An introduction to Nuclear Physics
|
|
|
- Jared Poole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 An introduction to Nuclear Physics Jorge Pereira National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics
2 The Origin of Everything
3
4 Layout The Nucleus. Some concepts What holds nucleons together? Walking to the Valley of Stability: Radioactivity Modern Alchemy: Nuclear Reactions Fusion reactors in the Cosmos: Stars Current Research
5 The Nucleus Some concepts
6 The nucleus u d u
7 The family portrait Number of neutrons N Nuclei with the same number of protons Z: ISOTOPES Nuclei with the same number of neutrons N: ISOTONES Nuclei with the same number of nucleons A: ISOBARS
8 What holds nucleons together?
9 The four interactions
10 The Gravitational potential Energy E G (r) that a subject of mass m (climber) acquires at a distance r from the object of mass M (Earth) E (r ) mv(r ) m G G M G r F(r ) G d dr E (r ) G m M G 2 r V G (r) V G (r) E G (r) (r ) F G r The climber has E G (r) Kinetic energy!!! r 2 E G(r ) 2 (v r ) m G r M
11 The Electromagnetic potential Potential energy E E (r) that a subject of charge q 1 (proton) acquires at a distance r from an object of charge q 2 (proton) E(r ) q V(r ) q E 1 E 1 K q r 2 F(r ) E d dr q V(r ) K 1 E q r 2 2 E K =0 E E (r) E K E E =0 1 2 m v p 2 Coulomb Barrier
12 The Weak potential Interaction of quarks and leptons Change quarks flavors Protons can transform into Neutrons and vice versa e n p e e p n e n p
13 The potential: Strong Potential energy E N (r) that a quark-made subject (proton) acquires at a distance r from a quark-made object (neutron) E *
14 The Binding energy of a nucleus B N B Z Neutrons Protons B/A B/ A a A a A a A 2 / 3 c v s 1/ 3 a s N Z A
15 Walking to the Valley of Stability Radioactivity
16 Radioactivity: Unstable nuclei E=M.c 2 (Energy=Mass) ds/dt >0 de/dt<0 M=Z.m p + N.m n - B A nucleus will do whatever it takes to maximize its binding energy (minimize energy)!!! How does a nucleus evolve to maximize the binding energy? Valley of stability
17 Releasing packets of protons and neutrons (2p+2n) radioactivity 4 He I can increase my binding energy!!! decay: 4 ( Z,N) (Z 2,N 2) 2He2 Q
18 Mass excess Transforming protons into neutrons (and vice versa) radioactivity A=100 - decay: ( Z,N) (Z 1,N 1) e e + decay: ( Z,N) (Z 1,N 1)e e Q Q
19 Releasing energy (de-exciting) radioactivity E * decay: (Z,N) (Z,N) E
20 Spontaneous Fission B Cf 154 B In77 77 Fission 49In There is a net gain in energy!!! Q fiss =B 2 +B 2 -B 1
21 Modern Alchemy: Nuclear Reactions
22 Nuclear Reactions How to convert a nucleus into a different one Light projectile (e.g. deuterium) collides with a target nucleus (Z initial, N initial ) at a given energy E initial Intermediate nuclei (Z, N, E * ) Final nuclei: Z final, N final, E final The reaction absorbs energy: Endoenergetic The reaction releases energy: Exoenergetic
23 Nuclear Reactions Example: neutron-induced reactions
24 Two types of exoenergetic reactions 56 26Fe 30 Fusion Fission
25 Nuclear Fission Reactions Deuterium-induced fission Projectile: light nucleus Target nucleus: Z, N Two nuclei + Energy + Free protons and neutrons
26 Fission Chain 1. Many nuclei (e.g. 235 U) 2. Each fission releases energy Q fiss and produces neutrons 3. Each neutron, will favor the fission of more 235 U Q fiss Q fiss Q fiss Q fiss
27 Use of Fission Reactions There is a huge release of energy in a short time interval!!! N( 235 U) x Q fiss Uncontrolled chain: Supercritical regime Increasing flow of neutrons Atomic bomb!!! Controlled chain: Critical or subcritical regime Steady/decreasing flow of neutrons Nuclear Reactor
28 Fission Reactor Control rods: neutron absorbers Steam Nuclear Fuel Clean energy (generated from steam) If neutron absorber fails Accidents!!! Long-live radioactive residues (some of them used in bombs)
29 Nuclear Fusion Reactions 24 12Mg C6 6 Fusion 6C
30 Use of Fusion Reactions A lot of energy could be generated More than in fission reactions Fusion reactors! It is necessary a lot of energy to compress the fusion nuclei (deuterium: 2 H, tritium: 3 H) to overcome Coulomb repulsion Uncontrolled compression: (e.g. fission-induced) Thermonuclear bomb!!! Controlled compression: (not yet found) Fusion reactor
31 Fusion Reactors 1. Keep nuclear fuel confined in a VESSEL 2. Increase the temperature (pressure) in the VESSEL 3. Hot nuclei (PLASMA) undergoes Fusion The BIG problem (not yet solved): How to create a VESSEL to confine and compress PLASMA Magnetic confinement (Tokamak) Inertial confinement (Laser compression)
32 Examples of Fusion Reactors ITER (In progress) Our Sun
33 Fusion reactors in the Cosmos Stars
34 The best fusion reactors As the cloud grows (heavier) Gravitational compression increases Star Formation Gravitation force forms a cloud of galactic dust: p, n, d, t, When compression is large enough: Fusion of protons (hydrogen burning) Gravitation confines the fusion nuclei: No Thermonuclear Explosion!!! 4 4p He 2e 2 e Q fus A new Star Gravitation vs. Fusion of hydrogen
35 When the hydrogen (proton) fuel is exhausted the star collapses until the compressed residual 4 He undergoes fusion (helium burning) He C 6 Star Formation 4 4 He He 4 He 18 8 O C Q 6 2 Q 1 When helium is exhausted Carbon burning sets in C C C C C C Ne Na Mg He p n Q Q Q Then oxygen burning Then neon burning Then silicon burning Then IRON!!!
36 Star Formation Gravitation wins! Violent collapse SUPERNOVA The fusion-burning reactions stop with IRON E Cassiopeia A The death of the star: Neutron Star / Black Hole
37 Nuclear Research (The Origin of Matter)
38 How to Study Nuclei We smash them! As a result: new excited nuclei are created Their decay will tell us a lot about them!!!
39 Nuclear Research at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory 1. Acceleration of nuclei 2. Smashing process 3. Selection of reaction products
40
41 Nuclear Research at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory 4. Study of decaying nuclei ( decay emission + neutron emission)
42
43
44 There is a lot to learn A journey of a thousand miles starts with one step (Lao Tse) it can be yours
Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes
1 Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes Describe the principles underlying fission and fusion. Interpret nuclear reactions. Discuss nuclear weapons. Describe the structure and operation of a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes. Nuclear Fission. Chain Reaction
by fastfission public domain by fastfission public domain 1 Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes Describe the principles underlying fission and fusion. Interpret nuclear reactions. Discuss nuclear weapons.
Lecture 31 Chapter 22, Sections 3-5 Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Decay Kinetics Fission Reactions Fusion Reactions
Lecture Chapter, Sections -5 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Decay Kinetics Fission Reactions Fusion Reactions Gamma Radiation Electromagnetic photons of very high energy Very penetrating can pass through the
Lecture 14, 8/9/2017. Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion
Lecture 14, 8/9/2017 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place
General Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 20 Modern Physics Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles Fission, Fusion and Reactors Elementary Particles Fundamental Forces Classification of Particles Conservation
Chapter 10 Section 4 Notes
Chapter 10 Section 4 Notes This painting of an alchemist s laboratory was made around 1570. For centuries, these early scientists, known as alchemists, tried to use chemical reactions to make gold. The
Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
Nuclear Chemistry. Chapter 24
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 24 Radioactivity Radioisotopes are isotopes that have an unstable nucleus. They emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in a process called radioactive decay.
Chapter IX: Nuclear fusion
Chapter IX: Nuclear fusion 1 Summary 1. General remarks 2. Basic processes 3. Characteristics of fusion 4. Solar fusion 5. Controlled fusion 2 General remarks (1) Maximum of binding energy per nucleon
NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?
Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cell_phones.png Announcements: Thursday: Group A to Hayes 105 for hands-on experience Group B comes here to work on worksheet Both groups: bring your calculator! Next Tuesday
Term 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission
Term 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission Tuesday, November 04, 2014 Nuclear Fusion To understand nuclear fusion & fission Nuclear Fusion Why do stars shine? Stars release energy as a result of fusing
Nuclear Chemistry. Transmutations and the Creation of Elements
Nuclear Chemistry Transmutations and the Creation of Elements Nuclear Fusion When two smaller elements are fused together to form a larger element. Fusion is Hard! There are two competing forces in an
Atomic and Nuclear Physics. Topic 7.3 Nuclear Reactions
Atomic and Nuclear Physics Topic 7.3 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Reactions Rutherford conducted experiments bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles from bismuth-214. He discovered that fast-moving particles
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: Neutrons and protons are collectively
10.4 Fission and Fusion
This painting of an alchemist s laboratory was made around 1570. For centuries, these early scientists, known as alchemists, tried to use chemical reactions to make gold. The alchemists failed in their
[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.
![[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.](/thumbs/82/85827188.jpg "[1] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas, are naturally radioactive because they contain the unstable isotope of potassium-40 ( K.")
(a) State, with a reason, whether or not protons and neutrons are fundamental particles....... [] (b) State two fundamental particles that can be classified as leptons.... [] (c) Some fruits, such as bananas,
Nuclear Reactions. Fission Fusion
Nuclear Reactions Fission Fusion Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus is struck by another nucleus or particle. Compare with chemical reactions!
Fission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016
Fission and Fusion Book pg 286-287 cgrahamphysics.com 2016 Review BE is the energy that holds a nucleus together. This is equal to the mass defect of the nucleus. Also called separation energy. The energy
A is called the mass number gives, roughly, the mass of the nucleus or atom in atomic mass units = amu = u
5/5 A is called the mass number gives, roughly, the mass of the nucleus or atom in atomic mass units = amu = u The number of neutrons in the nucleus is given by the symbol N. Clearly, N = A Z. Isotope:
NUCLEI. Atomic mass unit
13 NUCLEI Atomic mass unit It is a unit used to express the mass of atoms and particles inside it. One atomic mass unit is the mass of atom. 1u = 1.660539 10. Chadwick discovered neutron. The sum of number
LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR
LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR First stage = Protostar PROTOSTAR Cloud of gas and dust many light-years across Gravity tries to pull the materials together Eventually, at the center of the ball of dust and gas,
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus is struck by another nucleus or particle. Compare with chemical
Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way
![Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way](/thumbs/80/81251381.jpg "Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way")
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
In the Beginning. After about three minutes the temperature had cooled even further, so that neutrons were able to combine with 1 H to form 2 H;
In the Beginning Obviously, before we can have any geochemistry we need some elements to react with one another. The most commonly held scientific view for the origin of the universe is the "Big Bang"
Low mass stars. Sequence Star Giant. Red. Planetary Nebula. White Dwarf. Interstellar Cloud. White Dwarf. Interstellar Cloud. Planetary Nebula.
Low mass stars Interstellar Cloud Main Sequence Star Red Giant Planetary Nebula White Dwarf Interstellar Cloud Main Sequence Star Red Giant Planetary Nebula White Dwarf Low mass stars Interstellar Cloud
Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons
Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons Radio-isotopes Isotope of an element that is UNSTABLE. They spontaneously emit particles (energy) in order to achieve a
Nuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
Lecture 35 Chapter 22, Sections 4-6 Nuclear Reactions. Fission Reactions Fusion Reactions Stellar Radiation Radiation Damage
Lecture 35 Chapter, Sections 4-6 Nuclear Reactions Fission Reactions Fusion Reactions Stellar Radiation Radiation Damage Induced Nuclear Reactions Reactions in which a nuclear projectile collides and reacts
FUSION NEUTRON DEUTERIUM HELIUM TRITIUM.
FUSION AND FISSION THE SUN Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy depending
A Short History of the Universe. The universe in a grain of sand Particles and forces The Big Bang Early history of the universe Nucleosynthesis
A Short History of the Universe The universe in a grain of sand Particles and forces The Big Bang Early history of the universe Nucleosynthesis Molecular Level Quartz SiO 2 Composed of linked spirals of
Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 31 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 31 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the
The Sun Our Nearest Star The Sun is an average star in mass, lifetime, and energy output. We will look at in detail before studying stars in general
The Sun Our Nearest Star The Sun is an average star in mass, lifetime, and energy output. We will look at in detail before studying stars in general Some Properties Diameter - 09 times Earth s Volume -
LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR
LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR First stage = Protostar PROTOSTAR Cloud of gas and dust many light-years across Gravity tries to pull the materials together Eventually, at the center of the ball of dust and gas,
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons and neutrons
James Maxwell ( )
From Atoms To Stars James Maxwell (1831 1879) Finalized the work of others on electricity and magnetism. He formulated Maxwell Equations for the electromagnetic field. His equations predicted the existence
Basic Nuclear Theory. Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability
Basic Nuclear Theory Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability Introduction Nuclear power is made possible by energy emitted from either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Current nuclear power plants utilize
The Sun = Typical Star
The Sun = Typical Star Some Properties Diameter - 109 times Earth s Volume - about 1,000,000 times Earth s Mass - about 300,000 times Earth s 99.8% of Solar System Density = Mass/Volume = 1.4 g/cm 3 The
Nuclear Fusion 1 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2011
Nuclear Fusion 1 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2011 2 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2011 How do we get energy from atoms? 3 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Energy is produced from atoms in power stations using the process of
Chapter 10 - Nuclear Physics
The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one. -Albert Einstein David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton PHYS 214 Ernest
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]
![[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]](/thumbs/87/96058923.jpg "[2] State in what form the energy is released in such a reaction.... [1]")
(a) The following nuclear reaction occurs when a slow-moving neutron is absorbed by an isotope of uranium-35. 0n + 35 9 U 4 56 Ba + 9 36Kr + 3 0 n Explain how this reaction is able to produce energy....
The Physics of Nuclear Reactors. Heather King Physics 420
The Physics of Nuclear Reactors Heather King Physics 420 Nuclear Reactions A nuclear reaction is a reaction that involves atomic nuclei, or nuclear particles (protons, neutrons), producing products different
Chemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry A nuclear reaction involves changes in the nucleus of an atom Nuclear chemistry the study of nuclear reactions, with an emphasis in their uses
Matter and Energy. Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law.
Fission & Fusion Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to understand
High Mass Stars. Dr Ken Rice. Discovering Astronomy G
High Mass Stars Dr Ken Rice High mass star formation High mass star formation is controversial! May form in the same way as low-mass stars Gravitational collapse in molecular clouds. May form via competitive
Nuclear Chemistry. The Nucleus. Isotopes. Slide 1 / 43. Slide 2 / 43. Slide 3 / 43
Slide 1 / 43 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Slide 2 / 43 Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons
IB Test. Astrophysics HL. Name_solution / a) Describe what is meant by a nebula [1]
![IB Test. Astrophysics HL. Name_solution / a) Describe what is meant by a nebula [1]](/thumbs/73/69495220.jpg "IB Test. Astrophysics HL. Name_solution / a) Describe what is meant by a nebula [1]")
IB Test Astrophysics HL Name_solution / 47 1. a) Describe what is meant by a nebula [1] an intergalactic cloud of gas and dust where all stars begin to form b) Explain how the Jeans criterion applies to
Unpressurized steam reactor. Controlled Fission Reactors. The Moderator. Global energy production 2000
From last time Fission of heavy elements produces energy Only works with 235 U, 239 Pu Fission initiated by neutron absorption. Fission products are two lighter nuclei, plus individual neutrons. These
Fission & Fusion Movie
Fission & Fusion Movie Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to
Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy.
Nuclear Reactions & Energy Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy. Fission = the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, subatomic particles
Isotopes. An isotope is an atom of the same element (same number of protons) that varies in the number of neutrons.
Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes An isotope is an atom of the same element (same number of protons) that varies in the number of neutrons. Most elements have several isotopes Some are unstable and emit radiation
Isotopes. An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons.
Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons. Most elements have several isotopes Some are unstable and emit radiation
Lecture PowerPoints. Chapter 31 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 31 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7th edition Giancoli This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching
Atoms and Nuclei 1. The radioactivity of a sample is X at a time t 1 and Y at a time t 2. If the mean life time of the specimen isτ, the number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time interval (t
The Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay. Major Constituents of an Atom 4/28/2016. Student Learning Outcomes. Analyze radioactive decay and its results
The Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay ( Chapter 10) Student Learning Outcomes Analyze radioactive decay and its results Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion Major Constituents of an Atom U=unified
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay Radiochemistry Nomenclature nuclide - This refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. The composition of a nuclide
Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation
![Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation](/thumbs/77/76435546.jpg "Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation")
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
Chapter 30. Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles
Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles Processes of Nuclear Energy Fission A nucleus of large mass number splits into two smaller nuclei Fusion Two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus
Chapter 25: Radioactivity, Nuclear Processes, and Applications. What do we know about the nucleus? James Chadwick and the discovery of the neutron
Chapter 25: Radioactivity, Nuclear Processes, and Applications What do we know about the nucleus? Rutherford discovered Contains positively charged protons. Held together by the Nuclear Strong Force. The
Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 2012
Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 01 Recap II Nuclear Physics The nucleus Radioactive decay Fission Fusion Particle Physics: What is the Higgs? Today: Nuclear Physics: The Nucleus Positive charge and
Nuclear Energy. Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity I. Review - Periodic Table A. Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom B. Atomic Mass: The sum of the mass of protons, neutrons
β and γ decays, Radiation Therapies and Diagnostic, Fusion and Fission Final Exam Surveys New material Example of β-decay Beta decay Y + e # Y'+e +
β and γ decays, Radiation Therapies and Diagnostic, Fusion and Fission Last Lecture: Radioactivity, Nuclear decay Radiation damage This lecture: nuclear physics in medicine and fusion and fission Final
PHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4)
1 PHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4) This last lecture of the course will focus on nuclear energy. There is an enormous reservoir of energy in the nucleus and it can be released either
13 Synthesis of heavier elements. introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1
13 Synthesis of heavier elements introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1 The triple α Reaction When hydrogen fusion ends, the core of a star collapses and the temperature can reach
MockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)
![MockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)](/thumbs/95/125098222.jpg "MockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)")
Chapter Nuclei Q1. A radioactive sample with a half life of 1 month has the label: Activity = 2 micro curies on 1 8 1991. What would be its activity two months earlier? [1988] 1.0 micro curie 0.5 micro
How Is Nuclear Fusion Going?
How Is Nuclear Fusion Going? Kehan Chen 2017/7/16 Math 190S Duke Summer College 1.Introduction In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form
NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS
NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q-1. Which of the two is bigger 1 kwh or 1 MeV? Q-2. What should be the approximate minimum energy of a gamma ray photon for pair
The Twinkle in Mother Earth s Eye: Promising fusion power. What if you could have a miniature star powering your house, your computer, and your car?
The Twinkle in Mother Earth s Eye: Promising fusion power What if you could have a miniature star powering your house, your computer, and your car? How cool would that be! Stars produce a lot of energy,
Particles in the Early Universe
Particles in the Early Universe David Morrissey Saturday Morning Physics, October 16, 2010 Using Little Stuff to Explain Big Stuff David Morrissey Saturday Morning Physics, October 16, 2010 Can we explain
11.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fusion
11.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fusion Nuclear fusion reactions occur in the Sun and supply the energy needed to sustain life on Earth (Figure 1). Nuclear fusion is the fusing or joining of two small nuclei to
Nuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
Nuclear Physics Part 3: Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Physics Part 3: Nuclear Energy Last modified: 24/10/2017 CONTENTS Fission & Fusion Definitions Binding Energy Curve Revisited Fission Spontaneous Fission Neutron-Induced Fission Controlled Fission
Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
Preview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics
Subatomic Physics Section 1 Preview Section 1 The Nucleus Section 2 Nuclear Decay Section 3 Nuclear Reactions Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 TEKS The student is expected to: 5A
2 Energy from the Nucleus
CHAPTER 4 2 Energy from the Nucleus SECTION Atomic Energy BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is nuclear fission? What is nuclear fusion? What
Nuclear Chemistry Unit
Nuclear Chemistry Unit January 28th HW Due Thurs. 1/30 Read pages 284 291 Define: Radioactivity Nuclear Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray Half-Life Answer: -Questions 1-3 -Write the symbols
THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20
THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20 "For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about [the] atom[ic] nucleus... and suddenly discovered the truth." [shell model of the nucleus]. Maria
Chapter 22. Preview. Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem. Section 1 The Nucleus
Section 1 The Nucleus Preview Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem Section 1 The Nucleus Objectives Identify the properties of the nucleus of an atom. Explain
Forces and Nuclear Processes
Forces and Nuclear Processes To understand how stars generate the enormous amounts of light they produce will require us to delve into a wee bit of physics. First we will examine the forces that act at
Stellar processes, nucleosynthesis OUTLINE
Stellar processes, nucleosynthesis OUTLINE Reading this week: White 313-326 and 421-464 Today 1. Stellar processes 2. Nucleosynthesis Powerpoint credit: Using significant parts of a WHOI ppt 1 Question
Nuclear Physics 2. D. atomic energy levels. (1) D. scattered back along the original direction. (1)
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 2. Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of B? 5 Number of protons Number of neutrons A. 5 6 B. 5 C. 6 5 D. 5 2. The
turbine (a) (i) Which part of the power station provides thermal (heat) energy from a chain reaction?
Nuclear fission and radiation 1 The diagram shows parts of a nuclear power station. control rods boiler steam generator electricity out turbine condenser nuclear reactor (a) (i) Which part of the power
General Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 20 Modern Physics Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particles Fission, Fusion and Reactors Elementary Particles Fundamental Forces Classification of Particles Conservation
Fundamental Stellar Parameters. Radiative Transfer. Stellar Atmospheres. Equations of Stellar Structure
Fundamental Stellar Parameters Radiative Transfer Stellar Atmospheres Equations of Stellar Structure Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Interiors Binding Energy Coulomb Barrier Penetration Hydrogen Burning Reactions
Plasma & Fusion on Earth: merging age-old natural phenomena into your present and future
Plasma & Fusion on Earth: merging age-old natural phenomena into your present and future Presented by Rick Lee Chief Operator, DIII-D Operations Manager, Energy/Fusion Outreach Program General Atomics
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
Nuclear Physics. Slide 1 / 87. Slide 2 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Table of Contents.
Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Table of Contents Slide 3 / 87 Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life
Nuclear Physics
Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 87 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 6-3 NUCLEAR REACTIONS Review Videos-Radioactivity2 Review Videos - Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces IB Assessment Statements, Topic 7.3
Nuclear power plants can generate large amounts of electricity.
7.3 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy. Fission = the splitting of nuclei Fusion = the joining of nuclei Nuclear power plants can
Nuclear Chemistry. The nuclei of some unstable isotopes change by releasing energy and particles, collectively known as radiation
Nuclear Chemistry The nuclei of some unstable isotopes change by releasing energy and particles, collectively known as radiation Spontaneous nuclear reactions - five kinds: ) Emission of α-particles: 4
Multiple Choice Questions
Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems PSI AP Physics B 1. The atomic nucleus consists of: (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C)Protons and electrons (D) Protons and neutrons (E) Neutrons and electrons
Nuclear Fission & Fusion
Nuclear Fission & Fusion 1 Nuclear Fission 2 There is a delicate balance between nuclear attraction and electrical repulsion between protons in the nucleus. Nuclear Fission If the uranium nucleus is stretched
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 7-2 NUCLEAR REACTIONS Review Videos-Radioactivity2 Review Videos - Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces Essential Idea: Energy can be released
Alta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications
CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains Protons Positively Charged
Aim: What are the two types of Nuclear. Reactions? Do Now: 1. Get into your groups and compare your answers to your homework.
Aim: What are the two types of Nuclear Reactions? Do Now: 1. Get into your groups and compare your answers to your homework. Nuclear Energy In nuclear reaction, mass is converted into energy; there is
Name: Class: Date: SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 21 REVIEW Nuclear Chemistry SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Based on the information about the three elementary particles in the text, which has
Activity 12: Energy from Nuclear Reactions
Name Section Activity 12: Energy from Nuclear Reactions 12.1 A Model of the Composition of Nucleons 1) Formation of Nucleons Nucleons consist of quark trios. a) Place orange or green quarks into the metal