Novel Technologies Unit Section for Technical Support Coordination. Department of Safeguards

Transcription

1 Verification Study Workshop One Technical Steps to Support Verifiable Nuclear Arsenal Downsizing Briefing Session Three: Detecting/Preventing Development of Undeclared Nuclear Facilities April 22, 2009 IAEA Project on Technologies to Detect Undeclared Facilities Novel Technologies Unit Section for Technical Support Coordination Division of Technical Support Department of Safeguards

2 IAEA Safeguards Activities??? Verification Complementary Access & Detection of Undeclared Forensics Activities, Material & Facilities Declared Location Declared Materials/Activities Declared Location Undeclared Materials/Activities Undeclared Location Undeclared Materials/Activities

3 Safeguards Methods and Tools A process of continuous evolution! On-site verification, unattended and secure remote monitoring (e.g. surveillance, seals, α, β, and γ nuclear measurements) Includes solid material environmental sampling, information analysis, trade analysis, satellite imagery and new technologies???? Includes novel technologies

4 New / Novel New - Methodology already well understood d and in use by the Agency for safeguards applications Novel - Methodology has not been applied previously to safeguards applications

5 Project s Strategic Objective* Pursue R&D activities in the development of novel technologies for the detection of undeclared activities, using inter alia, Member States Support Programme mechanisms as well as internal resources and expertise * SG Departmental Strategic Objectives

6 NFC I&S The Physical Model Primary reference source Assists safeguards inspectors in their activities Lists ~1,000 NFC indicators Defines indicator type & relative strength Specific NFC Process PM Indicator Strong Medium Weak Especially Designed Equipment Nuclear Materials - - Technology / Training / R&D End Product Dual Use Equipment Other Observables... Non-Nuclear Material... By-Products / Effluents

7 NFC I&S Extending the Model The Novel Technologies Project will: Supplement current model by reviewing and identifying the I&S associated with a wider range of NFC process methods Take into account more recent new and novel detection and monitoring technologies Extend IAEA technical capabilities into new and emerging Safeguards areas (e.g. next gen. reactors, geological repositories, timely detection of clandestine facilities, nuclear weapons downsizing, fissile material cutoff, etc.)

8 Basic Approach Detection of NFC Processes Problem: Source location? Unknown! Source activities / materials Unknown!?? Approach: Identify entities that are unique to the source Determine the detectability for each of the source s entities Use an appropriate method or technology to detect the entity Analyse the entity to determine the source s location and to identify the process(es) involved

9 Major Entity Types Entity Description Matter Dispersed isotopes, elements, alloys and compounds in solid, liquid and gaseous forms Emanations Information Electrostatic, magnetic, acoustic energies, vibration, electromagnetic Open and other sources in print and electronic forms, export denials, etc.

10 Entity Classification Entity Indicator Signature An entity that goes into making the process operative General Examples: Resources Required materials Facility design Related R&D Reports, papers and other information An entity produced by the process when it is in operation General Examples: Produced materials Process by-products Waste materials Energy emanations Reports, papers and other information

11 NFC Processes For example

12 NFC I&S Example: Uranium Enrichment Processes ENRICHMENT Enrichment processes using UF6 Gas Centrifuge Gaseous Diffusion Aerodynamic Molecular Laser (MLIS) Electromagnetic (using UF6) Enrichment processes using UCl4 Chemical Exchange Ion Exchange Electromagnetic (using UCl4) Enrichment processes using uranium metal Atomic Vapour Laser (AVLIS) Plasma-based incl. ion cyclotron resonance and plasma centrifuges

13 NFC I&S Example: Gas Centrifuge Process Flow Chart FROM RAIL/ TRUCK UF6 CENTRIFUGE ENRICHMENT PLANT DECONTAMINATION URANIUM RECOVERY To OXIDE ATM STORE / SHIP DELIVERY REPAIR and/or DISPOSAL SCRAP RECOVERY UF6 UF4 UNH WASTE BURIAL U308 OTHER DISPOSAL/ RECOVERY U03 UO2 UF6 CYLINDER STORAGE EMPTY CYL. NATURAL UF6 CYL. DUF6 CYL. LEUF6 CYL. HEUF6 CYL OTHER CYLINDERS UF6 FEED EMPTY CYL. NATURAL UF6 CYL. DUF6 CYL. LEUF6 CYL. HEUF6 CYL OTHER CYLINDERS AUTOCLAVE HEAT LAMPS HEAT TAPE UF6 CENTRIFUGE CASCADE CASCADE CENTRIFUGE Frequency Housing Changes HDR Piping Stator Molecular Rotor Tube Pump Scoop Top/ Bottom Bearing Damper Ring TAILS COLLECTION PRODUCT COLLECTION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY DESUBLIMERS COLD TRAPS CYLINDERS COMPRESSORS DESUBLIMERS COLD TRAPS CYLINDERS COMPRESSORS Baffles Bellows Large gaskets Legend: Gas UF6 Liquid / Gas UF6 Equipment

14 NFC I&S Example: Gas Centrifuge Process I&S Weak (W) green Medium (M) yellow Strong (S) red Potential safeguards-useful I&S candidates

15 General Gap Analysis Approach NEEDS PULL Safeguards Need Need & Technology Gap Analysis SG- Appropriate Technical Solution TECHNOLOGY PUSH Technology Review & I&S Analysis

16 R&D Tasks Atmospheric Gases Sampling & Analysis Need: To determine the nature and locality of a suspected undeclared nuclear process Phase I Source terms calculated Global Kr-85 background simulated Emission scenarios defined Detection probability established Final report Feb. 09 Proceeding to Phase II

17 R&D Tasks Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Need: In-field determination of the nature of unknown materials (compounds, alloys, elements & isotopes) in the solid liquid id and gaseous states ty (counts) Intensit 6 x 104 Australia (RM) Canada (COGEMA, CL?) Germany (S) 5 Blank Initial laboratory based trials undertaken at SAL (March 08) 0.4 LIBS Focused WG of Experts & Users (July 08) Further -0.2 applications identified Delivery of a handheld prototype for field evaluation (Dec 09) PC Wavelength (nm) Blank-R2 Blank-R3 Blank-R1 0 Australia (RM) Canada ada Australia (RM) Canada (RL) Canada (RL) Canada (RL) Canada (KL-Cameco) (KL-Cameco) Germany Canada (KL-Cameco) Germany (S) Germany (S) (S) Southern Autralia (OD) Southern Autralia (OD) Namibia (R) Namibia (R) Southern Autralia (OD) Namibia (R) Czech Czech Republic Republic (SPR) (SPR) Canada (COGEMA, CL?) Canada (COGEMA, CL?) Gabon (MM-COMUF) Gabon Gabon (MM-COMUF) PC PC

18 R&D Tasks Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Need: To determine if a suspected spected location was used previously for the storage of undeclared nuclear materials Laboratory based prototype (Oct 08) Modification of production prototype system on the basis of lab. trials (Mid 09) Completion of prototype tests/break point (Dec 09)

19 Proposed R&D Tasks Antineutrino Detection for Reactor Monitoring Need: Monitor the operating power and core operating conditions of a nuclear reactor Novel features: > Tracks the core operating conditions directly > Capable of monitoring core burn-up > Unattended continuous monitoring rel. non-intrusive > Self-calibrating, & claimed low capital & maintenance costs Remark(s): Current footprint = 2.5 x 3 m Projected footprint = 1.25 x 1.25 m Remark(s): Field test conducted at San Onofre NPP For research reactor monitoring?

20 Need: Proposed R&D Tasks Laser-based Stand-off Detection Detect and monitor gaseous signatures emanating from NFC processes into the atmosphere Novel features: Applications can include both on-site and stand-off (up to kms) detection and monitoring systems Example:

21 Proposed R&D Tasks Non-intrusive Enrichment & Flow Monitor based on SQUID* Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Need: Measure both 235 U enrichment and UF 6 material flow rate without penetrating cascade pipe-work Novel features: > Relatively low magnetic field requirement > Eliminates the need for external radiation source Remark(s): Initial work on surrogate materials and studies, using uranium, look promising. * Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices Source: LANL

22 Other NTU Activities Geological Repositories and Buried Structures Team Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Team

23 Member State Support 14 MSSP umbrella tasks, and the EC in support of the Novel Technologies Project Small and/or short-duration tasks Technical & scientific information exchanges Assistance with technical requirements Expert reviews of proposals Provision of experts for short periods Assistance with product evaluations and field tests Umbrella tasks play an increasingly important role!

24 Conclusion The Novel Technologies Project has given the IAEA: A new, systematic mechanism to analyse gaps in inspectorate capabilities and to address emerging and future inspectorate needs A means to access a wider range of methods and instruments for safeguards applications A effective pathway for timely novel solutions Several promising i novel technologies already under investigation with contributing Member States: Gas sampling & analysis Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Optical stimulation luminescence more are planned!! The Project will contribute the Agency s capabilities through: Improved methods for verification at declared facilities Improved and wider range of instruments for on-site (CA) and forensic-type inspections Enhanced capability for detecting undeclared activities, materials, or facilities

25 Thank You! Questions? Julian Whichello Cynthia Annese Sarah Baldwin Andrew Monteith Unit Head Nuclear Technology Specialist Admin. Support SG Technology Specialist X21867 X22220 X25741 x26437