Carrier and function-supporting material for low-energy fusion processes as well as processes. Description

Transcription

1 Carrier and function-supporting material for low-energy fusion processes as well as processes Description Foreword This description of a patent includes phenomenological processes which are largely scientifically assured but are also largely derived from scientifically assured assumptions. Attempts to verify these assumptions are not fully available. This is why key trials have been made in order not to leave the theory entirely in the room. I.e. exothermic energetic effects were shown. Under scientifically thinned assumptions we understand well-known rules and findings from nuclear physics and chemistry, as well as those of quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics. There is nothing bad about it, and actually rule in physics that theories are replaced from time to time because there are better theories. In fact, these school physics opinions, based on these well-known theories, have explanations in many areas. In fact, there are out-of-the-way and in-depth investigations which help here. What is to be expressed here. A hand- and stable explanation of the processes can not be countered here. This will take another 100 years. Thus, a patent on simple principles is possible but not secured, as is known, e.g. In macroscopic mechanical devices e.g. is possible. Nevertheless, patents are granted for such transactions. 1. Introduction To begin with, the process described below and the community by LENR (low energy nuclear reaction) is explained as a fusion, using simple models. For the technology of Rossi and other experimentators, energy from an isotope shift and weak interaction processes (= beta processes) is also assumed. In addition, there is an almost innumerable amount of publications on the subject and the process often seems diffuse. All the more, Airbus DS has forced itself to return to a scientific base and to structure the system. Thus, the term "LENR" is more than just a reaction to the nuclear level, with the partners involved being lowenergy. The reality, as it presents itself to us, is the process more complicated. There may also be other processes which are not the subject of the patent. But here, where a functional material is presented, the following exothermic mechanisms must be assumed Condensation of matter into new (2008 or slightly earlier) hitherto unknown states (Known as Rydberg matter) 2. Fusion and also fission (known for hot and cold fusion, at least muon catalysed fusion is assured) and such effect from the Casimir theory 3. Zero point energy 4. Vacuum energy 5. Moderate beta-processes, which could be explained today probably by the Cäsimir theory.

2 We use processes 1-5, while others rely on single process. However, with us 4 is a bit outward, since here is not clear. We have no model how energy can be drawn from the vacuum. However, the electromagnetic processes in the vacuum of a cavity are very important for the following (see also ANNEX 1). Many of these terms are also known in science fiction, but are rather hand-held physics, which partly originate from sources before 1940 and which still form the basis for research and Nobel Prize. In the following, a large number of hypotheses are made, with which a logic for the explanation of the exothermic overall balance is facilitated. As with other patents and hypotheses in this area, accurate research will take decades and more. Logic, however, helps to design a system. If it works, the better. A brief overview of the subject is available from Wikipedia to name the essential facts historical points: Fleischmann Pons' claim of fusion in an electrolytic system with palladium with deuterium, was initially questioned. There is no clear functional principle for this type of fusion today. Muons-catalyzed fusion, was first postulated by E.A. Wesman, 1967 and the model is obvious. The muon is a heavy type of leptons, which have the electron as the most well-known representative. The 207-fold heavier muon replaces the electron on the atomic shell and leads to much smaller muonic atoms, which then lead to muonically bound distances between the nuclei, which are considerably smaller. This is to make fusion possible. This type of fusion has been confirmed in experiments, but leads to the problem that sufficiently large amounts of Muons are available. However, the production of muons is energetically complex. Therefore, this technology has not been pursued. New results: Rossi / first contact The first contact with the topic was the information on the Internet about the successful experiments of Andrea Rossi with a device E-CAT, whereby the system nickel hydrogen (Ni-H) was mentioned. Nickel and hydrogen are both elements which are much easier to obtain than palladium and deuterium, which are known for similar processes from the times of Fleischmann and Pons. While materials are already known, the construction of these devices is largely unknown to us and others. Rossi's method has now been declared in a patent. Whether this patent is credible is to be considered. Pretty much no one knows the exact procedures at this level. This is not to say that there is no fundamental theory, e.g. Casimir, QED, which we will use as an aid later. Defkalion / second contact The visit to Defkalion Green Technologies revealed limited information about the system, although the actual structure of the functional core as well as the material remained secret. The technical information was based on material, energy yield and calorimetry. The known Ni-H system with a potassium catalyst was mentioned as

3 material. Other supplements were claimed, but they were concealed. The mode of functioning leading to cold fusion has been explained. However, a report has been published on this technology that hardly contains new information but mentions zirconium and the rutile structure typical of titanium. The report also reports a metal matrix, which we imagine as a foam filled with a grain-like catalyst material. Defkalion reported in "Technical Characteristics", "Performance of the Defense Pre-Industrial Product", John Hadjichristos, ICCF17. "We use several layers of agents & quot ;, coated around a Si-AL ceramic surface surrounding the nickel foam. To help Rydberg Hydrogen to survive this journey. Some of these agents are ZnO, MgO, Zr,... "Further the process is explained:" The RSH nuclei is disguised as a neutron. " Defkalion therefore has a nickel foam, a nickel-active element, with a Si-Al surface which is not defined in more detail and surrounds the nickel foam. The Si-Al surface has a complicated coating. Apparently in this Ni foam again a Ni powder with 5µm particles Insertion: Airbus DS material P.S. Airbus DS material is a zirconium foam, more specifically a ZrO2 foam with the usual impurities, decisive for hafnium. The foam has a clear primary function as a carrier and proton storage. The foam has a coating, which in turn has a clear function as a catalyst for hydrogen plasma and condensation accelerator for Rydberg matter and even ensures that this matter can condense to form an ultra-dense condensate (Ultra-dense Hydrogen). The principles thus use Ultra-dense Hydrogen. This is what is already known:. "Shariar Badiei and Leif Holmlid". Experimental observations of an atomic hydrogen material with H-H bond distance of 150pm suggesting metallic hydrogen. Shortly thereafter, Leif Holmlid publishes further papers with information on these Ultra-dense condensates. They were already known, but they have a stability problem at high temperatures. This stability problem was circumvented with the provided system of Airbus DS, although there were already indications that the formation with conventional metals also at room temperature works. (We would like to write a publication)

4 ADS material The filling is not as shown on the known Defkalion sketches. For A/DS, a layer of a catalyst is introduced into the open-pore foam of a few nm or μm. The pores are far from being filled. As will be noted later there are already literature from the authors, Arata, Ahern of zirconium-based systems. Especially, however, a report by Horace Heffner, which provides fairly comprehensive information on Defkalion's remarks. The model of Horace Heffner provides a direct explanation of the fusion with a transient orbit of the electron, which is so close to the proton that a virtual neutron emerges (a quasi-neutron, so to speak). In any case, a neutron which exists at short notice but long enough to merge with a nucleus, should not have any problems, since the Coulomb barrier is missing. An e- (beta) decay thereafter changes the isotope. More information from Defkalion's trials and later Rossi trial reports and other sources From different sources it becomes clear that there are two different geometries, one 10-40μm for the catalyst. The other time around the 10µm for the pores of the foam. Ni blisters, Ni filling and undefected coating.

5 Defkalion shows in its presentations foam bubbles with 200μm diameter and 5μm particles. 2. Research Research Part 1 Materials 2.1 Material Composition The active material consists of two components: Component 1: Host Component 2: Catalyst Other manufacturers use similar procedures. Mainly Miley suggests a similar structure in his patent, but is more specific. 2.2 Principal materials isotopic table It is clear from short studies that, in contrast to nuclear fission and conventional fusion, a different path is used for LENR. While in the above technologies, massively, the force of strong interaction is set, it is the LENR's weak interaction, e.g. Auger electrons and beta+ decay, or even the conversion of protons and neutrons and vice versa. This was the study of the isotopic table (number of protons given by number of neutrons). The weak interaction gives the isotope table a special pattern:

6 Striking are the stairs in the table, which represent the stable isotopes. The various elements are mapped to the horizontal. The associated isotope on the vertical. For Ni64, e.g. A new but unstable isotope is formed by the removal of a neutron. This isotope then decays under energy release, in vacuo with radiation and either Another neutron, since the pair rule exists, would be fulfilled. One electron, changing element identity A positron with a change of element identity. At the time, the delivery of an electron was preferred. But also the delivery of a neutron is highly interesting and useful for the conservation of the process. - because this can destabilize another isotope. The selection of the materials to be used for LENR is now done by searching for such patterns. Of these, there are many and sensible limiting rules are that the starting isotope is present in a high quantity (is not the case with Ni64, for example) and the isotope N-1 decays by itself to give a high-energy particle as stable as possible. Derivable materials:

7 From Z = 16, N = 20 upwards: S, Cl as beta- and neutron (Ar, K, Ca possibly over beta+) From Z = 15, N = 22 upwards: Ar, K as beta- and neutron From Z = 18, N = 40 upwards: Ni, Cu as beta- and neutron But also Ti would about work beta- at Z = 24, N = 30. But Fe would also work at Z = 26, N = 32 Zn not at Z = 30, N = 40, since it is itself unstable, but Ga, ev. Ge From Z = 34, N = 36 and 38 as beta- neutron and then possibly Br. From Z = 36, N = 50 Krypton From Z = 40, N = 54, Zr (zirconium) From Z = 44, N = 60, Ru And finally, the well-known palladium Pd and silver are found at Z = 46. Further elements according to the above scheme are now omitted. A composition on these elements appears possible High electromagnetic fields / high pressures The stability of nuclei changes under high pressures and high electro-magnetic fields, and the behavior in the collective of nucleons also changes. This is a starting point for new reaction channels. From the Schwerien-Ecke Darmstadt it is known that low interaction of electrons with valence quarks is possible. This fits the Heffner model. Can we produce high density and high electromagnetic fields locally? We think, yes, and can convincingly prove this in the next step. The manufacture is known, but we. Use this here for further purposes in our process? Ultra-dense hydrogen In the search for sound science - so far, many new ways have been identified, but no proven reference case identified in this new field of physics, Georg Miley found ultra-compact hydrogen. Ultra-dense hydrogen is a condensate of e.g. 140kg / cm3 and thus much heavier than all known materials - and this was found in

8 Gothenburg. The material is now well researched (since 2006 and later) but largely unknown, especially in the use for LENR (except for George Miley). Miley worked at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the field of new fusion techniques. One article mentions the collaboration with Leif Holmlid. Leif Holmlid has been conducting research with Ultra-dense hydrogen for years and is based in Sweden. As will be described later, under certain conditions, hydrogen condenses to extremely high densities. In this state it is easy to bring about nuclear fusion. In fact, the A / DS material produced such fusions, or at least energy expected in this range. We have here a case of Ultra-dense Matter. The fusion was produced with Leif Holmlid (in his laboratory - it is not the first one to produce it, but here with our material). Note: George Miley already makes LENR with Ultra-dense Hydrogen (means in a layered material, without radiation) Leif Holmlid makes hot fusion with Ultra-dense Hydrogen (means in a vacuum, and thus with radiation) We want to make LENRs by exploiting the fusion properties of Ultra-dense Hydrogen but wanting to add a second mechanism, namely, the controlled propagation through weak interaction functions. This also allows us to get a little into the ignition mechanism, because if the process can spread, we can use local ignition (for example, with a car spark plug) and then use the propagation to produce the fusion in the entire material. Others have to ignite differently: compression mecanical effects (Brillouin), large plasma state (by ionisation stretch) (defkalion), high temperatures (Rossi). We, on the other hand, are controlled and safe (although the others will claim the same). Even though ultra-dense matter has long been published by Georg Miley and Leif Holmlid, the production of ultra-dense matter is attractive as an intermediate step in the LENR process chain. A / DS carries out this intermediate step. It may be that A / DS can stand out from other patents by this intermediate step. Georg Miley also uses this matter like Leif Holmlid. Miley in a special layered system for LENR, Leif Holmiid for researches in the inertial confinement fusion Magnetic properties of the elements It is known that para / ferromagnetic elements or the oxides and salts of the elements function less well for providing the LENR effect. Therefore, in the selection under 2.1.1, the state of the element must also be observed. Knowledge of Ultra-dense Hydrogen: Ultra-dense Hydrogen has a 100x100x100 higher density than known hydrogen in a frozen grid. Ultra-dense Hydrogen is either a Bose Einstein condensate on material length or a Bose Einstein spin condensate. The entanglement of the protons is always given.

9 Thus, Ultra-dense Hydrogen is a superfluid and probably a superconductor. All this makes this material unique for further development. The documented findings of Leif Holmlid show that the condensation to UDH works with both hydrogen and deuterium. The properties of the UDH are thus slightly different Isoelectronic materials Various output systems are already known. The Pd-D system should work as well as the Ni-H system. But one can assume that isoelectric materials also work. For example, Zirconium is isoelectric to Pd and Ti isoelectric to Ni. This, however, does not appear to be necessary for the patent because it is not specifically used. The restriction on materials would thus also be quite strong. Summary Part 1 In summary, we have found the two methods so far: Isotope stabilization (although it is not yet clear how the neutron is really coming later) Fusion with Ultra Density Hydrogen (UDH) The main thing is the provision of UDH and, thus, extremely high densities, which allow a new physics to run (may need to search for documents). 3 Search-Research Part 2 - Morphology Faults and high-temperature superconductivity Defects or doping as in Shottky depletion effect and semiconductors, only with a much higher density are mentioned as essential in the literature (Miley). So high defect densities give a puzzle first. How do we get high defect density. Either we mix fine-grained granules (huge defects are no longer in the lattice structure) or we follow the semiconductor technology in a new sense. The former is already practiced in LENR reactors. In fact, the theory of high temperature superconductors (Hirsch San Diego) brings new approaches and shows how mechanisms can work to induce low excited states on high Rydberg orbit to superconductivity. For this purpose, defects, e.g. doping in a semiconductor. The half conductor can also be a metal oxide system. It is important that no free electrons are initially in the undisturbed system and we can control a supply of Rydberg orbital forming defects. In the s = 0 state, these Rydberg orbitals form a basis for strongly dense electron clouds, or amplification of the EM field and thus a possibility to capture and condense protons (Winterberg theory). At surface, these systems form plasmon. To this later.

10 (PS: There are similar theories already, eg the above mentioned Muon and here we should not rule out that not also a muon is formed in the weak interaction porpores, which is rather the nature - furthermore there is the so-called heavy electron after Widom, which is rather a Collectively oscillating electron mass) This oxide structure is used for example at Airbus DS. The defects are simply caused by an alloy of the metal with another transition metal or a semiconductor. As a result, even a highly disturbed semiconductor is produced. From this point, where the system has been successfully tested, one can imagine other compositions of oxidic systems. All these systems are proposed. These are formed from a major transition metal as found in and one or more ligands from the post-transition metals, semiconductors, and lanthanides or actinodides. It is also possible to use any known high-temperature semiconductor with corresponding doping, in particular those formed from the correct mixing ratio + doping of the elements Al, Si, Ga, Ge, In, Tl, Pb, Bi. Because ultimately, the Logig is here to produce electric vortexes with Rydberg electrons on high orbits. Note: Something like Ta and C also also known to work. At C but rather with special Casimir properties in nano-tubes. But the problem would be solved with Ultra-dense Hydrogen Further Condensation of Ultradenses Hydrogen Once the defect sites have formed the nuclei for the vertebrae and the defects are large enough, hydrogen protons can be organized in these defect parts (previous model of Winterberg) and so - called superatoms / resp. Superweave, which then form the above-mentioned strong magnetic fields. As soon as the magnetic fields are correspondingly high, we can expect spontaneous symmetry calculation and new bosonic particles are formed. In extreme densities and extreme magnetic fields, we can expect a shift in the stability isotopes (known) and thus demand that some extreme isotopes become already unstable (which can be expected, for example, with Ni). Here is a link to: A) Fusion production of UDH (see below) B) Plasmons (see below)

11 3.1.3 Additional requirements Metal lattice structure / hydrogen charge Of course, as a further requirement, sufficient hydrogen must be present in the vicinity of the lattice. This claims for the first time a charging process. Not every lattice can be charged with large amounts of hydrogen. For example, Cubic-centered lattices with one or more oxygen atoms are preferred. The oxygen migrates from the crystal lattice and creates space for UDH. But it can also fall into two Be cores or 4He cores, should this be energetically more favorable under the extreme conditions. They are predominantly the "aipha" lattice structures, which are preferred here (cubic or body-centered) So we demand for storage: A) strongly mobile and thus easily removable in the situation, so that space for further protons arises. B) the extreme situation in the defect even leads to the oxygen decomposing into beryllium and helium in an exothermic reaction. Because of the larger nucleon diameter of the heavier elements, they are predestined (not to say that it works with period 2). Summary Part 2 and first functional topology We have learned here that a certain morphology is useful for the effect. The nano / micromorphology mainly to form the basis for the formation of highly excited electronic states. These states consist of many electrons that are centrally bound to a new superatom, which resides in the material and can be a form of UDH. This form is negatively affected by the net magnetism of participating nucleons, so rather magnetically neutral, inactive, diamagnetic materials are preferred. In this case, it should also be pointed out that the host material as well as the catalyst material can be designed from these considerations. For the host material, heavy cores are more likely to be used if it is to simultaneously receive and provide a reservoir of hydrogen. However, this is not absolutely necessary, since a good to excellent hydrogen storage is also possible with the elements of period L (2te), its salts and oxides. This is accompanied by a functional task in the carrier material. However, it turns out that, although the carrier material can ultimately form Ultra-dense hydrogen in principle, it is often desired, but not always necessary, in addition to the task of hydrogen storage. On the contrary, the previous selection of material and morphology is often not sufficient and thus the need for a catalyst is compelled, which is composed with the host material. However, it is also clear that there are materials that form hydrogen without a catalyst. This is well-known and can be read in the paper by Leif Holmlid [1 NIMM Paper]: these materials include the materials listed in and additional materials of the second group of the periodic table in the transition elements, but also polymers are possible. With the example of zirconium, that is now sufficiently known, one learns that even without the morphology formed in Part 2 is formed UDH [1], wherein with the morphology and without catalyst, the UDH is not formed.

12 Thus, in addition to the hydrogen-host function, another simple aspect of the design of the material must be inferred. The pore structure / foam structure serves mainly to increase the surface area. The more surface, the more [it] functions. Now that the surface has been introduced, the material volume must also be introduced, since the above defects mainly form. The function can thus take place on the surface and in the volume of the material. In the next chapter we will discuss the function on the surface. In the subsequent discussion on the function in the material, however, an important principle will be required here. Once, a local event, e.g. Fusion to generate energy. Since this local event on the surface is rather strongly related to plasma and thus to plasma resonances, it is a locally stationary process which does not spread. Locally, the material melts and has to go back into an alpha state after solidifying, so that the function can be executed once more. While the material has melted, the prerequisites for the formation of the process are not met. The process is thus self-destructive and can not lead to critical states like an uncontrolled splitting reactor. No propagation of the function (e.g., fusion) is expected over the adjoining plasma itself since they are Langmuir waves which are known to have no or no large propagation velocity. In the end, another mechanism has to be established to guarantee the spread of the local event or to use a firing mechanism which allows to ignite locally at different points in the material. The latter, however, is no longer the subject of the patent but covered by other patents. In this patent, especially two methods (and even several as we will see later) are brought together to create a comprehensive, controllable, designable exothermic, locally propagating function. For this mechanism, only the surface of the structure or the volume of the structure remains available. Since the individual foam bubbles are regarded as shot-off units, and the local electromagnetic events and products are difficult to spread beyond their limits, only the volume of the material remains for discussion in part Search-Research Part 3 - Plasmons Whether it is Ultra-dense hydrogen or superatoms in solid bodies, the world is always divided into positive and negative charge carriers, whereby the positive charge carriers are either protons in the vacuum case or positive charged more or less moving defects (holes) in the electron lattice. Thus one can imagine a proton lattice or free protons and alternatively an overlying electron lattice or free (conducting) electrons. In this part the electrons, and this near the surface, are interesting. At the surface, electrons form an electric field, which is a near field and thus can not transport energy to the outside. This field is also called plasmon (surface plasmon) and, of course, if only sufficient positive charge carriers in its vicinity favor the attachment or even condensation of positive charge carriers. These positive charge carriers are e.g. The protons from the hydrogen. We assume that the formation of plasmons is a

13 necessary prerequisite for the formation of the ultra-density hydrogen and is therefore necessary for the partial function of the process and thus also for the overall function. Now there has been a long time Plasmon research and to stimulate this, it needs a procedure, mainly an electromagnetic as with light. As can be read, however, the wavelength of the plasmons is dependent on the permittivity of the carrier material and is thus substantially shorter than that of the incident light. For example, In the infrared range at 10μm. A cavity geometry with a multiple of 10μm would perhaps favor this - the wavelengths must match. A known trick to accomplish this excitability of plasmons with light is the so-called Kretschmann geometry (is there a patent on it?). This is practically accomplished by a thin metallic layer on the host material. (So there is a layered material - and this is to be isolated from Miley, since he has a patent on it - although whether you can look at a layer coating already layered is to ask - registration text Miley read again). Plasmons thus form on metallic surfaces, or also on the interface to the host material and to the plasma on a metallic layer. By metallic means, therefore, is meant that free electrons must be present. Since our material is oxidic, a conductivity is not first exerted, but since we have doped and work with superconductivity-like substances, this property is reproduced. For further information: If light falls on this layer, interference patterns are formed on the top and in the volume of the material. Thus, these patterns are formed in the thin metallic layer (coating) and in the host material, but always very close to the surface. If there is space for protons, and this is abundant, then there are corresponding patterns of electronegative regions which serve as a trap for protons, and thus, under the direct circumstances (described above), serve to form hydrogen ions. As described in part 2, this layer is not absolutely necessary, but it is very helpful for the stable and operational maturity of the system and this layer works up to high temperatures with the corresponding materials (with Ni not so high, but for example with the one we use Material XXX). But maybe we should make the layer again from a choice of the elements from with the characteristics described below. temperature Resistant forming semiconductors function oxidic semiconductors even better not ferro or paramagnetic

14 Thus, our system seems to be limited to those defended by Defkalion (but this must be checked again). The geometry at Airbus DS is then drawn as follows: Summary: Part 3 We have learned how the formation of ultradenses can catalyze hydrogen. Fe2O3, NiO, TiO, MnO and other materials, which are obtained again from the above mentioned 2.1.1, can be brought to the host material in thin layers. These layer thicknesses to the successful geometry are systemdependent. For Ni on Zr, e.g. A thickness of a few 10nm to success. But also other systems up to layer thicknesses up to 10um were successfully tested. 5. Volume processes Once a surface as large as possible is created for the formation of UDH and the stable provision is possible, the process can be ignited. The material is locally melted by the high energy yield. The process dies under these conditions and a long-running process sequence is not possible. Therefore, another process needs to be done. This process simultaneously closes the gap to the open neutron question from As neutron donors, atoms with slightly attaching neutrons are possible, those with halo neutrons, and those which convert a proton to a neutron by an electron capture and then release it. In the system of Andrea Rossi (E-CAT3), LiAIH4 is used to perform a neutron hopping and then use an exothermic isotope probe as the sole energetic process via the weak interaction. The final destination is not clear. Here, this alloy is used to A) to cool at the fusion site. At high temperatures above 800 degrees and higher, the Li-Al bond is also split. The small Li+ core is captured by the plasmons and even by defects in the catalyst, whereas Al can be incorporated into the host material and lead to further defects that favor the intercalation of hydrogen and the formation of ultra-densities of hydrogen. In addition, further protons are released locally from H4. However, the aluminum can also adhere to the surface of the catalyst, where it forms a nanostructure which guarantees increased electric fields on the surface and thus further promotes plasmon formation. It is also not excluded that due to the larger electric charge of Al- ions, the latter is suitable as a carrier and bridge for the stabilization of ultradenses of hydrogen and thus allows larger bounded regions and ultradenses of hydrogen. B) to provide for the propagation of the reactions in neighbors via the valence quarks, even with the release of neutrons in the volume of the host material. What is the purpose of this spread? The built-in lithium gives a neutron to the host metal core. In addition to the UDH fusion, an unstable isotope is now formed, which is

15 converted into a stable isotope by beta+, beta+ decay, thereby giving rotational momentum and charge via the EM coupling to the neighboring nucleotide and spin coupling of the UDH to the neighboring nucleotide. The range of charge transport and spin transport by the host material is extremely large, so that sufficient energy transfer into the adjacent rows is possible with a sufficiently high reaction density. As a result, the transport and propagation of the reaction through the entire host material is possible, even if the reaction itself does not take place there primarily, until the regions into which the ultradensity can form hydrogen after the lithium deposition. C) besides the intercalation of lithium, the addition of potassium and other alkali metals is also advantageous. But you know that. Depending on the melting point or transition into the gas phase, the formation of highly excited Rydberg states and thus the preparatory state for the formation of plasmon as the nucleus is possible before further protons can accumulate. Summary Part 5: Somehow we need to find a propagation mechanism, which we want to make the ignition local and not to activate the process externally throughout the material. This section shows the possibilities. A mechanical design is given in Part Hydrogen catalysis In addition to the above new design hints, another aspect is the provision of plasma. Pure protons or pure deuterium are then present in the plasma. The initial state is initially a hydrogen atmosphere. That Hydrogen is molecularly soluble and needs to be broken. Plasma from hydrogen first requires atomic hydrogen: this is produced by the above-mentioned catalyst as a double function. It is so that many metals and oxides also provide this catalysis, including those such as Ni, Fe, but details can be found in relevant subject areas. However, the replica can use Ni in various forms, the performance being dependent on the specific design and environmental parameters. For example, Can the decomposition of the hydrogen take place at a room temperature (must manufacturers be indicated here?) - but hydrogen catalysis is not the subject of the patent, the interplay with this already. It is also also the case that on the surfaces, the state of the electrons is displaced into high orbits by the ejection work so that only small energy is necessary to tonify the hydrogen. This energy can be provided by thermal movement of the heavy surface atoms, or when the process is running out of the exothermic reaction. The plasma, which means that protons or deuterium are in pure form, is used to produce a sufficiently high proton density. The protons can then condense as Ultra-dense Hydrogen. 7. Types of reaction Fusion products / pions, and decay to muons => Muon-induced fusion catalysis. Depending on Leif Holmlids publications.

16 8. Process As already described above, an order of magnitude of the geometries in the range of 1 μm is preferred. In this μm range, however, many physical principles must be considered or adapted with regard to the Casimir theory. 8.1 Plasma formation and attraction of protons It is known that plasma formation occurs by ionization and evanescent waves on surfaces of metals. Further, the catalytic hydrogen decomposition is known by various materials. In this case, the selection of the materials used should have a container or carrier material and a hydrogen catalyst. In addition, advantages of large specific surfaces and semiconductor effects can also be utilized. An important feature is the preparation of condensation. In particular, this means that a plasma is generated and the hydrogen protons provided by hydrogen decomposition and the ionization are attracted by a surface. The plasma can here be an external ionization mechanism or a process which is triggered by an IR radiation over a period of time. Parallel to the plasma formation, there is a virtual plasma density distribution that generates e+e- electron pairs. In order to generate plasma, at least one cavity is designed with a coating (FIG. 1). The at least one cavity or container is formed, for example, by foamed carrier metal through various bubbles. Grain layers 1-3 form the coating (FIG. 2) of the cavities. This produces the so-called Kretschmann geometry (FIGS. 3, 4). The Kretschmann geometry is irradiated with a radiation of a certain wavelength. This results in interference patterns on the surface of the carrier metal in the order of magnitude of several 100 nm with different distribution of electronegativity along the surface. The areas on the surface with a high electronegativity serve as proton attractors and attract them. Since the attracted protons disturb the distribution of the electronegativity, further mechanisms are necessary. In particular, a surface is suitable for absorbing the attracted protons. The evanescent irradiation field of the carrier material (FIG. 6) assists the interference pattern on the carrier material and the associated distribution of the electronegativity. In each of these stages, hydrogen protons can condense to form UDH. This frees additional energy, which can amplify the effects of the IR radiation on the substrate surface in some areas. 8.2 Migration of protons and condensation If the protons are close to the surface of the catalyst (grain size 2-10μm), they will experience further strong electronegative forces. These forces are produced by the narrow gaps of the catalyst (FIG. 7) and attract positive charges. As a result, the positively charged protons can be introduced into the catalyst. In addition to hydrogen protons, protons can also be deuterium or atoms / molecules of higher masses.

17 According to the theory of Hirsch for high temperature superconductors and of Winterberg for the formation of UDH, cavity defects such as additional ions of a further material lead to local defects with positive charge. These attract electrons. In the system described, electrons thus experience static and dynamic forces which act on them. This can be achieved in different ways. For example, metal oxides can be introduced or semiconductorlike structures can be used. Preferably, the number of defects is maximized. P-doped semiconductors can, for example, serve as initial points which attract electrons and cause negatively charged regions. In order to generate such defects, crystals of oxide alloys are preferably suitable. In principle, the connection of different materials leads to a disturbed crystal lattice structure with imperfections. Since a crystal lattice regularly has distances between the atoms in the range of pm, there is enough space for further condensed hydrogen atoms / protons (1-20 pm order of magnitude). In this case, the evanescent wave is also responsible for the electromagnetic field in the catalytic converter (FIGS. 8-11). If oxygen atoms are involved in the crystal lattice, these can be easily removed from the crystal lattice and replaced by UDH. They can also disintegrate into smaller atoms by the addition of energy. In any case, more space is created for storing UDH. 8.3 Neighboring activation and initiation It is known that when enough IR radiation energy is introduced into the material, the energy travels in the form of a phoneme wave and activates neighboring positron-electron pairs and initiates further initiating processes. In addition, neutrons and quasi-neutrons, as well as direct particles involved in the fusion process, are accelerated and transported into the neighboring cavities. Thus, the process is maintained. The quasi-protons and protons interact with the carrier material and the catalyst with the release of heat. 8.4 Ignition The repulsive potential between the protons and the positively charged fusion partners is very high. When UDH is formed, the density is very high and the fusion partners are thus close to the fusion barrier. Even a small energy contribution is sufficient to induce a fusion. Such an ignition of the fusion process can be effected by external ionization, for example by high voltage or by radiation, for example laser. Alternatively, a simple spark plug can also be used for this purpose. 8.5 Super excitation and outputs The topology of the system consists, among other things, of a coated foam-like structure and its adjacent atmosphere. While a plasma is almost automatically generated on the coated surface, additional plasma is generated by the released heat resulting from the process. The formation of electron-positron pairs is limited to the corresponding local sites by the Casimir geometries. This results in high electromagnetic fields, due to the reorganization of the charge density in the cavities. The released and also the free electrons can thus be attracted by the positively charged UDH. The generated and released energy can be transported over the lattice vibrations to the neighboring regions of the carrier material and thus spread. The system can thus regenerate itself after dispensing the energy.

18 Summary The device according to the invention favors the formation of UDH and at the same time increases the efficiency of the UDH production / condensation, which is proportional to the possible energy production.

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