UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA/ UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY & ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTEMENT DIERKUNDE & ENTOMOLOGIE

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1 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA/ UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY & ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTEMENT DIERKUNDE & ENTOMOLOGIE Animal Diversity ZEN 161 / Diereverskeidenheid ZEN 161 Final Examination / Finale Eksamen 6 November 2009 Examiners / Eksaminatore: Time / Tydsduur: 2 hours / 2 ure Dr M.P. Robertson Marks/ Punte: 100 Dr B.J. van Rensburg Prof M. van der Merwe Prof A.E. McKechnie Prof C.H. Scholtz ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN YOUR ANSWER BOOK / BEANTWOORD AL DIE VRAE IN U ANTWOORDBOEK Question 1 / Vraag 1 (a) Phylogenetic trees are usually based on data from three different sources. Name two of these sources. / Filogenetiese bome is gewoonlik gebaseer op data van drie verskillende bronne. Noem twee van hierdie bronne. (b) Animals can be categorized by either a protostome or deuterostome development mode. Name the differences between these two modes with respect to cell cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of the blastopore are concerned. / Diere kan gekategoriseer word met n protostoom of n deuterostoom ontwikkelings metode. Noem die verskille tussen hierdie twee metodes sovêr dit sel kliewing, seloom formasie en die latere lot van die blastopoor behels. Question 2 / Vraag 2 (a) Discuss the importance of the Mesozoic Era in terms of animal diversity. / Bespreek die belangrikhed van die Mesosoїkum Era in terme van diere verskeidenheid. (b) What is the name of the explosion (i.e. rapid animal diversification) that marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals. During which Era did this explosion take place? / Wat is die naam van die ontploffing (dit is vinnige diere diversifikasie/ uiteenlopendheid) wat die vroegste verskyning van baie hoofgroepe van lewende diere tot gevolg gehad het. Gedurende watter Era het hierdie ontploffing voorgekom. Page 1 of 4/ Bladsy 1 van 4

2 Question 3 / Vraag 3 Some groups of insects have direct benefit to humans and their domestic animals. Discuss these using examples./ Sommige insek-groepe is van direkte voordeel vir die mens en sy huis- en plaas-diere. Bespreek deur middel van voorbeelde. Question 4 / Vraag 4 (a) Which two inner ear bones found in present day mammals are used for articulation between the upper and lower jaws of reptiles? From which of these reptilian bones are inner ear bones are derived? / Watter twee binneste gehoorbeentjies van moderne soogdiere word by reptiele gebruik vir artikulasie tussen die bo en onder kake? Sê ook uit watter bene in die bo en onder kake van reptiele hierdie bene ontstaan het. (b) What are hypsodont teeth and in which mammals do you find such teeth? / Wat is hipsodonte tande en in watter soogdiere word sodanige tande gevind? Question 5 / Vraag 5 In the correct sequence, give the path that a red blood cell travels from the inferior vena cava to the aorta. The names of arteries or veins and all chambers and valves involved must be correctly given. / Gee in die korrekte volgorde die pad wat n rooibloedsel sal volg vanaf die vena cava inferior tot by die aorta. Waar arteries of vena betrokke is moet hulle name korrek weergee word sowel as die kamers en kleppe wat betrokke is. OR (a) Define the following: Definieer die volgende: (i) Tidal volume/ Gety-volume (ii) Vital capacity/ Vitale kapasiteit (iii) Residual volume/ Residuele volume (b) List the various forms in which CO 2 is transported in the blood/ Lys die verskillende maniere hoe CO 2 in die bloed vervoer word. (c) Discuss gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood in the alveoli of the lungs, including the physical gradients responsible. / Bespreek gaswisseling tussen die atmosfeer en die bloed in die alveoli van die longe, insluitende die fisiese gradiente verantwoordelik. Page 2 of 4/ Bladsy 2 van 4

3 Question 6 / Vraag 6 (a) Using examples, briefly discuss the various nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals. / Deur gebruik te maak van voorbeelde bespreek kortliks die verskillende stikstof afvalstowwe wat deur diere sekreteer word. (b) Discuss protonephridia and give an example of an organism possessing them. / Bespreek protonephridia en gee n voorbeeld van n organisme waar jy dit sal aantref. OR/ OF What major processes occur in each of the following parts of a nephron: (a) proximal tubule, (b) descending limb of the loop of Henle, (c) ascending limb of the loop of Henle, (d) distal tubule (e) collecting duct? / Wat gebeur in die volgende dele van n nefron (a) proksimale buis, (b) dalende been die lus van van Henle, (c) stygende been van die lus van Henle, (d) distale buis (e) versamel buis. Question 7 / Vraag 7 (a) Discuss the different mechanisms of asexual reproduction and give an example of each. / Bespreek die verskillende meganismes van ongeslagtelike (aseksuele) voortplanting en gee n voorbeeld van elk. (b) Give two advantages of sexual reproduction. / Gee twee voordele van geslagtelike (seksuele) voortplanting. Question 8 / Vraag 8 Name five terrestrial biomes. / Noem vyf terrestriële biome. (8) (5) Question 9 / Vraag 9 Discuss fixed action patterns and imprinting, and give examples of each. / Bepreek vaste aksie-patrone en inprenting en gee voorbeelde van elk. Question 10 / Vraag 10 Discuss four of the factors responsible for density-dependent population regulation. / Bespreek vier van die faktore wat verantwoordlik is vir digtheids-afhanklike bevolkings regulering. (8) Page 3 of 4/ Bladsy 3 van 4

4 Question 11 / Vraag 11 (a) Define and give examples of the following: cryptic colouration, aposematic colouration, Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. / Definieer en gee voorbeelde van die volgende: kriptiese kleure, aposematiese kleure, Batesiaanse mimikrie en Mulleriaanse mimikrie. (8) (b) Explain the difference between mutualism and commensalism. / Verduidelik wat die verskil is tussen mutualisme en kommensalisme. OR/OF (a) Discuss, with examples, the three different types of symbiotic interactions that can occur. / Bespreek met behulp van voorbeelde die drie verskillende tipes van simbiotiese interaksies wat kan voorkom. (9) (b) Explain character displacement./ Verduidelik karakter verplasing Question 12 / Vraag 12 Discuss ecological pyramids and explain why there are generally more individuals (or biomass) at lower than higher trophic levels. / Bespreek ekologiese piramides en verduidelik waarom daar oor die algemeen meer individue (of biomassa) by laer as by hoër trofiese vlakke is o0o [100] Page 4 of 4/ Bladsy 4 van 4

5 Page 1 of 2/ Bladsy 1 van 2 Page 2 of 2/ Bladsy 2 van 2 Memorandum Zen 161 Examination (a). Any two of the following three sources: morphological, molecular and fossil (b). Cell cleavage: In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate Coelom formation: In protostome development, the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom In deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom Fate of the blastopore: In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the anus 2(a). Coral reefs emerged, becoming important marine ecological niches for other organisms Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates The first mammals emerged (b) The cambrian explosion marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals. This happened during the Paleozoic Era 3 4(a) Incus quadrate Malleus articular (b) High-crowned teeth that extend far above the gum-line, providing lots of extra material for wear. Herbivores/ Cow/ Kudu etc. 5. Right atrium Atrio-ventricular valve/ tricus pedal valve Right ventricle Semilunar valve

6 Artery pulmonalis/ pulmonary artery Lung capillaries Vena pulmonalis Left atrium Atrio-ventricular valve (bicus pedal valve) Left ventricle Semi-lunar valve OR 5a. Define the following: Definieer die volgend: (iv) Tidal volume/ Gety-volume (v) Vital capacity/ Vitale kapasiteit (vi) Recidual volume/ Residu volume b. List the various forms in which CO 2 is transported in the blood/ Lys die verskillende maniere hoedat CO 2 in die bloed vervoer word c. Discuss gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood (including the physical gradients responsible) in the alveoli of the lungs. / Bespreek gaswisseling tussen die atmosfeer en die bloed (insluitende die fisiese gradiente verantwoordelik) in die alveoli van die longe Question 6 / Vraag 6 (a)with the aid of examples, briefly discuss the various nitrogen waste products excreted by animals / Aan hand van voorbeelde bespreek kortliks die verskillende stikstof afvalstowwe wat deur diere sekreteer word (b) Discuss protonephridia and give an example of an organism where you would find them / Bespreek protonephridia en gee n voorbeeld van n organisme waar jy dit sal aantref OR What major processes occur in each of the following parts of a nephron: (a) proximal tube, (b) descending limb of the loop of Henle, (c) ascending limb of the loop of Henle, (d) distal tubule (e) collecting duct? / Wat gebeur in die volgende dele van n nefron (a) proksimale buis, (b) dalende been die lus van van Henle, (c) stygende been van die lus van Henle, (d) distale buis (e) vesamel buis.