APPLIED CHEMISTRY. DR. B.S. CHAUHAN Dean (R & D) Head of Department of Chemistry Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida, (U.P.

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1 APPLIED CHEMISTRY DR. B.S. CHAUHAN Dean (R & D) Head of Department of Chemistry Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida, (U.P.) (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company) Vayu Education of India 2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi

2 APPLIED CHEMISTRY Copyright VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA ISBN: First Edition: 2013 Rs. 270/- All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers. Laser Typesetting : Upasana Graphics, New Delhi Published by: VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA 2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi Ph.: , Fax: vayueducation@radiff.com, vayueducation@gmail.com Web:

3 Preface The present edition of the book is as per the latest syllabus of Polytechnic Students. The whole prescribed syllabus is divided into TWENTY chapters covering all the disciplines of applied engineering chemistry such as inorganic, organic, synthetic, physical, applied, industrial, spectroscopic and material chemistry. This book is written keeping in mind the requirement of engineering diploma students, i.e., every aspect of a topic is dealt keeping its concern in engineering science. Key features of the book include a simple and holistic approach with large number of illustrations and tables. The present book gives exhaustive overview of various chapters like, Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding; Periodic Classification of Elements; Instrumental Methods of Analysis; Chemical Kinetics; Ionic Theory; Electrochemistry; Corrosion and Protection from Corrosion; Catalysis; Solid State; Colloidal State; Lubricants; Environmental Pollution and its Control; Water and Wastewater Chemistry; Fuels; Glass and Ceramics; Mechanism of Organic Reactions; Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Polymer Chemistry; Organic Materials and; Analytical Chemistry. Each chapter is provided with large number of solved numerical examples which are supposed to be very useful for the students. At the end of each chapter Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the Blanks, Numerical and theoretical questions along with their answers are given. I hope the present book will prove a useful tool for teachers and students of undergraduate engineering classes. Critical suggestions from the users on the material presented are welcome for the improvement of the book. Author

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5 SYLLABUS APPLIED CHEMISTRY [ Common to All Engineering Courses] DETAILED CONTENTS: 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE : Basic concept of atomic structure, Matter wave concept, Quantum number, Haisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Shaples of orbitals. 2. CHEMICAL BONDING : Covalent bond, Ionic & Co-ordinate, Hydrogen bonding, Valence bond theory, Hybridisation, VSEPR theory, Molecular orbital theory. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS : Modern classification of elements (s,p,d and f block elements), Periodic properties : Ionisation potential electro negativity, Electron affinity. 4. ELECTRO CHEMISTRY : Arrhenius Theory of electrolytic dissociation, Transport number, Electrolytic conductance, Ostwald dilution law. Concept of Acid and bases : Bronsted, Arrhenius and Lewis theory. Concept of ph and numericals. Buffer solutions, Indicators, Solubility product, Common ion effect with their application, Redox reactions, Electrode potential(nernst Equation), Electro-chemical cell (Galvanic and Electrolytic). EMF of a cell and free energy change. Standard electrode potential, Electro chemical series and its application. 5. CHEMICAL KINETICS : Law of mass action, order and molecularity of rection. Activation energy, rate constants, Ist order reactions and 2nd order reactions. 6. CATALYSIS : Definition Characteristics of catalytic reactions, Catalytic promotors and poison, Autocatalysis and Negative catalysis, Theory of catalysis, Application. 7. SOLID STATE : Types of solids (Amorphous and Crystalline), Classification (Molecular, Ionic, Covalent, Metallic), Band theory of solids (Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators), types of Crystals, FCC, BCC, Crystal imperfection. 8. COLLOIDAL STATE OF MATTER : Concept of collidal and its types, Different system of colloids, Dispersed phase and dispersion medium. Methods of preparation of colloidal solutions, Dialysis and electrodialysis. Properties of colloidal solution with special reference to absorption, Brownian Movement, tyndal effect, Electro phoresis and coagulation. relative stability of hydrophillic and hydrophobie colloids. Protection and protective colloids. Emulsion, Types, preparation,properties and uses. Application of colloids chemistry in different industries. 9. LUBRICANTS : Definition, classification, Necessasity and various kinds of lubricants. Function and mechanism of action of lubricants and examples. Properties of lubricants, Importance of additive compounds in lubricants, Synthetic lubricants and cutting fluids. Industrial application, its function in bearing. 10. WATER TREATMENT : Hardness of water, Its limits and determination of hardness of water by EDTA method. Softening methods (Only Sods lime, Zeolote and Ion exchange resin process). Disadvantage of hard water in different industries, scale and sludge formation, Corrosion, Caustic embritlement, primming and foarming in biolers. Disinfecting of Water By Chloramine-T, Ozone and Chlorine. Advantage and disadvantage of

6 Applied Chemistry (viii) chlorinational, Industrial waste and sewage, Municipality waste water treatment, Definition of BOD and COD. Numerical problems based on topics. 11. CORROSION : Concept of metallic corrosion, Types of corrosion and factors affecting the corrosion rate, Chemical and electrochemical theory of corrosion, Oxide film formation and its characteristics, tarnishing fogging and rusting, Prevention of corrosion by various methods. 12. FUELS : Definition, its classification, high & low Calorific value.determination of calorific value of solid and liquid fuels by Bomb calorimeter. Liquid fuel - Petroleum and its refining, distillate of petroleum (Kerosene oil, Disel and Petrol), Benzol and Power alchol. Knocking, Anti-knocking agents, Octane number and Cetane number. Cracking and its type, Gasoling from hydrogenation of coal (Bergius process and Fischer tropsch's process) Gaseous Fuel - Coal gas, Oil gas, Water gas, Producer gas, Bio gas, LPG and CNG. Numerical Problems based on topics 13. GLASS AND CERAMICS : Concept of glass. Ceramics and their constitutents, Classification and uses of different glass, Elementary idea of manufacturing process of glass. Industrial application of glass and ceramics. 14. ORGANIC REACTIONS & MECHANISM: 1. Fundamental auspects - A. Electrophiles and nucleophiles, Reaction Intermediates, Free radical, Carbocation, Carbanion B. Inductive effect, Mesomeric effect, Electromeric effect. 2.A. Mechanism of addition reaction (Markonicove's Rule, Cyanohydrin and Peroxide effect), B. Mechanism of Substitution reactions; (Nucleophillic) hydrolysis of alkyle halide, electrophillic substitution halogenation, Sulphonation, Niration and friedel-craft reaction. C. Mechanism of Elimination reaction - Dehydration of primary alcohol, Dehyrohalogenation of primary alkyl halide. 15. ORGANIC MATERIALS : A. POLYMERS : 1. Polymers and their classification. Average degree of polymerisation, Average molecular weight, Free radical polymerisation (Mechanisms) 2. Thermosetting and Thermoplastic resen - A. Addition polymers and their industrial application- Polystyrene, PVA, PVC, PAN, PMMA, Buna- S, Buna-N, Teflon. B. Condensation polymer and their industrial application : Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6, Bakelite, Melamine formaldehyde, Urea formaldehyde, Terylene or Decron, Polyurethanes. 3. General concept of Bio polymers, Biodegradable polymers and inorganic polymers(silicon) 2. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS : A. Introduction - Fats and Oils B. Saponification of fats and oils, Manufacturing of soap.

7 (ix) Contents C. Synthetic detergents, types of detergents and its manufacturing. 3. EXPLOSIVES: TNT, RDX, Dynamite. 4. Paint and Varnish LIST OF PRACTICALS 1. To analyse inorganic mixture for two acid and basic radicals from following radicals A. Basic Radicals : NH + 4, Pb ++, Cu++, Bi +++, Cd ++, As +++, Sb +++, Sn ++, Al +++, Fe +++, Cr +++, Mn ++, Zn ++, Co ++ Ni ++, Ba ++, Sr ++, Ca ++, Mg ++ B. Acid Radicals : CO -- 3, S --, SO -- 3, CH 3 COO -, NO - 2, No - 3, Cl -, Br -, I -, SO To determine the percentage of available Chlorine in the supplied sample of Bleaching powder. 3. To determine the total hardness of water sample in terms of CaCO 3 by EDTA titration method using Eriochroma black-t indicator. 4. To determine the strength of given HCl solution by titration against NaOH solution using Phenolphthalium as indicator. 5. To determine the Chloride content in supplied water sample by using Mohr's methods. 6. Determination of temporary hardness of water sample by O-Hener's method.

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9 Table of Contents Contents CHAPTER 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING Dalton s Atomic Theory Thomson s Atomic Model Rutherford s Scattering Experiment Rutherford s Nuclear Model of Atom Atomic Number and Mass Number Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones Drawbacks of Rutherford s Model Bohr s Model of Atom Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle Probability Picture of an Electron Difference between Orbit and Orbital Quantum Numbers Principal Quantum Number (N) Azimuthal or Secondary or Angular Quantum Number (I) Magnetic Quantum Number (M) Spin Quantum Number (S) Problems Related to Quantum Numbers Pauli s Exclusion Principle Shapes of S and P Orbitals Electronic Configuration of Atoms 17

10 Applied Chemistry (xii) 1.22 Introduction to Chemical Bonding Ionic Bonds or Electrovalent Bond Factors Favouring the Formation of Ionic Bond Covalent Bonds or Non-Polar Bond Bond Parameters Bond Length Bond Angle Coordinate Bond or Dative Bond Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds Hybridisation and Hybrid Orbitals Nature of Covalent Bond and Shape of Molecules Valence Bond Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (V.S.E.P.R.) Valence Bond Theory for Complex ion or Coordination Compounds Molecular Orbital Theory Linear combination of Atomic Orbitals (L.C.A.O) Bond Order (B.O.) Types of Molecular Orbitals Bonding in Homomolecular diatomic molecules Bonding in Hetero-molecular diatomic molecules Hydrogen Bonding Types of hydrogen bond Crystal Field Theory (CFT) Born-Haber Cycle/Lattice Energy 59 Text Questions CHAPTER 2: PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS Earlier Attempts of Classification of Elements Dobereiner s Triads Newland s Law of Octaves Mendeleev s Periodic Law and Periodic Table Mendeleev s periodic law Main features of Mendeleev s periodic table Merits of Mendeleev s periodic classification Defects in Mendeleev s Periodic Classification Modern Periodic Law Classification of Elements into s, p, d and f-block Elements Periodic Properties of Elements Valency and Oxidation State Atomic and Ionic Radii Ionisation Energy (or ionization potential) Electron Affinity 97

11 (xiii) Contents CHAPTER 3: INTRUMENTAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS Spectroscopy Ultraviolet and visible spectra The Absorption Laws Types of Electronic Transition Types of Band Shifts Chromophore and Auxochrome Calculation of λ max by using woodward rules Applications of UV Spectroscopy IR spectroscopy Molecular Vibrations Degree of Freedom Finger-print Region in Infra-red Spectroscopy Applications of I.R. Spectroscopy NMR Spectroscopy NMR Spectrum The Study of NMR Spectra can be Divided into Four Sections 124 Problems (Theoetical) CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL KINETICS Introduction Factors Influencing the Rate of Reaction Important terms in chemical kinetics Rate of Reaction Rate Law Molecularity of Reaction Order of Reaction Half life Half Life for First Order Reaction Half Life for Second Order Reaction Half life for n th Order Reaction Methods for determining the order of a reaction Isolation Method Trial and Error Method or Integration Method Graphical Method Half Life Method Effect of temperature on rate of reaction Temperature Coefficient 148

12 Applied Chemistry (xiv) Threshold Energy Effect of Increased Temperature on Reaction Rate Activation Energy Theory of Reaction Rates Arrhenius Theory 149 Problems (Theoretical) Problems (Numericals) CHAPTER 5: IONIC THEORY Ionic Equilibrium Ionization of Weak Electrolytes Acid-base Equilibrium Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acids and Bases ph Value Acid Base Indicators: An acid base indicator is an organic dye that signals the end point by a visual change in colour Solubility Product Common Ion Effect Buffer Solution 191 Problems for Practice CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrochemistry is a Branch in Chemistry which Deals with Introduction to the Concept of Oxidation and Reduction Electrolytic Conduction First Law Faraday s Second Law of Electrolysis Industrial Applications of Electrolysis Types of Commercial Cells Primary Cells Secondary Cells Electrochemical Cell or Galvanic Cell Principle Construction of a Cell Observations Working 211

13 (xv) Contents 6.11 Salt Bridge and Its Function Functions of Salt bridge Importance and Working of Salt Bridge Representation of a Cell Electrode Potential and EMF of a Galvanic Cell E.M.F or Cell Potential of a Cell Standard Hydrogen Electrode Construction of Standard Hydrogen Electrode (S.H.E) Applications Drawbacks Electrochemical Series Applications Nernst Equation Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant and E cell Thermodynamic relation between Gibb s free energy and E.M.F Concentration Cells Fuel Cells Advantages 230 Problems (Theoretical) Problems (Numericals) CHAPTER 7: CORROSION AND PROTECTION FROM CORROSION Introduction Cause of Corrosion Consequences of corrosion Types of Corrosion Uniform and Galvanic Corrosion Erosion Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Stress Corrosion Intergranular Corrosion Waterline Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Wet or Electrochemical Corrosion (Immersed Corrosion) Factors Influencing Corrosion Nature of Metal 246

14 Applied Chemistry (xvi) Environment Based Factor Passivity of Metal Prevenction and Control Measures 248 Test Questions CHAPTER 8 CATALYSIS Introduction Characteristics of Catalysts Types or Catalysis Homogeneous Catalysis Heterogeneous Catalysis Enzyme Catalysis Theory of Catalysis Intermediate Compound Formation Theory Adsorption Theory Auto Catalysis 260 Question Bank CHAPTER 9 SOLID STATE Introduction Laws of Crystallography Crystal Systems The Space Lattice and Unit Cell Lattice Point Analysis of a Cubic System Structures of Ionic Compounds Defects in Crystals 284 Other Questions CHAPTER 10: COLLOIDAL STATE The Colloidal State Classification of colloids Preparation of sols Purification of colloids Properties of colloidal solutions Origin of Charge on Colloidal Particles Precipitation or Coagulation of Colloidal Solution 306

15 (xvii) Contents Coagulation by Addition of Electrolytes Protective Colloids and Gold Number Emulsions Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents 310 Other Questions CHAPTER 11: LUBRICANTS Lubricants Friction Sliding Friction Rolling Friction Lubricant and Lubrication Functions of Lubricant Theories of Lubrication or Mechanism of Lubrication Fluid Film or Hydrodynamic Lubrication Boundary Lubrication or Thin Film Lubrication Extreme Pressure Lubrication Lubrication Oils Semi Sold Lubricants or Greases Preparation of Grease Application of Greases Solid Lubricants Properties of Lubricants Flash and Fire Points Measurement of Flash and Fire Points of a Lubricating Oil Pensky Marten Flash and Fire Point Apparatus Construction Cloud Point and Pour Point Volatility Acid Value Coke Number 328 Text Questions CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL Introduction Environmental Pollution (Definition and Scope) Pollutants 333

16 Applied Chemistry-II Publisher : Vayu Education ISBN : Author : DR. B.S. CHAUHAN Type the URL : Get this ebook