on soil surfaces that can retain positively charged ions by electrostatic forces. Cations retained electrostatically are easily exchangeable with other cations in the soil solution and are thus readily available for plant uptake. Thus, CEC is important for maintaining adequate quantities of plant available calcium (Ca 2 ), magnesium (Mg 2 ) and potassium (K) in soils. Other cations include Al 3 ( when ph < 5.5), Na, and H.
5 Cation exchange influenced by: 1) Strength of adsorption: depends on charge and hydration Al 3 > Ca 2 > Mg 2 > K = NH 4 > Na >H held tight > easily replaced 2) the relative concentration of the cations in the Soil Solution
6 Main excheangeable cations in soil Ca2, Mg2 Al3/H Na,K, NH4 acid soil neutral soil sodic soil Exchange reactions are reversible and every change in the soil solution composition is reflected by a change in the composition of the exchange complex
7 On the edge of a kaolinite crystal the oxygen bound to the silicon ion has a charge of 1 that can be neutralized by a proton. The Si-OH group has a pka = 9,5. The oxygen linked to both the silicon and the aluminium (who respectively contribute with 1 e 1 / 2 to the neutralization of the negative charge) has a charge = 1 /2. By binding to a proton the charge becomes 1 / 2. The pka of (OH) ½ is 7. The oxygen linked to aluminium has a charge = 3 / 2 it can bind two protons and get a positive charge= 1 / 2. The pka of (OH 2 ) 1/2 is 5,5.
8 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY rw Soil Cation Exchange - The interchange between a cation in solution and another cation on the surface of any negatively charged material such as clay or organic matter Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is the ability of the soil to hold onto nutrients and prevent them from leaching beyond the roots. The more cation exchange capacity a soil has, the more likely the soil will have a higher fertility level. When combined with other measures of soil fertility, CEC is a good indicator of soil quality and productivity.
9 Cation exchange is influenced by: 1) strength of adsorption: Strong adsorption» Al3 > Ca2 > Mg2 > K=NH 4 > Na >H»Weak adsorption 2) the relative concentration of the cations in the soil solution. At any time the quantity of ions on the exchange compared to what is in the soil solution is determined by the kind of ions present and the quantity in the soil.
10 La CSC dipende dal - contenuto in argilla - contenuto in sostanze umiche (humus) La CSC viene espressa in milliequivalenti/100g suolo oppure in centimoli di carica/kg di suolo I cationi assorbiti possono ritornare in soluzione mediante reazioni di scambio ionico.
11 Characteristics of cation exchange in soil: 1. Rapidity 2. Stechiometry only equivalents amounts of charge are exchanged soil K K Ca 2 soil K Ca 2 K
12 3. Reversibility (all cations can be released by exchange) 4. The exchange obeys the mass action law (a change in concentration in the soil solution causes a shift in the equilibrium)
13 Charge units in soil Every negative charge unit on a clay crystal equals one e- And can be balanced with a positive charge unit (e) from a cation. The CEC of a soil is measured in centimolesmoles of charge per kg of soil cmol C /kg (cmol C ) = 6.02 * carge units - for a monovalent ion 1 mole = 1 mole C - for a divalent ion 1 mole = 2 moles C - for a trivalent ion 1 mole = 3 moles C
14 KAOLINITE CEC C moles/kg Specific surface m 2 /g 10 MICHE VERMICULITE SMECTITI CLORITI ALLOFANE
15 PERCHE E IMPORTANTE CONOSCERE LA CSC? LA CSC ESPRIME IL POTERE CHE HA IL TERRENO DI TRATTENERE ELEMENTI CATIONICI INORGANICI (POTASSIO, MAGNESIO, CALCIO ) E ORGANICI (ERBICIDI CON CARICA POSITIVA ) EVITANDONE LA PERDITA PER LISCIVIAZIONE MA PERMETTENDO GLI SCAMBI CON LA SOLUZIONE. I CATIONI SCAMBIABILI COSTITUISCONO UNA RISERVA PRONTAMENTE DISPONIBILE DI ELEMENTI NUTRITIVI LA CUI CONSISTENZA E IL PRINCIPALE FATTORE DI FERTILITA DEL TERRENO.
16 Predicting CEC CEC estimates can be made based on the texture and amount of organic matter of the soil. 1) Estimation based on texture: CEC & Soil Texture Texture Sand LS to SL Loam Clay Loam Clay CEC cmoles c /kg >30 2) Calculation of CEC with % clay and % OM. Assume avg. CEC for % OM=200 cmoles c /kg and the avg. CEC for % clay=50 cmoles c /kg. CEC=(% OM x 200) (% Clay x 50) soil with 2% (.02)OM and 10%(.1) Clay CEC=(200 x.02 (50 x.1)=(4 5)==9 cmoles c /kg
17 Soils can have:. Less than 10 meqc/100g ---- LOW CEC meqc/100g --- good CEC. More than meqc/100g ---- HIGH CEC
18 HOW CAN WE MEASURE CEC? THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS. The most precise is the following: FIRST ALL CATIONS IN THE SOIL SAMPLE ARE EXCHANGED WITH BARIUM by shaking the soil with a buffered (triethanolamine ph9.5) barium cloride solution BaCl 2 soil x y soil Ba 2 x y 2Cl -
19 The surnatant solution is separated by centrifugation and stored for analysis of cations The sediment is washed with distilled H 2 O To eliminate x, y, 2Cl - soil Ba 2
20 The sediment is then shaken with a solution containing A KNOWN EXCESS AMOUNT OF MgSO 4 soil Ba 2 MgSO 4 soil Mg 2 BaSO 4 precipitates and Shifts the equilibrium! ALL THE SOIL IS NOW SATURATED WITH Mg 2
21 INITIAL AMOUNT OF Mg - FINAL AMOUNT OF Mg = Mg RETAINED BY THE SOIL soil Mg 2 Sorbed by soil particles Mg 2 IN SOLUTION
22 TRITRATION OF the MgSO 4 that remained in the solution with: HOOC-CH 3 HOOC-CH 3 N-CH 2 -CH 2 -N CH 3 -COOH CH 3 -COOH EDTA = ethylendiaminotetracetic acid
23 Base saturation The percent base saturation of a soil is the composition of the exchange complex with respect to the content in excheangeable bases that is all excheangeable ions except H and Al 3 % base saturation = CEC (Al 3 H ) exchangeable CEC The percent base saturation of a soilchanges according to ph it gives an indication of the availability of nutrients in that soil.
24 SOIL CHEMISTRY CSC laboratory experiments
Adsorption of ions Ion exchange CEC& AEC Factors influencing ion
Adsorption of ions Ion exchange CEC& AEC Factors influencing ion exchange- Significance. Adsorption of ions Ion adsorption and subsequent exchange are important processes that take place between soil colloidal
More informationLecture 14: Cation Exchange and Surface Charging
Lecture 14: Cation Exchange and Surface Charging Cation Exchange Cation Exchange Reactions Swapping of cations between hydrated clay interlayers and the soil solution Also occurs on organic matter functional
More informationCLASS EXERCISE 5.1 List processes occurring in soils that cause changes in the levels of ions.
5 SIL CHEMISTRY 5.1 Introduction A knowledge of the chemical composition of a soil is less useful than a knowledge of its component minerals and organic materials. These dictate the reactions that occur
More informationSoil Fertility. Fundamentals of Nutrient Management June 1, Patricia Steinhilber
Soil Fertility Fundamentals of Nutrient Management June 1, 2010 Patricia Steinhilber Ag Nutrient Management Program University of Maryland College Park Main Topics plant nutrition functional soil model
More informationCation Exchange Capacity, CEC
Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC The basic building blocks of clay minerals are: silicon atoms surrounded by four oxygen atoms (tetrahedra), and aluminium atoms surrounded by six hydroxide groups (dioctahedra),
More informationVolume Composition of a Desirable Surface Soil
Soil Chemistry Volume Composition of a Desirable Surface Soil 50% pore space 25% air 45 to 48% mineral matter 50% solid material 25% water 2 to 5% organic matter Soil Organic Matter Soil organic matter:
More informationSoil ph: Review of Concepts
Soils and Water, Spring 008 Soil ph: Review of Concepts Acid: substance that can donate a proton Base: substance that can accept a proton HA H A HA and A - are called conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength
More informationAcid Soil. Soil Acidity and ph
Acid Soil Soil Acidity and ph ph ph = - log (H + ) H 2 O H + + OH - (H + ) x (OH - )= K w = 10-14 measures H + activity with an electrode (in the lab), solutions (in the field) reflects the acid intensity,
More informationSoil physical and chemical properties the analogy lecture. Beth Guertal Auburn University, AL
Soil physical and chemical properties the analogy lecture. Beth Guertal Auburn University, AL Soil Physical Properties Porosity Pore size and pore size distribution Water holding capacity Bulk density
More informationOnly healthy soil can grow a nutrient dense food. You are what you eat!
Understanding How Cation Nutrients & Soil Structure are Related By Michael Martin Meléndrez Only healthy soil can grow a nutrient dense food. You are what you eat! Soil Must be able to hold onto water,
More informationSoil Colloidal Chemistry. Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail, Marthwada Agril. University Parbhani,MS, India
Soil Colloidal Chemistry Compiled and Edited by Dr. Syed Ismail, Marthwada Agril. University Parbhani,MS, India 1 The Colloidal Fraction Introduction What is a colloid? Why this is important in understanding
More informationFOR Soil Quality Report 2017
Student Name: Partner Name: Laboratory Date: FOR 2505 - Soil Quality Report 2017 Objectives of this report: 10 Marks Lab Objectives Section Principles behind methods used to determine soil base cation
More informationSTUDIES ON THE SORPTION OF PHOSPHATE ON SOME SOILS OF INDIA SATURATED WITH DIFFERENT CATIONS
I.J.S.N., VOL. 2(2) 211: 327-333 ISSN 2229 6441 STUDIES ON THE SORPTION OF PHOSPHATE ON SOME SOILS OF INDIA SATURATED WITH DIFFERENT CATIONS Bansal, O. P. Chemistry Department, D.S. College, Aligarh-221
More informationLecture 15: Adsorption; Soil Acidity
Lecture 15: Adsorption; Soil Acidity Surface Complexation (Your textbook calls this adsorption ) Surface Complexation Both cations and anions can bind to sites on the external surfaces of soil minerals
More informationSoil - the battery of your business
Soil - the battery of your business By DAVID HANLON The basis of our farm business is the soil and increasingly all growers are focusing their attention on this vital resource. Just what state it is in
More informationRunning head: TITLE 1. Lab Report. Name. Academic Institution. Author Note. Class. Professor
Running head: TITLE 1 Lab Report Name Academic Institution Author Note Class Professor March 13, 2018 TITLE 2 Soil colloids tend to have a net negative charge for two reasons: surface area and ph levels.
More informationBe sure to show all calculations so that you can receive partial credit for your work!
Agronomy 365T Exam 1 Spring 2004 Exam Score: Name TA Lab Hour Be sure to show all calculations so that you can receive partial credit for your work! 1) List 14 of the plant essential nutrient for plant
More informationGain a better understanding of soil ph and how it is measured. Understand how lime requirement is determined.
LABORATORY 7 SOIL REACTION (ph) AND LIME REQUIREMENT I Objectives Gain a better understanding of soil ph and how it is measured. Understand how lime requirement is determined. II Introduction A Soil Reaction
More informationH + OH - H + OH - H +OH -
Objectives SOIL CHEMISTRY Reading Materials: Brady NC, 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils Supardi, 1989. Sifat dan Ciri Tanah Soil ph Cation exchange o Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) o Base saturation
More informationList of Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities:
Unit D: ph of Soil Lesson 2: Identifying ph Connection With Plant Growth Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in the students achieving the following objectives: 1. Explain
More informationA few more details on clays, Soil Colloids and their properties. What expandable clays do to surface area. Smectite. Kaolinite.
A few more details on clays, Soil Colloids and their properties What expandable clays do to surface area Kaolinite Smectite Size 0.5-5 µm External surface 10-30 m 2 /g Internal surface - Size 0.1-1 µm
More informationMehlich and Modified Mehlich Buffer for Lime Requirement
Mehlich and Modified Mehlich Buffer for Lime Requirement David H. Hardy Application and Principle The development of the Mehlich buffer was to estimate acidity actually affecting plant growth in North
More informationIgneous rocks + acid volatiles = sedimentary rocks + salty oceans
The Lithosphere Weathering physical processes chemical processes biological processes weathering rates Soil development soil formation processes types of soils and vegetation soil properties physical chemical
More informationParticles in aqueous environments
Lecture 11 Particle-Aqueous Solute Interactions Today 1. Particle types and sizes 2. Particle charges 3. Particle-solute Interactions Next time Please continue to read Manahan Chapter 4. 1. Fresh-salt
More informationCopyright SOIL STRUCTURE and CLAY MINERALS
SOIL STRUCTURE and CLAY MINERALS Soil Structure Structure of a soil may be defined as the mode of arrangement of soil grains relative to each other and the forces acting between them to hold them in their
More informationSoil Chemistry. Dr. Shalamar Armstrong Dr. Rob Rhykerd Department of Agriculture
Soil Chemistry Dr. Shalamar Armstrong sdarmst@ilstu.edu Dr. Rob Rhykerd rrhyker@ilstu.edu Importance of soil Feeding the world World Population & Growth Other Asia Africa India China Latin America Europe
More informationTreatment of Salt Affected Soil in the Oil Field
Treatment of Salt Affected Soil in the Oil Field Abstract Soils, drill cuttings and other solid wastes which are exposed to high levels of salt through spillage from drilling and producing operations,
More informationSoils. Source: Schroeder and Blum, 1992
Soils Source: Schroeder and Blum, 1992 Literature cited: Schroeder, D. and Blum, W.E.H. 1992. Bodenkunde in Stichworten. Gebrüder Borntraeger, D-1000 Berlin. Geology and Life Conceptual model Source: Knight,
More informationHort Chapter 10 MENGEL et al, 5th Ed
Hort 5504 POTASSIUM Chapter 10 MENGEL et al, 5th Ed POTASSIUM CYCLE 1 SOIL POTASSIUM K minerals and K release ~2-3% of earth s crust is K K tied to clay particles (< 2 µm size) Frequently soils high in
More informationBUFFERING MECHANISM AND SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION OF SOILS OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
BUFFERING MECHANISM AND SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION OF SOILS OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA ABSTRACT Akpan *, U. S. and Udoh, B. T. Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, University
More information(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water.
Lecture 12 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1) If rivers are the chief source of the dissolved salts in seawater, why is seawater not simply a concentrated version of average composition of all rivers? The
More informationSoil Colloids. Definition of soil colloids:
Soil Colloids Definition of soil colloids: Size; smaller than 2 µm. Surface area; from ~10 m 2 g -1 to ~800 m 2 g -1 (surface area for sand is < 1 m 2 g -1 ). Surface charges; they could be negative or
More information1. Ion exchange chromatography
1. Ion exchange chromatography Ion Exchange Chromatography Most popular method for the separation or purification of charged molecules. In cation exchange chromatography, positively charged molecules are
More informationAgricultural Fertilizer Applicator Soil Test Results What the heck do they mean?
Agricultural Fertilizer Applicator Soil Test Results What the heck do they mean? Northeast Ohio Pesticide Safety Education Program Lee Beers, OSU Extension Trumbull County beers.66@osu.edu 330-638-6783
More informationQuantitative chemistry Atomic structure Periodicity
IB chemistry Units 1-3 review Quantitative chemistry Significant figures The mole- be able to convert to number of particles and mass Finding empirical and molecular formulas from mass percentage States
More informationThe Lithosphere. Definition
10/14/2014 www.komar.de The Lithosphere Ben Sullivan, Assistant Professor NRES 765, Biogeochemistry October 14th, 2014 Contact: bsullivan@cabnr.unr.edu Definition io9.com tedquarters.net Lithos = rocky;
More informationThe Lithosphere. Definition
10/12/2015 www.komar.de The Lithosphere Ben Sullivan, Assistant Professor NRES 765, Biogeochemistry October 14th, 2015 Contact: bsullivan@cabnr.unr.edu Definition io9.com tedquarters.net Lithos = rocky;
More informationPlant Nutrition and Transport. Chapter 29
Plant Nutrition and Transport Chapter 29 Overview: Underground Plants The success of plants depends on their ability to gather and conserve resources from their environment. The transport of materials
More informationAlleviating Soil Acidity through Organic Matter Management. Malcolm E. Sumner, University of Georgia Marcos A Pavan IAPAR
Alleviating Soil Acidity through Organic Matter Management Malcolm E. Sumner, University of Georgia Marcos A Pavan IAPAR Introduction Most work on topsoil acidity amelioration Mechanical lime incorporation
More informationUse of Western Pozzolan ATS soil amendment for golf course fairways.
Use of Western Pozzolan ATS soil amendment for golf course fairways. Study was undertaken to examine the properties of Western Pozzolan material for use in golf course fairways to improve water relations
More informationph and Liming Practices Kent Martin Stafford County 1/5/2010
ph and Liming Practices Kent Martin Stafford County 1/5/2010 Outline What is ph Normal ph ranges Acid Soil Importance of soil ph Factors affecting soil ph Acid types and measurement Neutralizing value
More information1. The topic is Soil Structure, Adsorption and Soil Stability. Three important considerations when evaluating soil amendments designed to improve
1. The topic is Soil Structure, Adsorption and Soil Stability. Three important considerations when evaluating soil amendments designed to improve sodic conditons or just plain poor soil conditons. 2. Some
More informationThe Role of Soil Organic Matter in Potassium Fixation Nathan Smith
The Role of Soil Organic Matter in Potassium Fixation Nathan Smith Undergraduate Research Assistant in Agronomy Senior in Agronomy and Environmental Science Iowa State University Soil Potassium (K + )
More informationAP Chemistry Table of Contents: Ksp & Solubility Products Click on the topic to go to that section
Slide 1 / 91 Slide 2 / 91 AP Chemistry Aqueous Equilibria II: Ksp & Solubility Products Table of Contents: K sp & Solubility Products Slide 3 / 91 Click on the topic to go to that section Introduction
More informationEffect of Heat Treatment on Phosphate Sorption by Soils from Different Ecologies
Effect of Heat Treatment on Phosphate Sorption by Soils from Different Ecologies 1* Aghedo, J.E., 2 Ukpebor, E. and 3 Oviasogie, P.O., 4 Omorogbe, S.O. 1Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Ekiadolor,
More informationSOLUBILITY REVIEW QUESTIONS
Solubility Problem Set 1 SOLUBILITY REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the solubility of calcium sulphate in M, g/l, and g/100 ml? 2. What is the solubility of silver chromate? In a saturated solution of silver
More informationChapter 7: Anion and molecular retention
I. Anions and molecules of importance in soils Anions of major importance to agricultural soils and soil chemistry are: H 2 PO - 4, HPO 2-4, SO 2-4, HCO - 3, NO - 3, Cl -, F - and OH -. Also, micronutrients
More information1. [7 points] How many significant figures should there be in the answer to the following problem?
1 of 6 10/20/2009 3:54 AM Avogadro s Number = 6.022 10 23 1. [7 points] How many significant figures should there be in the answer to the following problem? (29.0025 + 0.2)/(6.1345 36.101) (a) 1 (b) 2
More informationLab 8 Dynamic Soil Systems I: Soil ph and Liming
Lab 8 Dynamic Soil Systems I: Soil ph and Liming Objectives: To measure soil ph and observe conditions which change ph To distinguish between active acidity (soil solution ph) and exchangeable acidity
More informationChemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium Many reactions are reversible, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B The point reached in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction (product
More informationUnit (2) Quantitative Chemistry
Unit (2) Quantitative Chemistry Chapter (1) :The mole & chemical equation Lesson (1) Mole and chemical equation Chemical equation: The chemical symbols and formulas of the reactants and products which
More information5. [7 points] What is the mass of gallons (a fifth) of pure ethanol (density = g/cm 3 )? [1 gallon = Liters]
1 of 6 10/20/2009 3:55 AM Avogadro s Number, N A = 6.022 10 23 1. [7 points] Given the following mathematical expression: (15.11115.0)/(2.154 10 3 ) How many significant figures should the answer contain?
More informationFlocculation and Dispersion
Flocculation and Dispersion Flocculation is the process, where the individual particles of clay are coagulated to form floccular aggregates. The degree and permanence of flocculation depend upon the nature
More informationElectrical double layer
Electrical double layer Márta Berka és István Bányai, University of Debrecen Dept of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry http://dragon.unideb.hu/~kolloid/ 7. lecture Adsorption of strong electrolytes from
More informationLect. 2: Chemical Water Quality
The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department M.Sc. Water Resources Water Quality Management (ENGC 6304) Lect. 2: Chemical Water Quality ١ Chemical water quality parameters
More informationHonors text: Ch 10 & 12 Unit 06 Notes: Balancing Chemical Equations
Notes: Balancing Chemical Equations Effects of chemical reactions: Chemical reactions rearrange atoms in the reactants to form new products. The identities and properties of the products are completely
More informationAqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria
Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria Most analytical techniques require the state of chemical equilibrium. At equilibrium, the rate of a forward process or reaction and that of the reverse process
More informationSCI-CH Chem Test II fall 2018 Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions
SCI-CH Chem Test II fall 2018 Exam not valid for Paper Pencil Test Sessions [Exam ID:25FPCV 1 When a strontium atom loses its valence electrons, it has the same electron configuration as which element?
More informationWorksheet 1: REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLES
Worksheet 1: REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLES Directions: For each substance below, state the representative particle. If the RP is a molecule, state the number of atoms that make up the molecule. If the RP is
More informationPractice Packet Unit 6: Moles & Stoichiometry
Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo Practice Packet Unit 6: Moles & Stoichiometry 1 LESSON 1: Moles and Molar Mass 1. Put an M if the substance is molecular/covalent, an I if ionic under the formula listed.
More informationSolutions 4a (Chapter 4 problems)
Solutions 4a (Chapter 4 problems) Chem151 [Kua] 4.10 A balanced chemical equation must have equal numbers of atoms of each element on each side of the arrow. Balance each element in turn, beginning with
More informationAqueous Equilibria, Part 2 AP Chemistry Lecture Outline
Aqueous Equilibria, Part 2 AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: The Common-Ion Effect Suppose we have a weak acid and a soluble salt of that acid. CH 3 COOH NaCH 3 COO CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO + H + Since NaCH
More informationWhat is one of the spectator ions (with correct coefficient)? A)
Chem 101 Exam Fall 01 Section 001 1. Based on the solubility rules Mg (PO 4 ) is A) soluble B) insoluble. An aqueous solution of potassium sulfate is allowed to react with an aqueous solution of What is
More informationSoil horizons differ in color, texture, structure, consistence, porosity and soil reaction.
SECTION CONTENTS: The Soil Defined The Soil Profile Descriptions Of The Three Major Horizons A Fertile Soil Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Color Soil Organisms Organic Matter Clay and Humus The Seat
More informationScience Class 9 th ATOMS AND MOLECULES. Symbols of Atoms of Different Elements. Atomic Mass. Molecules. Ions. Mole Concept. Finish Line & Beyond
Science Class 9 th ATOMS AND MOLECULES Symbols of Atoms of Different Elements Atomic Mass Molecules Ions Mole Concept Atom An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. An atom
More informationa) most likely to gain two electrons Br O Al Mg b) greatest tendency to form a negative ion Na Li S Mg c) a non-metal Sr S Al K
1. (4 pts) Name the following compounds: Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 N 2 O 3 2. (4 pts) Give the chemical formulas for the following compounds: chromium (III) carbonate magnesium phosphate 3. (16 pts) Circle the formula
More informationAtoms and Ions Junior Science
2018 Version Atoms and Ions Junior Science 1 http://msutoday.msu.edu Introduction Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interaction between them. The elements are the building blocks of all
More informationEmpirical formula C 4 H 6 O
AP Chem Test- Titration and Gravimetric Analysis p. 2 Name date 4. Empirical Formula A compound is analyzed and found to contain 68.54% carbon, 8.63% hydrogen, and 22.83% oxygen. The molecular weight of
More information4 + SO 4 NH 4 NH3 + H + SO H 2 O HSO OH - H 2 O H + + OH - NaNO 3 Na + -
Chemistry Spring 014 Exam : Chapters 6-7 Name 80 Points Complete problem 1 and four of problems -6. CLEARLY mark the problem you do not want graded. You must show your work to receive credit for problems
More information10. Group 2. N Goalby chemrevise.org. Group 2 reactions. Reactions with oxygen. Reactions with water.
10. Group 2 Atomic radius Atomic radius increases down the Group. As one goes down the group, the atoms have more shells of electrons making the atom bigger. Melting points Down the group the melting points
More informationGroundwater chemistry
Read: Ch. 3, sections 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9; Ch. 7, sections 2, 3 PART 14 Groundwater chemistry Introduction Matter present in water can be divided into three categories: (1) Suspended solids (finest among
More informationEstimation of a Generic Adsorption Coefficient Kd for Barium
Estimation of a Generic Adsorption Coefficient Kd for Barium July 3, 2007 Prepared for: BC Upstream Petroleum Environmental Task Group, Barite-Barium Issues Subgroup By: Darlene Lintott, Bodycote Testing
More informationHow many hydrogen atoms are there in the empirical formula of propene, C 3 H 6? How many neutrons are there in one atom of 24 Mg?
1 A 2 B 3 C The atomic number of Na is 11. How many electrons are there in a sodium ion, Na +? How many hydrogen atoms are there in the empirical formula of propene, C 3 H 6? What is the mass in grams
More informationAcid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria (17.1) Buffer Solutions (17.2) A Closer Look at Acid-Base
More informationChemistry of Tiling and Crusting
Chemistry of Tiling and Crusting Tom DeSutter Assistant Professor of Soil Science NDSU Soil and Soil/Water Training 25 January 2012 What is Dispersion? Soil particles are repelled away from each other
More informationBe able to Define/Understand:
NAME: CLASS PERIOD: REVIEW FOR HONORS CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 2 EXAM: PART 1 Be able to Define/Understand: Know how to: Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Law of conservation of mass Characteristics of a chemical/physical
More informationHETEROGENEITY IN MONTMORILLONITE. JAMES L. MCATEE, JR. Baroid Division, National Lead Co., Houston, Texas
HETEROGENEITY IN MONTMORILLONITE By JAMES L. MCATEE, JR. Baroid Division, National Lead Co., Houston, Texas ABSTRACT X-ray diffraction patterns and cation-exchange data are presented for centrifuged Wyoming
More informationWEATHERING ACCORDING TO THE CATIONIC BONDING ENERGIES OF COLLOIDS I ABSTRACT
WEATHERING ACCORDING TO THE CATIONIC BONDING ENERGIES OF COLLOIDS I By E. R. GRAHAM University of Missouri ABSTRACT A study was made of the energy changes of several colloidal systems in relation to weathering.
More informationQ1. (a) The formula for the chemical compound magnesium sulphate is MgSO (2)
Q1. (a) The formula for the chemical compound magnesium sulphate is MgSO 4. Calculate the relative formula mass (M r )of this compound. (Show your working.) (b) Magnesium sulphate can be made from magnesium
More informationWeathering and Soils
OCN 401-17 Aug. 29, 2016 KCR Weathering and Soils Biogeochemistry Chapter 4: The Lithosphere Introduction: the context Rock Weathering Soil Chemical Reactions Soil Development (see text) Weathering Rates
More informationDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University College of Agriculture, Calcutta University, Calcutta 700 0\ 9, India
Agropedology, 2001, 1I, 71-77 Forms of acidity and lime requirement of some Alfisols A.K. Dolui and S. Mehta Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University College of Agriculture, Calcutta
More information4 + SO 4 NH 4 NH3 + H + SO H 2 O HSO OH - H 2 O H + + OH - KNO 3 K + -
Chemistry 222 Spring 2016 Exam 2: Chapters 6-7 Name 80 Points Complete problem 1 and four of problems 2-6. CLEARLY mark the problem you do not want graded. You must show your work to receive credit for
More informationM09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/XX+ CHEMISTRY. Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
M09/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/XX+ 22096110 CHEMISTRY standard level Paper 1 Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
More information, are both macromolecules. They have similar physical properties but silicon(iv) oxide is acidic and zirconium(iv) oxide is amphoteric
1 Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO 2, and zirconium(iv) oxide, ZrO 2, are both macromolecules. They have similar physical properties but silicon(iv) oxide is acidic and zirconium(iv) oxide is amphoteric. (a) Defi
More informationDesorption Of (HDTMA) Hexadecyltrimethylammoniumfrom Charged Mineral Surfaces and Desorption Of Loaded Modified Zeolite Minerals
Desorption Of (HDTMA) Hexadecyltrimethylammoniumfrom Charged Mineral Surfaces and Desorption Of Loaded Modified Zeolite Minerals VandanaSwarnkar 1 &RadhaTomar 2 ABSTRACT: The use of surfactant-modified
More informationDuring photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction:
Example 4.1 Stoichiometry During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) according to the reaction: Suppose that a particular plant consumes 37.8 g of CO 2
More informationSolubility Multiple Choice. January Which of the following units could be used to describe solubility? A. g/s B. g/l C. M/L D.
Solubility Multiple Choice January 1999 14. Which of the following units could be used to describe solubility? A. g/s B. g/l C. M/L D. mol/s 15. Consider the following anions: When 10.0mL of 0.20M Pb(NO3)
More informationAnnouncements. There are 3-classes of chemical reactions that occur in aqueous solution.
Announcements Exam 1 Results: Mean: 71% Range: 39.5%-93.5% Median: 72% Other Bio-LS Class Mean 72% Please read Chapter 4 and complete problems. Please see me for help. There are 3-classes of chemical reactions
More informationSalt solubility and heterogeneous equilibria
Salt solubility and heterogeneous equilibria Hydroxyapatite : Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH Alcune immagine sono state prese e modificate da Chimica di Kotz, Treichel & Weaver, Edises 2007, III edizione 1 The solubility
More informationCHEMISTRY 101 EXAM 1 FORM 1N
CHEMISTRY 101 EXAM 1 SECTIONS 572-580 Dr. Joy Heising FORM 1N September 20, 2001 Directions: 1. Fill out your scantron sheet. a. Do not forget to include your SIGNATURE and ID number. b. Dept = CHEM, Course
More informationCHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854
OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced GCE CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854 Chemistry by Design Tuesday 25 JANUARY 2005 Afternoon 2 hours Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials:
More informationLecture 21 Cations, Anions and Hydrolysis in Water:
2P32 Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Dr. M. Pilkington Lecture 21 Cations, Anions and ydrolysis in Water: 1. ydration.energy 2. ydrolysis of metal cations 3. Categories of acidity and observable behavior
More informationNET IONIC EQUATIONS. Electrolyte Behavior
NET IONIC EQUATIONS Net ionic equations are useful in that they show only those chemical species directly participating in a chemical reaction. They are thus simpler than the overall equation, and help
More informationUnit 2: Chemical Bonds. Pre-IB Chemistry Ms. Kiely Coral Gables Senior High
Unit 2: Chemical Bonds Pre-IB Chemistry Ms. Kiely Coral Gables Senior High QUIZ! Take out a PEN Sit in Quiz seats :) Timed 20 minutes Bell-Ringer Which types of elements combine chemically to make an ionic
More informationDevelopment and Test of Potassium Management Algorithms for Corn. Ron Potok (Solum), Kyle Freeman (Mosaic), and Scott Murrell (IPNI) Project Summary:
Development and Test of Potassium Management Algorithms for Corn Ron Potok (Solum), Kyle Freeman (Mosaic), and Scott Murrell (IPNI) Project Summary: In our 1 year project spanning April 2013 Feb 2014,
More informationChapter 4. The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1
Chapter 4 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4-1 The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions 4.1 The Role of Water as a Solvent 4.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions 4.3 Precipitation Reactions
More informationChapter 19. Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria p
Chapter 19 Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria p. 832 857 Solubility Product ) The product of molar concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised ot the power of its stoichiometric coefficients
More informationSOLUTIONS. Dissolution of sugar in water. General Chemistry I. General Chemistry I CHAPTER
11 CHAPTER SOLUTIONS 11.1 Composition of Solutions 11.2 Nature of Dissolved Species 11.3 Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Acid-Base Titrations 11.4 Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Oxidation-Reduction
More informationShirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE Penn State Harrisburg. Robert Pitt, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, D. WRE University of Alabama
Shirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P.E., D. WRE Penn State Harrisburg Robert Pitt, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, D. WRE University of Alabama Site Stormwater Characteristics and Permit Limits Analytes on Permit 90 th percentile
More informationLecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry
Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry 3. charge transfer (e.g., ligand/donor sorption): Sorption involves a number of related processes that all
More information