H + OH - H + OH - H +OH -
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![ph = - log [ ] Acidity Neutrality Alkalinity OH - OH - OH - Acid ph = 6.](/docs-images/75/71575738/images/1-2.jpg "0 Neutral ph = 7.0 Alkaline ph = 8.0 Why is ph important?")
1 Objectives SOIL CHEMISTRY Reading Materials: Brady NC, The Nature and Properties of Soils Supardi, Sifat dan Ciri Tanah Soil ph Cation exchange o Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) o Base saturation Plant Nutrients Foto: Reza Nugroho H 2 O 2 O -2 ph = - log [ ] Acidity Neutrality Alkalinity OH - OH - OH - Acid ph = 6.0 Neutral ph = 7.0 Alkaline ph = 8.0 Why is ph important? Nutrient availability toxicity in the soil Microbial activity Soil ph & nutrient availability Al N P K Mg and Ca S B Cu and Zn Mo Fe Mn Fungi Bacteria & Actinomycetes Soil ph 1
2 Cation Exchange Exchange process Ca 2 - colloid colloid Ca 2 = replaces Ca 2 adsorbed to soil colloids Ca-x x2 2HxCa H-x 2 x = the soil solid phase Ca (ad) 2 2 H (ad) Ca 2 X (ad) = "adsorbed" cation X Adsorption: the attraction of ions (Ca 2, Mg 2, K on the surface of colloidal clay and humus. Adsorbed cations (a) arid region soils = "basic" cations Ca 2, Mg 2, K, Na (b) humid region soils = acidic cations as well Ca 2, Mg 2, and Al 3 (c) strength of adsorption Al 3 > Ca 2 = Mg 2 > K = NH 4 > Na Primary minerals e.g. feldspar & micas Coarse fraction Rigid structural framework (cations very slowly available) Large organic particles (mostly C, H, O with some nutrient cations) Silicate clays & other Ca 2 K K sec. Minerals (Si, Al, Mg 2 Ca 2 Ca Fe, O, OH & other K Mg 2 cations) Al 3 Na Na Humus (mostly C, H, Ca 2 K O & nutrient cations) Mg 2 Ca 2 K Mg 2 K Coloidal fraction Semirigid framework (cations slowly available) Al 3 Adsorbed cations Exchangeble (moderately available) Ca 2 Ca 2 Mg Mg 2 Soil solutions (readily available) Sumber-sumber penyebab kemasaman tanah 1. Humus atau bahan organik Gugus-gugus karboksil gugus-gugus phenolik gugus-gugus g g g amino Timbunan ion Proses dekomposisi H 2 CO 3 mencuci basa-basa terus-menerus H 2 SO 4, HNO 3 tambahan ion 2. Garam-garam yang larut Pemupukan Pelapukan mineral Dekomposisi BO menambah kation-kation menggantikan Al teradsorbsi Al masuk ke larutan tanah penyebab tambahnya H 3. Intensitas pencucian Tanah di daerah humid : basa-basa tercuci, tertinggal dan Al Al H 2 O Al(OH) Al(OH) H 2 O Al(OH) 2 Al(OH) 2 H 2 O Al(OH) 3 4. Mineral klei (clay) l alumino silikat oleh pelapukan dari oktahedral Al membebaskan Al dengan 2 kemungkinan : Al teradsorbsi Al3H 2 O Al(OH) 3 MISEL Al dalam larutan 2
3 Factor of Acid forming in Soil 5. Karbon dioksida (CO 2 ) CO 2 dihasilkan oleh adanya respirasi akar dan jasad hidup dalam tanah, CO 2 H 2 O H 2 CO 3 mencuci basa-basa 1. Nitrification: Ammonium to Nitrate (oxidation of NH 4 ) NH 4 2O 2 ---> NO 3- H 2 O 2 2. O.M. decomposition organic acids ionized : R-COOH---> R-COO- respiration: CO 2 H 2 O ----> H 2 CO 3 = HCO 3-3. Acid rain Acid rain is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Burning oil, gas and coal in power stations releases Sulfuric Dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. Burning oil and gasoline in motor vehicles puts nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere. These gases mix with water droplets in the atmosphere creating weak solutions of nitric and sulfuric acids. When precipitation occurs these solutions fall as acid rain. SO 2 OH --> H 2 SO 4 --> SO 4-2 NO 2 OH --> HNO 3 --> NO 3-4. Uptake of basic cations by plants. Basic cations are sources of OH- to the soil solution. Ca, Mg, K, Basic cations that are taken up by plants no longer contribute t OH- to the soil solution. H ions are released to the soil solution. 5. Leaching of basic cations as basic cations are removed from the soil solution by leaching they no longer contribute the OH- ions to neutralize the ever increasing amounts of H Ca 2 H > Ca(OH) > Ca 2OH - Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC (KAPASITAS TUKAR KATION, KTK) Sum total of the exchangeable cations (K, Ca 2, Mg 2, Na, N 4 ) that a soil can adsorb Unit: cmol c kg -1 used to be me/100 g of soil Measurement:Extraction of 1 M NH 4 Oac. ph 7.0 3
4 Soil CEC, clay mineral type & humus Clay loam Clay loam lime Sandy loam Clay Mineral Type CEC,cmol c kg -1 Kaolinite 1: Halloysite 1: Hidrous mica 2: Montmorilonite 2: Vermiculite 2: Iron Hydroxide Aluminium oxide Humus & 14 Al H Base saturation: 50 % 80 % 80 % ph: cmol kg -1 CEC, ng Base-formin cations ng Base-formin cations Baseforming cations (Brady, 1990, p 220) Why is CEC important? Nutrient availability Cation released during mineralisation Cation exchangeable (e.g KCl application release another cations into soil solution ) Nutrient buffer ~ it reduces nutrients losses through leaching Level of Soil Fertility based on its CEC Category Ca Mg K Na KTK cmol c kg Very high >200 >80 >12 >20 >400 High Medium Low Very low <20 <3 <2 <1 <60 Exchangeable cations in soils The predominant exchangeable cations either basic (Ca 2, Mg 2, K, Na ) or acidic (Al 3 and ). It is useful in identifying the relative proportions of sources of alkalinity and acidity in soil solution. Percentage base saturation: The percentage of the CEC is satisfied by base-forming cations. % base saturation = Exchangeable base-forming cations (cmol kg -1 ) CEC (cmol kg -1 ) Cation exchange data for representative mineral surface soils in different areas Characteristics Humid region soil (Alfisol) Semiarid region soil (Aridisol) Arid region soil (Natrargids) Exchangeable Ca (cmol/ kg) Other exchangeable bases (cmol/ kg) Exchangeable H and/or Al (cmol/ kg) CEC (cmol/ kg) Base saturation (%) Probable ph ~ (Brady, 1990, p 205) 4
5 Symptom of Nutrients deficiency < N < Mg, Fe < S <P < Mg < Ca, B, Cu, Mo, Zn < K Symptom of Nutrient Deficiency Influence of Nitrogen on Plant growth Absorbed by plants in NH 4 and NO 3 - N as an integral component of many component such as: Chlorophyl & enzymes. As an essential component of amino acids and related proteins ~ critical for building blocks for plant tissue, the cell nuclei & protoplasm. It encourages vegetative growth & gives a deep green color to the leaves. Symptom of N deficiency is shown by yellow color or yellowish green of older leaves and tend to drop off. Ssc. Minnesota Phosphorus It absorbed by plants in H 2 PO 4-, HPO 4 2- or PO 4 3- Function Photosynthesis Nitrogen fixation Crop maturation: flowering & fruiting including seed formation Root development Strength of straw in cereal crops Improvement of crop quality Ssc. Minnesota 5
6 Gejala Defisiensi Unsur -Mg -K -N -P Symptom of Potassium (K) Deficiency Cassava Cassava Pueraria (Ssc. Minnesota) 6
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