THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20"

Transcription

1 THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20 "For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about [the] atom[ic] nucleus... and suddenly discovered the truth." [shell model of the nucleus]. Maria Goeppert Mayer, Nobel Prize in Physics, 963 It follows from the theory of relativity that mass and energy are both different manifestations of the same thing a somewhat unfamiliar conception for the average man. Furthermore E = mc 2, in which energy is put equal to mass multiplied with the square of the velocity of light, showed that a very small amount of mass may be converted into a very large amount of energy... mass and energy were in fact equivalent. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize in Physics, 92 Nuclei obey the laws of ) thermodynamics, 2) kinetics, 3) quantum mechanics Basics of the Atom small, dense world diameter of a nucleus, 0-4 m diameter of smallest atom, 0-0 m density of g cm -3 designation of a nuclide (nucleus) Z = atomic number (number of protons) N = neutron number (number of neutrons) A = mass number (sum of protons and neutrons) nucleus of nuclides consists of nucleons protons neutrons however leptons (e.g., electrons and neutrinos) and quarks are the true elementary particles of matter proton consists of 2 up quarks and down quark: 2u ( + 2 /3) + d ( /3) neutron consists of 2 down quarks and up quark: 2d ( /3) + u ( + 2 /3) Artist s conception of the structure of a helium nucleus that contains two protons and two neutrons. The protons each have two up quarks and one down quark, and the neutrons have two down quarks and one up quark. Neutron proton 20.3 Types of Radioactivity Nuclear stability can be discussed from the viewpoint of thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum mechanics. One consequence of a lack of stability of a nucleus is its decomposition via radioactive decay. Wilhelm Röntgen Antoine-Henri Becquerel Marie Curie

2 Particles to be Encountered alpha (α) particle nucleus of helium atom, 2He 2+ beta (β) particle high energy electron gamma ( 0 0 γγ) radiation high energy radiation (photons) originating from nucleus proton: H + electron:, p 0 e (beta particle) neutron: 0 n usually omitted in nuclear chemistry, written as 0 positron: e (antielectron) neutrino/antineutrino: υ, ῡ required for conservation of angular momentum (can ignore) Some Rules for Nuclear Reactions NOTE: charge on the nucleus (such as 2+ in 2He 2+ ) 4 He. in balancing, charge (Z) and mass number (A) are conserved (sum on left = sum on right) 2. spontaneous nuclear reaction => ΔG < 0 (what is ΔG?) thermodynamics 3. fast reaction => small activation energy kinetics Modes of Radioactive Decay (β, positron emission, electron capture become more understandable once protons and neutrons are known to be composed of quarks) 4 2 0n p + 0 e + ῡ p 0 n e + υ p + 0 e 0 n + υ neutron emission proton emission fission remember that s electrons have a finite probability of being found at the nucleus

3 The Valley of Stability: FIG I. Neutron Number Versus Atomic Number for Predicting the Type of Nuclides Radioactivity Of approximately 3200 known nuclides, only 279 (288) are stable. Their stability is highly correlated with the ratio of neutrons to protons: nuclide nucleus N/Z =.5 Z > 83 isotopes nuclides with the same Z but different N Z = 20 (Ca) # n = # p 00nn N/Z too large pp + 00 ee + ῡ N/Z = Z > 20 # n > # p (# n ~.5 # p) p 00 nn ee + υ Z > 83 (Bi) all nuclides unstable with respect to radioactive decay pp + 00 ee 00 nn + υ N/Z too small The stability of a nuclide also appears to depend upon whether the number of neutrons and protons is even or odd, with an even number of both types of nucleons predominating. The question is why?

4 - 4 - Nuclei Obey the Laws of Quantum Mechanics Maria Goepert Mayer (shell model of the nucleus). Both protons and neutrons are spin /2 particles (like electrons) and consequently can pair up, protons with protons and neutrons with neutrons. Therefore just like electrons, protons and neutrons possess angular momentum values of 0 (s), (l), 2 (d), 3 (f), etc. Nuclear structure behaves like atomic shell structure for electrons with a magic number indicating a closed shell of protons or of neutrons. Especially stable are nuclides with an even number of both protons and neutrons, doubly magic. Closed Electron Shells and Closed Nuclear Shells magic number special electrons nucleons stability [He] He (2p, 2n) [Ne] O (8p, 8n) [Ar] Ca (20p, 20n) [Kr] Ca, 28Ni [Xe] Ni (28p, 50n) [Rn] Pb (82p, 26n) 8 (n) 26 omit Angular momentum magic numbers 20.8 Nuclei Obey the Laws of Thermodynamics In thermodynamics, spontaneity of a reaction is given by G = H T S < 0. What determines the spontaneity of a nuclear reaction such as the emission of radioactivity? Mass Energy Relationship Einstein's E = mc 2 from Einstein's special theory of relativity EX. What is the change in mass in a typical exothermic reaction of 00 kj mol -? Mass is not conserved in a chemical reaction!

5 Four Forces of Nature. gravitational 2. electromagnetic strong nuclear range, 0-5 m ~ diameter of medium sized nucleus; hold nucleus together 4. weak nuclear range ~ 0-8 m ~ 0.% diameter of proton; changes one quark into another => radioactive decay, sun burning Nuclear Binding Energy and the Strong Force (force that holds nucleus together) mass defect Δm measure of strength of strong force which holds nucleus together The binding energy is the negative of the energy change to form a nucleus from its constituent protons and neutrons: AA Z p + (A Z) 0n ZZ X FIG II. Nuclear Exothermic Reaction 2 p + 2 0n Needs activation energy to surmount barrier 2 4 He Energetics of the nuclear reaction of two protons 4 and two neutrons forming an alpha particle, 2He, displayed in a reaction energy diagram. EX 2. What is the binding energy of a helium nucleus? ( ΔE of forming nucleus from constituents no electrons)

6 - 6 - FIG III. Binding Energy of Nuclides Note stable nuclides with magic numbers (both the number of protons and the number of neutrons are even): 4 6 2He, 8 O and the dominance of even numbers of nucleons. Only consider the nucleus (and its mass) when working with nuclear equations. The change in the Gibbs free energy for nuclear reactions is dominated by the enormous energy released. So the chemical criterion of G < 0 for a chemical reaction is basically E < 0 for a reaction involving the nucleus. Determine why the following reactions are spontaneous. EX 3. beta decay: C 7 N e + ῡ ( 6 C = , 7 N = ) EX 4. positron emission: 6 C 5 B e + υ ( 6 C =.0433,, 5 B = )

7 - 7 - EX 5. electron capture: 23 U + e neutrino) ( = ,, Pa = ) U Pa + υ (nucleus captures one of its orbiting electrons and emits a 9 EX 6. alpha decay: Th + He ( U = ,, Th ) U Nuclei Obey the Laws of Kinetics Nuclear decay follows first order kinetics and the different half-lives reflect the different rate constants which ultimately comes down to the difference in activation energies for the decay. first order: rate ~ k [A] where the rate constant k is given by the Arrhenius expression: k = A e Ea/RT

8 - 8 - Origin of Universe. before "big bang"? (Sound waves cannot propagate in space!) 2. Planck time 0-43 s region of diameter 0-33 cm, density of 0 94 g/cm 3, and temperature of 0 32 K ( teaspoon would weigh 00 million trillion trillion trillion pounds) s region of 00 cm at 0 28 K 4. s universe expanding mixture of neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, photons, and neutrinos at 0 0 K (0 billion degrees) in a region of cm 0n H + 0 e + ῡ s 2 H, 3 He, 4 He nuclei created from fusion reactions (all the H atoms in the universe are created) 0 9 K ( billion degrees) 6. in 0 minutes 25% of the mass of the universe was 4 He and about 0.025% 2 H ,000 years - universe rapidly expands and cools, still very hot, 3000 K, neutral H and He formed earliest light detected from this period (cosmic microwave background radiation) 8. billion years gravitational forces pull nuclei together into primitive contracting stars billion years solar system and sun form billion years the age of our universe, K, region at least 0 29 cm universe: 4.9% normal matter, 26.8% dark matter, 68.3% dark energy Elements Formed in the Life Cycle of a Star Nuclear Fusion and Nucleosynthesis. gravitational forces pull nuclei together heating core to 0 7 K where fusion H burning: 4 4 H 2He e + 2 υ + 2γ + energy after several billion years about 0% of H consumed (our sun consists of 73% hydrogen, 26% helium and % other elements) 2. star contracts further with hydrogen depleted, temperature about K, and starts burning He causing expansion (about 00 times) into a red giant in core unstable 8 Be forms initiating a chain of fusion reactions with α particles 2 4 He 8 Be [+ 4 He] 2 C [+ 4 He] 6 O [+ 4 He] 20 Ne [+ 4 He] 24 Mg consumed for about 0 million years with heavier elements forming a core 3. core contracts with depletion of lighter elements, heats, expands into a red supergiant in core (7 0 8 K) carbon and oxygen burn: 2 C + 2 C 23 Na + H 2 C + 6 O 28 Si + γ fusion reactions with α particles form nuclei through 40 Ca further contraction and heating to K ultimately leads to 56 Fe, 58 Fe, and 62 Ni, nuclei with highest binding energies 4. small and medium-sized stars: endothermic fusion process to form higher elements cannot furnish energy to sustain star which cools to a small, dense white dwarf; larger stars: when fuel of core consumed it implodes within a second - many Fe and Ni nuclei break down into neutrons and protons protons capture electrons to form an incredibly dense neutron star while outer layers explode into a supernova sending out debris which can eventually coalesce into a secondgeneration star neutron capture in supernova explosion forms heavier elements (all nuclei heavier than Fe thought to originate from supernova explosions); alternatively massive stars can form black holes after a supernova explosion.

How to Build a Habitable Planet Summary. Chapter 1 The Setting

How to Build a Habitable Planet Summary. Chapter 1 The Setting How to Build a Habitable Planet Summary Chapter 1 The Setting The universe as we know it began about 15 billion years ago with an explosion that is called the big bang. There is no record of any prior

More information

Chapter 22. Preview. Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem. Section 1 The Nucleus

Chapter 22. Preview. Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem. Section 1 The Nucleus Section 1 The Nucleus Preview Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem Section 1 The Nucleus Objectives Identify the properties of the nucleus of an atom. Explain

More information

In the Beginning. After about three minutes the temperature had cooled even further, so that neutrons were able to combine with 1 H to form 2 H;

In the Beginning. After about three minutes the temperature had cooled even further, so that neutrons were able to combine with 1 H to form 2 H; In the Beginning Obviously, before we can have any geochemistry we need some elements to react with one another. The most commonly held scientific view for the origin of the universe is the "Big Bang"

More information

Stellar processes, nucleosynthesis OUTLINE

Stellar processes, nucleosynthesis OUTLINE Stellar processes, nucleosynthesis OUTLINE Reading this week: White 313-326 and 421-464 Today 1. Stellar processes 2. Nucleosynthesis Powerpoint credit: Using significant parts of a WHOI ppt 1 Question

More information

High Mass Stars. Dr Ken Rice. Discovering Astronomy G

High Mass Stars. Dr Ken Rice. Discovering Astronomy G High Mass Stars Dr Ken Rice High mass star formation High mass star formation is controversial! May form in the same way as low-mass stars Gravitational collapse in molecular clouds. May form via competitive

More information

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?

More information

Instead, the probability to find an electron is given by a 3D standing wave.

Instead, the probability to find an electron is given by a 3D standing wave. Lecture 24-1 The Hydrogen Atom According to the Uncertainty Principle, we cannot know both the position and momentum of any particle precisely at the same time. The electron in a hydrogen atom cannot orbit

More information

NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics

NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?

More information

Chapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved.

Chapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. Chapter 37 Nuclear Chemistry Copyright (c) 2 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. 37. Radioactivity Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off

More information

Fundamental Stellar Parameters. Radiative Transfer. Stellar Atmospheres. Equations of Stellar Structure

Fundamental Stellar Parameters. Radiative Transfer. Stellar Atmospheres. Equations of Stellar Structure Fundamental Stellar Parameters Radiative Transfer Stellar Atmospheres Equations of Stellar Structure Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Interiors Binding Energy Coulomb Barrier Penetration Hydrogen Burning Reactions

More information

Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The

More information

Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. # protons = # neutrons. Strong Nuclear Force. Checkpoint 4/17/2013. A Z Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons

Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. # protons = # neutrons. Strong Nuclear Force. Checkpoint 4/17/2013. A Z Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Wilhelm Roentgen 1845-1923 Nuclear Physics A Z Nucleus =

More information

Radioactivity. Nuclear Physics. # neutrons vs# protons Where does the energy released in the nuclear 11/29/2010 A=N+Z. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity

Radioactivity. Nuclear Physics. # neutrons vs# protons Where does the energy released in the nuclear 11/29/2010 A=N+Z. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Physics 1161: Lecture 25 Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Sections 32-1 32-9 Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel

More information

CH 222 Chapter Twenty-one Concept Guide

CH 222 Chapter Twenty-one Concept Guide CH 222 Chapter Twenty-one Concept Guide 1. Terminology Alpha Radiation (α): Beta Radiation (β): Gamma Radiation (γ): Nuclear Reaction: Nucleons: Radioactive Decay Series: Positrons: Nuclear Binding Energy:

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. 1 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment

More information

Chapter 44. Nuclear Structure

Chapter 44. Nuclear Structure Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.

Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment

More information

H 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. A. Nuclear Structure. 2b. Nomenclature. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes

H 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. A. Nuclear Structure. 2b. Nomenclature. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes AstroPhysics Notes Nuclear Physics Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions Updated: 0Feb07 Rough draft A. Nuclear Structure. Parts of Atom. Parts of

More information

Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture

Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)

More information

1) Radioactive Decay, Nucleosynthesis, and Basic Geochronology

1) Radioactive Decay, Nucleosynthesis, and Basic Geochronology 1) Radioactive Decay, Nucleosynthesis, and Basic Geochronology Reading (all from White s Notes) Lecture 1: Introduction And Physics Of The Nucleus: Skim Lecture 1: Radioactive Decay- Read all Lecture 3:

More information

H 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. Rough draft. A.

H 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. Rough draft. A. AstroPhysics Notes Tom Lehrer: Elements Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics Updated: 0Feb Rough draft Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions. Parts

More information

da u g ht er + radiation

da u g ht er + radiation RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of radioactivity can be attributed to several scientists. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and shortly after that Henri Becquerel observed radioactive behavior while

More information

Chemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:

Chemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below: ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred

More information

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.

More information

Subatomic Particles. proton. neutron. electron. positron. particle. 1 H or 1 p. 4 α or 4 He. 0 e or 0 β

Subatomic Particles. proton. neutron. electron. positron. particle. 1 H or 1 p. 4 α or 4 He. 0 e or 0 β Nuclear Chemistry Subatomic Particles proton neutron 1n 0 1 H or 1 p 1 1 positron electron 0 e or 0 β +1 +1 0 e or 0 β 1 1 particle 4 α or 4 He 2 2 Nuclear Reactions A balanced nuclear equation has the

More information

Nuclear Physics. PHY232 Remco Zegers Room W109 cyclotron building.

Nuclear Physics. PHY232 Remco Zegers Room W109 cyclotron building. Nuclear Physics PHY232 Remco Zegers zegers@nscl.msu.edu Room W109 cyclotron building http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~zegers/phy232.html Periodic table of elements We saw that the periodic table of elements can

More information

MockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)

MockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c) Chapter Nuclei Q1. A radioactive sample with a half life of 1 month has the label: Activity = 2 micro curies on 1 8 1991. What would be its activity two months earlier? [1988] 1.0 micro curie 0.5 micro

More information

Life of a High-Mass Stars

Life of a High-Mass Stars Life of a High-Mass Stars 1 Evolutionary Tracks Paths of high-mass stars on the HR Diagram are different from those of low-mass stars. Once these stars leave the main sequence, they quickly grow in size

More information

13 Synthesis of heavier elements. introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1

13 Synthesis of heavier elements. introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1 13 Synthesis of heavier elements introduc)on to Astrophysics, C. Bertulani, Texas A&M-Commerce 1 The triple α Reaction When hydrogen fusion ends, the core of a star collapses and the temperature can reach

More information

Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09

Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay Radiochemistry Nomenclature nuclide - This refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. The composition of a nuclide

More information

BIG BANG SUMMARY NOTES

BIG BANG SUMMARY NOTES BIG BANG SUMMARY NOTES BIG BANG THEORY Studies of red-shifts of distant galaxies show that the universe is expanding. This and other observations has led to the Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory claims

More information

Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics

Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics J. Frýbort, L. Heraltová Department of Nuclear Reactors 19 th October 2017 J. Frýbort, L. Heraltová (CTU in Prague) Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics 19 th

More information

Journal 14. What is so dangerous about nuclear energy?

Journal 14. What is so dangerous about nuclear energy? Journal 14 What is so dangerous about nuclear energy? Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Bravo 15,000 kilotons Discovery of Radiation Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen had discovered X rays Pierre & Marie Curie

More information

Chapter 3. Radioactivity. Table of Contents

Chapter 3. Radioactivity. Table of Contents Radioactivity Table of Contents Introduction 1. Radioactivity 2. Types of Radioactive Decays 3. Natural Radioactivity 4. Artificial Radioactivity 5. The Rate of Radioactive Decay 6. The Effects of Radiation

More information

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. The Nucleus. Isotopes. Slide 1 / 43. Slide 2 / 43. Slide 3 / 43

Nuclear Chemistry. The Nucleus. Isotopes. Slide 1 / 43. Slide 2 / 43. Slide 3 / 43 Slide 1 / 43 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Slide 2 / 43 Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons

More information

Atomic Structure. INSIDE the Nucleus: OUTSIDE the Nucleus:

Atomic Structure. INSIDE the Nucleus: OUTSIDE the Nucleus: Nuclear Chemistry 1 Atomic Structure INSIDE the Nucleus: Protons (+) Neutrons (no charge) 99.9% of the mass of the atom (Rutherford central dense nucleus) OUTSIDE the Nucleus: Electrons (-) Little mass

More information

Matter and Energy. Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law.

Matter and Energy. Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. Fission & Fusion Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to understand

More information

Nuclear Chemistry Notes

Nuclear Chemistry Notes Nuclear Chemistry Notes Definitions Nucleons: Subatomic particles in the nucleus : protons and neutrons Radionuclides: Radioactive nuclei. Unstable nuclei that spontaneously emit particles and electromagnetic

More information

Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction

Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear

More information

Nuclear Decays. Alpha Decay

Nuclear Decays. Alpha Decay Nuclear Decays The first evidence of radioactivity was a photographic plate, wrapped in black paper and placed under a piece of uranium salt by Henri Becquerel on February 26, 1896. Like many events in

More information

Study Sheet for Modern Physics

Study Sheet for Modern Physics Study Sheet for Modern Physics Classical mechanics was meant to provide the general rules that govern the dynamics of all material bodies, such as cannon balls, planets, and pendulums, and is defined as

More information

Astronomy Ch. 21 Stellar Explosions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Astronomy Ch. 21 Stellar Explosions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Period: Date: Astronomy Ch. 21 Stellar Explosions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused

More information

Chapter 10 - Nuclear Physics

Chapter 10 - Nuclear Physics The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one. -Albert Einstein David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton PHYS 214 Ernest

More information

Nuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays

Nuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays Nuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays Last modified: 23/10/2018 Links What is a Decay? Alpha Decay Definition Q-value Example Not Every Alpha Decay is Possible Beta Decay β rays are electrons Anti-particles

More information

Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems PSI AP Physics B 1. The atomic nucleus consists of: (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C)Protons and electrons (D) Protons and neutrons (E) Neutrons and electrons

More information

Radioactivity is the emission of high energy released when the of atoms change. Radioactivity can be or.

Radioactivity is the emission of high energy released when the of atoms change. Radioactivity can be or. Chapter 19 1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the emission of high energy released when the of atoms change. Radioactivity can be or. TYPES OF RADIATION OR EMITTED ENERGY IN NUCLEAR CHANGES Radiation is

More information

Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections 1-2 Nuclear Stability and Decay. Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics

Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections 1-2 Nuclear Stability and Decay. Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections -2 Nuclear Stability and Decay Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics Nuclear Chemistry Nuclei Review Nucleons: protons and neutrons Atomic number number

More information

Light. Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation. Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays

Light. Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation. Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays Light Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays The type of light is determined purely by wavelength.

More information

Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray

More information

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: Neutrons and protons are collectively

More information

Nuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life

Nuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.

More information

Nuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes

Nuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes 1 Nuclear Chemistry Mass Defect 4 Some of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 Energy Mass Speed of light Radioactivity 2 Types of Radiation 5 One of the pieces

More information

Dr. Claudia Benitez-Nelson. University of South Carolina

Dr. Claudia Benitez-Nelson. University of South Carolina Dr. Claudia Benitez-Nelson University of South Carolina cbnelson@geol.sc.edu Understanding The Basics of Radioactivity In order to understand how radionuclides can be used in our environment, we must first

More information

Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear & Particle Physics AstroPhysics Notes Nuclear Physics Dr. Bill Pezzaglia A. Nuclear Structure Nuclear & Particle Physics B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions D. Particle Physics Updated: 03Aug9 (for physics 700) A. Nuclear

More information

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Physics Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 87 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life

More information

Nuclear Physics. Slide 1 / 87. Slide 2 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Table of Contents.

Nuclear Physics. Slide 1 / 87. Slide 2 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Table of Contents. Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Table of Contents Slide 3 / 87 Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life

More information

Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Structure. Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87. Slide 4 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Slide 6 / 87. Slide 5 / 87. Table of Contents.

Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Structure. Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87. Slide 4 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Slide 6 / 87. Slide 5 / 87. Table of Contents. Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 87 Slide 4 / 87 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity

More information

Birth and Death of Stars. Birth of Stars. Gas and Dust Clouds. Astronomy 110 Class 11

Birth and Death of Stars. Birth of Stars. Gas and Dust Clouds. Astronomy 110 Class 11 Birth and Death of Stars Astronomy 110 Class 11 Birth of Stars Start in cloud of gas and dust Contraction and Fragmentation Gravitational collapse and heating Protostar and disk Main Sequence Star Gas

More information

Binding Energy. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege

Binding Energy. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Binding Energy Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The more tightly bound a system is, the stronger the forces that hold it together and the greater the energy required to pull it apart. We can therefore learn about

More information

Chapter 33 The History of a Star. Introduction. Radio telescopes allow us to look into the center of the galaxy. The milky way

Chapter 33 The History of a Star. Introduction. Radio telescopes allow us to look into the center of the galaxy. The milky way Chapter 33 The History of a Star Introduction Did you read chapter 33 before coming to class? A. Yes B. No You can see about 10,000 stars with the naked eye. The milky way Radio telescopes allow us to

More information

Nuclear Physics. Slide 1 / 87. Slide 2 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Table of Contents.

Nuclear Physics. Slide 1 / 87. Slide 2 / 87. Slide 3 / 87. Table of Contents. Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Table of Contents Slide 3 / 87 Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life

More information

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Physics Slide 1 / 87 Slide 2 / 87 Nuclear Physics www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 87 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Nuclear Structure Binding Energy and Mass Defect Radioactivity Nuclear Half-life

More information

Stellar Interior: Physical Processes

Stellar Interior: Physical Processes Physics Focus on Astrophysics Focus on Astrophysics Stellar Interior: Physical Processes D. Fluri, 29.01.2014 Content 1. Mechanical equilibrium: pressure gravity 2. Fusion: Main sequence stars: hydrogen

More information

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay

Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine

More information

The slides with white background you need to know. The slides with blue background just have some cool information.

The slides with white background you need to know. The slides with blue background just have some cool information. The slides with white background you need to know. The slides with blue background just have some cool information. The Big Bang cosmology the study of the origin, properties, processes, and evolution

More information

Thursday, April 23, 15. Nuclear Physics

Thursday, April 23, 15. Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics Some Properties of Nuclei! All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons! Exception is ordinary hydrogen with just a proton! The atomic number, Z, equals the number of protons in the

More information

Today The Sun. Events

Today The Sun. Events Today The Sun Events Last class! Homework due now - will count best 5 of 6 Final exam Dec. 20 @ 12:00 noon here Review this Course! www.case.edu/utech/course-evaluations/ The Sun the main show in the solar

More information

ABC Math Student Copy

ABC Math Student Copy Page 1 of 17 Physics Week 16(Sem. ) Name The Nuclear Chapter Summary Nuclear Structure Atoms consist of electrons in orbit about a central nucleus. The electron orbits are quantum mechanical in nature.

More information

NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS

NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q-1. Which of the two is bigger 1 kwh or 1 MeV? Q-2. What should be the approximate minimum energy of a gamma ray photon for pair

More information

James Maxwell ( )

James Maxwell ( ) From Atoms To Stars James Maxwell (1831 1879) Finalized the work of others on electricity and magnetism. He formulated Maxwell Equations for the electromagnetic field. His equations predicted the existence

More information

Astronomy 404 October 9, 2013

Astronomy 404 October 9, 2013 Nuclear reaction rate: Astronomy 404 October 9, 2013 from the tunneling increases with increasing E from the velocity distrib. decreases with increasing E The Gamow peak occurs at energy Energy generation

More information

Part 1: Protons to heavy elements!

Part 1: Protons to heavy elements! Cosmic Evolution Part 1: Protons to heavy elements Big Bang occurred 13.8 Billion yrs ago (13.8 x 10 9 yr) Only fundamental particles existed for first few minutes Name Proton Neutron Electron Photon Neutrino

More information

LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR

LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR First stage = Protostar PROTOSTAR Cloud of gas and dust many light-years across Gravity tries to pull the materials together Eventually, at the center of the ball of dust and gas,

More information

Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear & Particle Physics AstroPhysics Notes Nuclear Physics Dr. Bill Pezzaglia A. Nuclear Structure Nuclear & Particle Physics B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions D. Particle Physics Updated: 0Aug8 Rough draft A. Nuclear Structure

More information

Nucleosynthesis. W. F. McDonough 1. Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai , Japan. (Dated: Tuesday 24 th April, 2018)

Nucleosynthesis. W. F. McDonough 1. Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai , Japan. (Dated: Tuesday 24 th April, 2018) Nucleosynthesis W. F. McDonough 1 1 Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center for Neutrino Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan (Dated: Tuesday 24 th April, 2018) Goals Where were

More information

Life and Death of a Star 2015

Life and Death of a Star 2015 Life and Death of a Star 2015 Name Date 1. In the main-sequence, the core is slowly shrinking because A. the mass of the star is slowly increasing B. hydrogen fusing to helium makes the core more dense

More information

Fission & Fusion Movie

Fission & Fusion Movie Fission & Fusion Movie Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to

More information

: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted

: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated

More information

Chemistry 132 NT. Nuclear Chemistry. Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.

Chemistry 132 NT. Nuclear Chemistry. Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Chemistry 132 NT Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein 1 Chem 132 NT Nuclear Chemistry Module 1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Bombardment

More information

Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table. B. Predicting Atomic Stability

Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table. B. Predicting Atomic Stability Nuclear Chemistry Lecture Notes: I Radioactive Decay A. Type of decay: See table Type Symbol Charge Mass (AMU) Effect on Atomic # Alpha α +2 4 decrease by 2 Beta β- -1 0 increase electron by 1 Beta β+

More information

Alta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications

Alta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains Protons Positively Charged

More information

LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR

LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR First stage = Protostar PROTOSTAR Cloud of gas and dust many light-years across Gravity tries to pull the materials together Eventually, at the center of the ball of dust and gas,

More information

Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry: the study of nuclear reactions

Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry: the study of nuclear reactions Chapter 2 Nuclear Chemistry: the study of nuclear reactions Learning goals and key skills: Write balanced nuclear equations Know the difference between fission and fusion Predict nuclear stability in terms

More information

Phys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Phys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom

More information

RADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions

RADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions 1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous emissions from the nucleus of certain atoms, of either alpha, beta or gamma radiation. These radiations are emitted when the nuclei of the radioactive substance

More information

Preview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics

Preview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 Preview Section 1 The Nucleus Section 2 Nuclear Decay Section 3 Nuclear Reactions Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 TEKS The student is expected to: 5A

More information

Lecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.

More information

NUCLEI. Atomic mass unit

NUCLEI. Atomic mass unit 13 NUCLEI Atomic mass unit It is a unit used to express the mass of atoms and particles inside it. One atomic mass unit is the mass of atom. 1u = 1.660539 10. Chadwick discovered neutron. The sum of number

More information

Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity

Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all of the properties of that element. Composition

More information

SAVE PAPER AND INK!!!

SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck "Background Printing")!

More information

Lecture Outlines Chapter 32. Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker

Lecture Outlines Chapter 32. Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker Lecture Outlines Chapter 32 Physics, 3 rd Edition James S. Walker 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in

More information

Chapter 28: Nuclear Chemistry Part 1: Notes The Basics of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Decay

Chapter 28: Nuclear Chemistry Part 1: Notes The Basics of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Decay Part 1: Notes The Basics of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Decay Objectives: Differentiate between nuclear and chemical reactions. Define: spontaneous nuclear decay, nuclear reaction, parent nuclide, daughter

More information

Chemistry Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Nuclear Chemistry

Chemistry Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Nuclear Chemistry Chemistry Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Nuclear Chemistry Define the following vocabulary terms: Radioactivity Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray Transmutation Half-life Nuclear Decay Nuclear Fission

More information

Physics 142 Modern Physics 2 Page 1. Nuclear Physics

Physics 142 Modern Physics 2 Page 1. Nuclear Physics Physics 142 Modern Physics 2 Page 1 Nuclear Physics The Creation of the Universe was made possible by a grant from Texas Instruments. Credit on a PBS Program Overview: the elements are not elementary The

More information

Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 2012

Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 2012 Recap I Lecture 41 Matthias Liepe, 01 Recap II Nuclear Physics The nucleus Radioactive decay Fission Fusion Particle Physics: What is the Higgs? Today: Nuclear Physics: The Nucleus Positive charge and

More information

Astronomy Notes Chapter 13.notebook. April 11, 2014

Astronomy Notes Chapter 13.notebook. April 11, 2014 All stars begin life in a similar way the only difference is in the rate at which they move through the various stages (depends on the star's mass). A star's fate also depends on its mass: 1) Low Mass

More information

Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons and neutrons

More information

Today. Stars. Evolution of High Mass Stars. Nucleosynthesis. Supernovae - the explosive deaths of massive stars

Today. Stars. Evolution of High Mass Stars. Nucleosynthesis. Supernovae - the explosive deaths of massive stars Today Stars Evolution of High Mass Stars Nucleosynthesis Supernovae - the explosive deaths of massive stars 1 Another good job on exam! Class average was 71% Given the difficulty of the exam, this was

More information

Chapter 20: Phenomena. Chapter 20: The Nucleus: A Chemist s View. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay

Chapter 20: Phenomena. Chapter 20: The Nucleus: A Chemist s View. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay Chapter 20: Phenomena Phenomena: Below is a list of stable isotopes of different elements. Examine the data and see what patterns you can identify. The mass of a electron is 0.00055 u, the mass of a proton

More information