Atomic Physics with Stored and Cooled Ions
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1 Lecture #3 Atomic Physics with Stored and Cooled Ions Klaus Blaum Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI, Darmstadt and CERN, Physics Department, Geneva, Switzerland Summer School, Lanzhou, China, 9 17 August Lecture: Production of radioactive nuclei and highly-charged ions 1. Production techniques for radioactive ion beams (RIB) 2. The heavy ion accelerator facility GSI 3. The on-line isotope separator ISOLDE at CERN 4. Production of highly-charged ions (HCI) -at GSI - with an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT)
2 Ion traps, heavy ion cooler rings and laser traps at accelerators Vancouver Argonne Berkeley MSU Stony Brook k Stockholm Aarhus Heidelberg GSI CERN Jyväskylä Lanzhou Tokyo plans at GANIL, KVI Groningen, Leuven, Penning trap for neutron lifetime at ILL, Grenoble off-line experiments at Los Alamos
3 Radioactive ion beam production: principle Principle Primary beam I 0 nuclear reaction ion beam preparation, separation, acceleration/deceleration,... Secondary beam I RIB Reaction rate R = σ reaction φ primary N target Cross sections 1 pb > 10 b Beam flux /cm 2 /s Target thickness g/cm 2 RIB intensity I RIB = ε R Transmission, element, ε = f ( half-life, ionization,... ) 0.1 / day - > / s
4 Proton-induced reactions (e.g. ISOLDE, ISAC) + Spallation 201 Fr protons 1 GeV 238 U + + Fragmentation 11 Li X p n 143 Cs Y + + Fission
5 Heavy-ion-induced reactions (e.g. GSI) Fragmentation Coulomb dissociation Fusion
6 ISOL versus fragmentation 1 GeV protons, Light ions accelerator 1 GeV/u heavy ions ISOL Fragmentation thick production target ion source thin high intensities for long-lived isotopes limitation at T 1/2 < 10 ms high beam quality no refaractory elements 100 kev 1 GeV/u electromagnetic separation postaccelerator decellerator low intensities limitation only at T 1/2 < 1µs low beam quality all elements some MeV At rest ISOL and fragmentation facilities are complementary
7 Concept for in-flight separation Primary beam heavy ions Target thin Separation gas-filled separators velocity Filters fragment separators Bρ = mv /q Eρ = mv 2 /q B <q>=z 1/3 v/v Bohr E x B B Experiment B: magnetic field E: electric sector field ρ: deflection radius m: mass v: velocity q: charge state Z: atomic number
8 Concept for ISOL Primary beam ions p, d, n Target thin thick Catcher gas solid Ion Source various Extraction + Separation
9 Manipulation and cooling of RIB and HCI Demands: good beam quality high intensity heavy ions, <2GeV/u Target protons, 1 GeV MS Improvements via: beam cooling low emittance, energy spread accumulation and bunching signal-to-noise ratio, beam transfer, beam energy variation beam purification clean ion beams ion source MS
10 The heavy ion accelerator GSI Budget: 65 Mio Operation: 52 Mio Investments: 13 Mio Altogether over 1000 users, 400 from abroad (100 internal users) Personnel: ca. 700 employees (250 scientists and engineers) Mission: Construction and operation of accelerators; research with heavy ions Instruments: Accelerators UNILAC/SIS/ESR; large spectrometers and detector systems
11 Research programm at GSI Nuclear Physics 50% Accelerator Development 10% New Technologies Astrophysics Cosmology Atomic Physics 15% Materials Research 5% New Materials Plasma Physics 5% Biophysics & Tumortherapy 15% Clinical Application Joint effort of GSI & university groups and international collaboration
12 Ion (stopping and) collection devices at GSI Existing Collection Devices SIS ESR + STOPPING SHIPTRAP Planned Devices HITRAP FRS gas cell
13 The ISOLDE facility at CERN Radioactive laboratory E. Kugler, Hyp. Int. 129, (2000). GPS-Target Robots 1.4 GeV protons from PS-Booster HRS-Target Control room RILIS laser hut COLLAPS HV-Platform ISOLTRAP
14 ISOLDE Target E. Kugler, Hyp. Int. 129, (2000). 8 V 500 A Ionization techniques: Surface ionization Plasma ionization Resonant laser ionization Protons 9 V 1000 A before after
15 Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) 1. Surface Ionization Ion Source: No isobaric selectivity, limited applicability 2. Plasma Ion Source (ECR-Source): No isobaric selectivity 3. Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS): High isobaric selectivity by resonant laser ionization Limitation by surface ionized isobars U. Köster, V. Fedoseyev et al., Spectrochim Acta 58B, 1047 (2003)
16 Accessibility of elements by RILIS Elements studied with dye laser RIS U. Köster, V. Fedoseyev et al., Spectrochim Acta 58B, 1047 (2003) K. W. et al, Proceedings RnB 6, ANL,USA Dye - laser RIS possible 1 H Nucl. Instr. Meth. in Phys. Res., in press 2 He 3 Li 4 Be Ti:Sa laser RIS demonstrated 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne Ti:Sa laser RIS possible 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 SI 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Ha Ce 95 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Fc 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr At ISOLDE in total >70 elements, >600 isotopes available!
17 Physics at ISOLDE Nuclear Physics 49% Nuclear Decay Spectroscopy and Reactions Structure of Nuclei Exotic Decay Modes Applied Physics 19% Implanted Radioactive Probes, Tailored Isotopes for Diagnosis and Therapy Condensed matter physics and Life sciences Fundamental Physics Direct Mass Measurements, Dedicated Decay Studies WI CKM unitarity tests, search for β-ν correlations, right-handed currents Atomic Physics 18% Laser Spectroscopy and Direct Mass Measurements Radii, Moments, Nuclear Binding Energies f ( N, Z ) Nuclear Astrophysics 14% Dedicated Nuclear Decay/Reaction Studies Element Synthesis, Solar Processes
18 Ion stopping and collection devices at ISOLDE Existing Devices REXTRAP WITCH Penning traps ISOLTRAP RFQ buncher ISOLTRAP cooler trap Planned Devices ISOLDE HRS cooler MISTRAL cooler
19 Production of highly-charged ions at GSI
20 HCI production in an EBIT The electron beam ion trap (EBIT) was developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the late 1980s by R. Marrs and M. Levine axial potential top drift tube collector LN 2 trapped ions LHe center drift tube botton drift tube window drift tubes SC magnet coils electron gun electron beam radial potential EBIT II
21 The ionization process Sequential electron impact ionization in an electron beam ion trap continuum n=3 n=2 31 kev 12 kev electron beam with energy E k As the ion charge state goes up: growing ionization potential: 10 ev ev diminishing cross section: cm cm 2 n=1 130 kev
22 Competing processes: recombination N charge exchange with restgas neutral atoms n n n n n Ne 9+ n n n n n solution: vacuum Torr (1000 atoms/cm 3 ) capture of free electrons γ radiative recombination (RR) n n n n n solution: raising electron beam energy
23 Principles of an EBIT (electron beam ion trap) e - -beam B 40 mm the trap: axially: electron beam space charge 60 µm 6000 A/cm 2 n e e - /cm 3 trap potential U t 100 V (U t ion charge) 5000 ev longitudinally: electrodes
24 Evaporative cooling collisions with beam electrons heat up ion ensemble light, less tightly trapped ions (e.g. Ne 10+ ) evaporate removing thermal energy: a single Ne 10+ takes away 2 kev (1 second additional life for a heavy ion) heavy, highly charged ions (e.g. Ba 53+ ) remain trapped indefinitely Ion temperatures from 1000 ev to 10 ev Doppler width λ/λ 1/ (Ba 53+ ) High resolution spectroscopy
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