DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE DEPARTEMENT PLANTKUNDE BOT 161. Semester test 2 / Semestertoets 2 DATE / DATUM : MARKS / PUNTE : 50

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1 DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE DEPARTEMENT PLANTKUNDE BOT 161 Semester test 2 / Semestertoets 2 DATE / DATUM : MARKS / PUNTE : 50 TIME / TYD : 60 Min EXAMINERS / EKSAMINATORE: Prof J.J.M Meyer, Dr P le Roux & Mr P Rousseau The test paper consists of 7 questions on 5 pages. Die vraestel bestaan uit 7 vrae op 5 bladsye. Answer all questions in either blue or black ink. Do not write or draw in pencil. Beantwoord alle vrae in of blou of swart ink. Moenie in potlood skryf of teken nie. Do not use correction fluid (Tipp-Ex). Moenie korrigeervloeistof (Tipp-Ex) gebruik nie. QUESTION / VRAAG 1 : [10] Which terms of column A fit those of column B the best? Provide you answer by writing down only the matching numbers of column A in column C. Watter terme in kolom A pas die beste by die van kolom B? Verskaf u antwoord deur slegs die passende nommers van kolom A in kolom C neer te skryf. A B C 1 Alkaloids Salisielsuur 2 Alkaloïede Salicylic acid 2 Natural form of aspirin Tetrahydrocannabinol 7 Natuurlike vorm van aspirien Tetrahidrokannabinol 3 Sephadex Isoprene units 6 Sephadex Isopreen eenhede 4 Codeine Contains 25 alkaloids 10 Kodeïen Bevat 25 alkaloïede 5 Phenolic compounds Nitrogen containing compounds 1 Fenoliese verbindings Stikstofbevattende verbindings 6 Terpenoids Benzene ring and an OH-group 5 Terpenoïede Benseenring en n OH-groep 7 Dagga Previously contained cocaine 8 Dagga Het vroeër kokaïen bevat 8 Coca cola Separate molecules on size 3 Coca cola Skei molekule op grond van grootte 9 Herbarium Methyl ether of morphine 4 Herbarium Metieleter van morfien 10 Opium Opium Identification of plant species Identifisering van plantspesies 9 1

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3 QUESTION / VRAAG 4 : [9] 4.1 Define a phylogeny. / Definieer 'n filogenie. (2) A diagram illustrating a hypotheses about the evolutionary history of a group (1) that shows relationships between taxa (1) / n Diagram wat dien as hipotese oor die evolusionêre geskiedenis van 'n groep (1) en die verhoudings tussen taksa wys (1) 4.2 Give two reasons for the use of scientific names as opposed to common names. Gee twee redes hoekom die gebruik van wetenskaplike name bo die van volksname verkieslik is. (2) Any two as separated by commas / enige twee soos deur kommas geskei Allows for effective communication, common names vary, common names are misleading, relates information, key to all known information on a taxon / Laat toe vir effektiewe kommunikasie, volksname varieer, volksname is misleidend, dra informasie oor, sleutel tot alle kennis op 'n takson 4.3 Give any three key evolutionary advancements of land plants. Gee enige drie sleutel evolusionêre ontwikkelinge van land plante. (3) Any three as separated by commas / enige drie soos deur kommas geskei Cuticle, apical meristem, alteration of generations (gametophyte and sporophyte), walled in spores, multicellular gametangia or gametophores or gamete bearing structures, multicellular embryos / Kutikula, apikale meristem, afwisseling van generasies (gametofiet en sporofiet), spore met omhulsels, multisellulêre gametangia of gametofore of gameet draende strukture, multisellulêre embrios 4.4 What is the date of nomenclature priority in botany? (Publication date of species plantarum) Wat is die datum van nomenklatuur prioriteit in plantkunde (publikasie datum van species plantarum). 1 May 1753 (1) / 1Mei 1753 (1) 4.5 Give the suffix for the family rank in botany Gee die agtervoegsel vir die familie rang in plantkunde. (1) aceae (1) (1) 3

4 VRAAG / QUESTION 5 : [8] 5.1 Give any four of the central principles of the ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature) except for the date of nomenclatural priority (4) Gee enige vier van die sentrale beginsels van die IKBN (Internasionale Kode vir Botaniese Nomenklatuur), behalwe die datum van prioriteit. (4) Any four except for Priority of publishing from 1 May Independent of zoological and bacteriological codes / Onafhanklik van dierkundige en bakteriële kodes; (mark right if they only name one other code) 2. Application of names determined by type (Holotype, isotype) / Toepassing van name gebasseer op tipes (Holotipe, isotipe) 3. Each taxon with a particular circumscription can bear only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules, except in specified cases (conservation of names) / Elke takson met 'n spesifieke omskrywing kan slegs een korrekte naam, die vroegste in ooreenstemming met die reëls, dra, behalwe in bepaalde gevalle (bewaring van name) 4. Names are treated as Latin, irrespective of its origin / Name word behandel as Latyns, ongeag die oorsprong 5. Rules of the code are retrospective back to 1 May 1753 / Die reëls is terugwerkend tot en met 1 Mei 1753; (Give a mark even if date is absent) 5.2 Give any four character states that distinguish the angiosperms (flowering plants) from all other plant groups Gee enige vier karakters eienskappe wat die angiosperme (blomplante) van alle ander plant groepe skei. (4) Any four of the following Sieve tube members, flowers, stamens with 2 theca, ovules enclosed in carpels (or ovary), that develop to fruit, gametophytes are reduced, male gametophyte very reduced / Sif vaat elemente, blomme, meeldrade met twee hokke of lobbe, saadknoppe in vrugblare (of die vrugbeginsel) omvou, wat in n vrug ontwikkel, gametofiete baie gereduseer of verklein, manlike gametofiet die kleinste in die planteryk. 4

5 QUESTION / VRAAG 6 : [5] Two grasslands are compared. Grassland #1 has 15 plant species, 10 insect species and 5 bird species. Grassland #2 has 25 plant species, 15 insect species and 1 bird species. In n vergelyking tussen twee grasvelde het grasveld #1, 15 plantspesies, 10 insekspesies en 5 voëlspesies gehad, terwyl grasveld #2, 25 plantspesies, 15 insekspesies en 1 voëlspesie gehad het. 6.1 Which grassland has higher species diversity? Watter grasveld het die hoër spesiediversiteit? (1) Data on species abundance (or evenness) required to assess diversity, therefore not possible to say. [1] Nie moontlik om te bepaal nie data oor spesies volopheid benodig 6.2 Why is it incorrect to say that Grassland #2 has higher biodiversity? Waarom is dit verkeerd om te beweer dat die biodiversiteit van grasveld #2 groter is as die van grasveld #1? (1) The grasslands were only compared based on species richness, and therefore not enough data is available [1] Benodig meer data, want net data oor spesies rykheid is voorsien 6.3 What types of data would be required to determine which grassland has higher biodiversity? Wat se tipes data word benodig om te bepaal watter grasveld die grootste biodiversiteit besit? (3) Biodiversity has three components, and requires data from all three: - genetic diversity [1] - species diversity [1] - ecosystem (or landscape or habitat) diversity [1] Biodiversiteit het drie komponente, en vereis data van al drie: - Genetiese diversiteit [1] - Spesie diversiteit [1] - Ekosisteem (of landskap of habitat) diversiteit [1] QUESTION / VRAAG 7 : [6] 7.1 What is the difference between a species realized niche and its fundamental niche? Verduidelik wat die verskil is tussen die gerealisserdenis van n spesie en die fundamentelenis van n spesie? (2) 5

6 Fundamental niche describes where abiotic conditions are suitable for a species (e.g. climate and soil. [1] The realized niche describes the conditions under which the species is actually present (i.e. based on abiotic and biotic variables) [1] Fundamentele nis = slegs gebaseer op abiotiese faktore Gerealiseerdenis = ware toestande waaronder n spesie oorleef 7.2 Which species rich biome will be present under conditions of warm temperatures all year round and high rainfall? Watter spesieryke bioom word aangetref in n gebied met n hoë temperature reg deur die jaar wat baie reën kry? (1) Tropical (rain)forest / tropiese (reën)woude 7.3 Define what is meant by an ecosystem. Definieer wat met die term ekosisteem bedoel word. (2) Ecosystem = a community [1] and the physical factors [1] with which it interacts. Ekosisteem = Bestaan uit die onderlinge wisselwerking tussen n gemeenskap en die fisiese faktore wat dit beïnvloed. 7.4 Jacaranda trees grow well in Pretoria and the adjacent savannah biome, but were absent here until humans introduced the species to the city. What was responsible for Jacarandas not growing naturally in the city previously? Jakaranda bome aard baie goed in Pretoria sovel as in die aangrensende savannah bioom. Hulle het voorheen nie hier voorgekom nie, maar is deur menslike aktiwiteite in stedelike gebiede gevestig. Wat het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat Jakarandabome nie voorheen natuurlik in ons stedelike gebiede aangetref is nie? (1) dispersal limitation / beperkte verspreidingsvermoë TOTAL / TOTAAL : 50 6