not to be republished NCERT INDEX Chemistry

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2 INDEX Terms Page No. Terms Page No. Absorption 122 Actinoid contraction 231 Actinoids 209, 230 Activated complex 112 Activators 132 Activation energy 113 Adsorption 122 Adsorption isotherm 125 Allotropic forms 175, 187 Ambidentate ligand 240 Amorphous solids 2 Anisotropic 3 Anomalous behaviour of oxygen 182 Antiferromagnetism 28 Aqua regia 199 Arrhenius equation 111, 113 Atomic radii 166, 181, 193, 203 Average rate 95 Avogadro constant 20 Azeotrope 46, 47 Batteries 86 Binary solutions 33, 41, 44 Biochemical catalysis 131 Black phosphorus 176 Blast furnace 154, 156, 157 Blister copper 157 Body-centred unit 7, 11 Bohr magneton 27, 221 Bonding in metal carbonyls 254 Bravais lattices 7 Bredig's arc 137 Brown ring test 175 Brownian movement 140 Calcination 150, 154 Cast iron 156, 162 Catalyst 114, 128 Cell potential 66 Chelate 240 Chemical kinetics 93 Chemisorption 123 Chiral 245 Chromatographic methods 160 Cis - isomer 244, 245 Classification of colloids 134 Close-packed structures 12 Coagulation 142 Colligative properties 47, 56 Chemistry 278 Collision frequency 115 Collision theory of chemical reactions 115 Column chromatography 161 Concentration of ores 149, 150 Concentration of solutions 34 Conductivity 73, 79 Conductors 24 Coordination compounds 237 Coordination entity 240, 242 Coordination isomerism 246 Coordination number 12 Coordination polyhedron 241 Coordination theory 239 Copper matte 151, 156 Corrosion 89 Cryoscopic constant 51 Crystal defects 22 Crystal field splitting 251, 252 Crystal field theory 247, 250 Crystal lattice 7 Crystalline solids 2, 3, 4 Dalton's law 41 Daniell cell 64 Denticity 240 Dependence on rate of concentration 98 Depressants 149 Dialyser 138 Dialysis 138 Diamagnetism 28, 220 Didentate 240 Diode 27 Dislocation defect 23 Dispersed phase 134, 135 Dispersion medium 134, 135 Dissociation constant 256 Distillation 159 Ebullioscopic constant 49 Electrical conductance 74 Electro dialysis 138 Electrochemical cells 64 Electrochemistry 63 Electrode potential 66, 218, 220 Electrolytes 79 Electrolytic cell 83 Electrolytic refining 159 Electromotive force 66 Electron hole 26

3 Terms Page No. Terms Page No. Electron vacancy 26 Electronegativity 167, 181, 193 Electronic configuration 210 Electronic defect 26 Electroosmosis 142 Elements 147 Ellingham diagram 152 Eluant 161 Empirical formula 238 Emulsions 135, 143 Enantiomers 245 End-centred unit 8 Enthalpy 124 Enzyme catalysis 131, 132 Equilibrium constant 71 f.- block elements 227 Face centred unit 7, 11 Facial isomer 245 Faraday's law 83 Ferrimagnetism 28 Ferromagnetism 28, 221 First order reaction 104, 109 Froth floatation 149 Fractional distillation 169 Frenkel defect 22, 23 Frequency factor 111 Freundlich isotherm 125 Fuel cells 88 Galvanic cell 64, 65, 89 Gangue 147, 148 Gels 135 Geometric isomerism 244 Giant molecules 5 Gibbs energy 65, 72, 117 Haber's process 128 Half-life 108 Hall heroult process 158 Halogens 192 Henry's law 40 Heterogeneous catalysis 128, 129 Heteroleptic complex 241 Holme's signals 176 Homogeneous catalysis 128 Homoleptic complex 241, 254 Hybridisation 248 Hydrate isomerism 249 Hydration enthalpy 217 Hydraulic washing 148 Hydro metallurgy 158 Hydrogen bonded molecular solids 4 Ideal solution 45 Impurity defect 23 Inhibitors 132 Inner transition metals 209, 227 Instability constant 256 Instantaneous rate of a reaction 96, 97 Insulators 25 Inter molecular forces 2 Interstitial compounds 223 Interstitial defect 22 Intrinsic semiconductors 25 Ionic conductance 75 Ionic radii 166, 181, 193 Ionic solids 5 Ionisation enthalpy 166, 181, 193, 203 Ionisation isomerism 246 Isomerism 244 Isotonic solution 54 Kinetic energy 113 Kohlrausch law 81, 82 Kraft temperature 136 Lanthanide contraction 213, 228 Lanthanoids 209, 227 Le Chateliers principle 38 Leaching 150 Lewis acids 240 Ligand field theory 247 Ligands 222, 240 Line defects 22 Linkage isomerism 248 Liquation 161 Long range order 2 Lyophilic colloids 137 Lyophobic colloids 137 Magnetic separation 151 Meridional isomer 247 Metal carbonyls 256 Metal excess defect 23 Metallic solids 5 Metallurgy 149, 153 Micelles 138 Minerals 149 Mischmetall 232 Molal elevation constant 49 Molality 37 Molar conductivity 79 Molarity 36, 53 Mole fraction 35, Index

4 Terms Page No. Terms Page No. Molecular orbital theory 249 Molecularity of a reaction 104 Mond process 162 Monoclinic sulphur 189 Mononuclear coordination compounds 244 Nernst equation 70 Noble gases 204 Non-ideal solution 45 Non-polar molecular solids 4 Octahedral voids 15, 17 Optical isomerism 245 Order of a reaction 100 Ores 148 Osmotic pressure 53 Ostwald's process 129 Oxidation number 241 Oxidation state 194 Oxides of nitrogen 172 Oxoacids of halogens 199 Oxoacids of phosphorus 178, 179 Oxoacids of sulphur 189 Ozone 185 Packing efficiency 18 Paper chromatography 161 Paramagnetism 27, 220 p-block elements 165 Peptization 138 Physisorption 123 Pig iron 156 Point defects 22 Polar molecular solids 4 Polydentate 240 Primary battery 86 Primary valence 237 Pseudo first order reaction 110 Pseudo solids 3 Purification of metal 147 Pyrometallurgy 151, 157 Raoult's law 41, 44 Rate law 98, 99 Reaction rate constant 99 Redox couples 65 Red phosphorus 175 Reverberatory furnace 151, 156 Reverse osmosis 55 Rhombic sulphur 187 Roasting 151, 154 Schottky defect 22, 23 Secondary battery 87 Secondary valence 237, 238 Semi conductors 25 Semipermeable membrane 53 Shape-selective catalysis 130 Short range order 2 Smoke screens 176 Solid state 2 Sols 135 Solubility 37 Solvate isomerism 247 Stereo isomerism 244 Stoichiometric defect 22 Strong field ligands 251 Structural isomerism 244 Super cooled liquids 3 Surface chemistry 121 Temperature dependence of rate 111 Tetrahedral permanganate 226 Tetrahedral voids 14, 16 Thermodynamics 154 Trans isomer 244 Transition metals 209, 212 Tyndall cone 139 Tyndall effect 139 Ultrafiltration 139 Unidentate 240 Unit cells 7, 10 Units of rate constant 101 Units of rate of a reaction 95 Vacancy defect 22 Valence bond theory 247, 250 Van arkel method 160 Vapour phase refining 160 Vapour pressure 42, 44 Voltaic cell 64 Weak field ligands 251 Werner's theory 237, 239 Wheatstone bridge 73, 75 White phosphorus 175 Wrought iron 156, 162 Zeolites 130, 131 Zero order Reaction 103, 109 Zeta potential 141 Zone refining 159, 160 Chemistry 280

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7 First Edition January 2007 Pausa 1928 Reprinted November 2007 Kartika 1929 December 2008 Pausa 1930 January 2010 Magha 1931 January 2011 Magha 1932 January 2012 Magha 1933 January 2013 Magha 1934 November 2013 Kartika 1935 PD 400T RNB National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2007 ` Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT watermark Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi and printed at Pankaj Printing Press, D-28, Industrial Area, Site-A, Mathura (U.P.) ISBN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION DIVISION, NCERT NCERT Campus Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi Phone : , 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage Bengaluru Phone : Navjivan Trust Building P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad Phone : CWC Campus Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati Kolkata Phone : CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati Phone : Publication Team Head, Publication Division Chief Production Officer Chief Business Manager Chief Editor (Contractual Service) Editor (Contractual Service) Production Assistant : Ashok Srivastava : Kalyan Banerjee : Gautam Ganguly : Naresh Yadav : Ram Niwas Bhardwaj : Rajesh Pippal Cover and Layout Nidhi Wadhwa

8 FOREWORD The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005 recommends that children s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calender so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in science and mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, Professor B. L. Khandelwal for guiding the work of this committee.

9 Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational 20 November 2006 Research and Training vi

10 PREFACE Chemistry has made a profound impact on the society. It is intimately linked to the well-being of human kind. The rate of advancements in chemistry is so high that curriculum developers continuously look for strategies to cope with these advancements. Also, the students have to be inspired to be the future leaders who would make fundamental contributions. The present textbook is a sincere effort in this direction. The structure of the textbook, presented in two parts, comprises of sixteen Units. Although the titles of various Units indicate a sort of compartmentalisation into physical, inorganic and organic chemistry, readers will find that these sub-disciplines have been intermingled, at least to a certain extent, to have a unified approach to the subject. The approach of presentation of the subject matter discourages students from rote memorisation. The subject has in fact, been organised around the laws and principles of chemistry. As students master these laws and principles, they will soon get to the point where they can predict much of what will come. Efforts have been directed towards making the subject stimulating and exciting by references to the historical developments and its usefulness to our lives, wherever appropriate. The text is well illustrated with examples from surrounding environment to facilitate grasping of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the concept easily. Physical data are given in SI units throughout the book to make comparison of various properties easier. IUPAC system of nomenclature has been followed along with the common system. Structural formulae of chemical compounds showing functional/coordinating groups in different colours are drawn using electronic system. Each Unit has a good number of examples, as illustrations, with their solutions and some intext questions, the answers of some of which are given at the end of the Unit. The end of Unit exercises are designed to apply important principles and provoke thinking process to solve them. Answers of some of these exercises are given at the end of the book. A variety of materials, e.g., biographical sketches of some scientists, additional information related to a particular topic, etc., is given in boxes with a deep yellow coloured bar. This boxed material with a 'deep yellow bar' is to bring additional life to the topic. However, it is non-evaluative. The structures of some of the more complex compounds incorporated in the book are for understanding their chemistry. As their reproduction would lead to memorisation, it is also a non-evaluative portion of the text. The information part has been significantly reduced and, wherever possible, it has been substantiated with facts. However, it is necessary for students to vii

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