The Anatomical Study of the Stem at Two Gymnosperme Species (Cryptomeria japonica Don, Ginkgo biloba L.)

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1 Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66(1)/2009 Print ISSN ; Electronic ISSN The Anatomical Study of the Stem at Two Gymnosperme Species (Cryptomeria japonica Don, Ginkgo biloba L.) Ion STAN Faculty of Agriculture, University of Craiova, 13 A.I. Cuza St., Dolj, Romania; Abstract. In the present paper there is presented the study of 2 species from the Gymnospermae, one belonging to the Cycadopsida Class and the other one from the Coniferopsida Classs For the two species (Ginkgo biloba L., fam. Ginkgoaceae and Cryptomeria japonica, fam.cupressaceae) there has been studied the stem from the anotomically point of view. There has been made cross section through the stem of the two species and there has been observation regarding the peridermis, the liber, the cambium at Cryptomeria japonica and the phelogene, central cylinder, the pheloderme, the cambium and the wood for Ginkgo biloba. Keywords: Cryptomeria japonica Don, Ginkgo biloba L, stem, anatomical, study INTRODUCTION The Gymnospermes are woody plants, with the wood having a simple structure ususally made from vertical tracheides, with simple punctuations, areolated. The Ginkgo biloba it is a tree of high dimensions, with a straight trunk and ample crown, with slow growth, that can reach very high height. At elder age on the trunks with great diameter can develop many vertical stems which sometimes manifest their individuality strating from the base, from the roots, forming suplimentary stems wich increase the initial trunk. The Cryptomeria japonica it is a coniferous species with a rapid growth reaching up to 70 m height, forming a trunk with a diameter over 4 m. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studied material has been collected portion of healthy vegetative organs from the two species, preserved in a mixture of ethilic alcohol, glicerine and distillated water equal parts. In order to study the anatomy of these organs, we have made cross section through certain area and studied with a microscope MC-3. The measuring of some structural elements has been made using the ocular micrometer at the same microscope. For the analyze of some microscopical elements there has been made 100 measurments. In the paper we have used the follwing terms: - VM = maximum individual value - Vm = minimum individual value - X = arithmetical average of the individual values - µm = micrometer 620

2 RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS The anatomy of the stem at the species Cryptomeria japonica D. Don The cross section has been made through a copse with a thickness of 2700 µm with a secondary structure (fig. 1). The stem has a circular contour. At the exterior of the stem there is a suberus with a thickness of 225 µm made from many layers of death tabular cells, orderly disposed in radial rows without spaces between them (fig. 2). The cells from the external area of the suberus have thicker cellular wall, being in a disorganization stage. The phelogene it is made from a single cells layer, the cells being tangential elongated (fig. 2). The pheloderme has a thickness of 202,5 µm, made from spherical or ovoids cells with thin cellular walls, disorderly disposed, with reserve substances deposed on their interior (fig. 3). In the external part of the pheloderm there are secretory channels with large lumen, separated by 1-2 layers of elongated cells with easily thick cellular walls (fig. 3), and on the interior there are groups of sclerids with very lignificated cellular walls (fig. 3). Nearby the central cylinder there are other groups of sclreids made from smaller cells (fig. 3) with a diameter of: VM = 81µm, Vm = 31µm, X = 57,6µm. The central cylinder it is well developed with a thickness of 832,5µm (fig. 4). The liber has a thickness of 112,5µm being made from cells with thin cellular walls, disposed more or less orderly (fig. 4). The cambium it is made from 1-3 layers of tangential elongated cells (fig. 4). The secondary wood has a thickness of 360 µm being made only from woody vessel with lignificated walls (fig. 4). The diameter of the woody vessel it is of: VM = 22,5µm, Vm = 11,25µm, X = 17,55µm. The elements of the primary wood can not be distinguished from the ones of the secondary wood with wich form a compact mass arround the medular parenchima. The central area of the stem it is occupied by a medular parenchima witha diameter of 720µm. The cells of the medular parenchima are ovoids or sphaerical, with thin walls, with spaces between them containing on the inetrior reserve substances. The diameter of these cells it is of: VM = 33,75µm, Vm = 20,25µm, X = 25,43µm. 621

Fig. 1. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba shot (oc. 10x. ob. 10. Fig. 3.

Fig. 2. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba shot suberus and phelogene (oc. 10x. ob. 20. Fig.

The anatomy of the stem at the species Cryptomeria japonica D.

the central cylinder, the bark keep the primary structure (fig. 5) having a thicness of 1755µm.

3 Fig. 1. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba shot (oc. 10x. ob. 10. Fig. 3. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba shot suberus, phelogene and pheloderme (oc. 10x. ob. 20. Fig. 2. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba shot suberus and phelogene (oc. 10x. ob. 20. Fig. 4.. Cross section through the Ginkgo biloba stem liber, cambium and wood (oc. 10x. ob. 20. The anatomy of the stem at the species Cryptomeria japonica D. Don At the levell where has been made cross section, the stem present secondary structure only in the central cylinder, the bark keep the primary structure (fig. 5) having a thicness of 1755µm. The stem due to the alternating disposal of the leaves present very short internodes being difficult to make cross section without a portion of the leaf. 622

At the exterior of the stem there is the epidermis made from a single layer of cells with external bulging cellular walls, without spaces between them and without cloroplasts on the interior (fig. 6).

First 3-4 cells layer of the bark, beneath the epidermis, are ovoids, smaller with colenchimatic cellular walls.

cellular walls (fig. 6). Among the barks cellular near the central cylinder there are isolated cells or gropus of cells with cellular walls heavily sclerenchimated (fig. 6). The central cylinder it is well developed and present secondary structure (fig.

The cambium it is made from 1-3 layers of tangential elongated cells (fig. 7) and with a rich cytoplasmtic contain.

4 At the exterior of the stem there is the epidermis made from a single layer of cells with external bulging cellular walls, without spaces between them and without cloroplasts on the interior (fig. 6). The epidermis has a thickness of 18 µm with an external cuticula thick of 9 µm. Under the epidermis there is a bark with a thckness of 202,5 µm. First 3-4 cells layer of the bark, beneath the epidermis, are ovoids, smaller with colenchimatic cellular walls. Through the central area of the bark the cells are larger, with thin cellular walls, and between them can be encountered secretory chanells narrowed by 1-2 layers of cells with sclerenchimatic cellular walls (fig. 6). Among the barks cellular near the central cylinder there are isolated cells or gropus of cells with cellular walls heavily sclerenchimated (fig. 6). The central cylinder it is well developed and present secondary structure (fig. 7). The liber has a thickness of 90 µm, being made from many layers of rectangular cells, with thin walls, orderly disposed in radial rows (fig. 7). The cambium it is made from 1-3 layers of tangential elongated cells (fig. 7) and with a rich cytoplasmtic contain. The secondary wood has a thickness of 270µm and it is 3 times more developed than the secondary liber. It is made from woody vessel orderly disposed in radial rows witha diameter that grow from cambium to the pith (fig. 7). The diameter of the woody vessel being of: VM = 15,75µm, Vm = 9µm, X = 12,15µm. Into the internal area of the secondary wood, can be observed packets of primary wood. In the central area of the stem there is the medular parenchima wich present to the primary wood smaller cells and to the central area larger cells (fig. 8). At the smaller cells it can be obseved an uniform lignification process of the cellular walls, and at the larger ones, a disorganization process of the cellular walls (fig. 8). Fig. 5. Cross section through the Cryptomeria japonica stem (oc. 10x. ob.10. Fig. 6. Cross section through the Cryptomeria japonica stem cuticula, epidermis and bark (oc. 10x. ob

Fig. 7. Cross section through the Cryptomeria japonica stem central cylinder (oc. 10x. ob.20.

CONCLUSIONS From the anatomically point of view the Cryptomeria japonica species present at the exterior of the stem a epidermis made from a single layer of cells with bulging external cellular

tabular cells, orderly disposed in radial rows, without spaces between them; Both specis have a well developed central cylinder, with a secondary structure at the Cryptomeria japonica species;also

species present a medular parenchima in the central area, at Cryptomeria japonica with small cells to the primary wood and larger cells to the central area, and at Ginkgo biloba with ovoids or

5 Fig. 7. Cross section through the Cryptomeria japonica stem central cylinder (oc. 10x. ob.20. Fig. 8. Cross section through the Cryptomeria japonica stem medular area (oc. 10x. ob.20. CONCLUSIONS From the anatomically point of view the Cryptomeria japonica species present at the exterior of the stem a epidermis made from a single layer of cells with bulging external cellular walls, without spaces between them and without cloroplasts on the interior, and at the Ginkgo biloba species at the exterior of the stem there is a suberus thick of 225 µm and made from many death, tabular cells, orderly disposed in radial rows, without spaces between them; Both specis have a well developed central cylinder, with a secondary structure at the Cryptomeria japonica species;also both species present a liber made from cells with thin cellular walls, at Cryptomeria japonica these cells are disposed orderly in radial rows, and at Ginkgo biloba disposed more or less orderly;both species present a medular parenchima in the central area, at Cryptomeria japonica with small cells to the primary wood and larger cells to the central area, and at Ginkgo biloba with ovoids or spaerical, cells, with thin cellular walls, with spaces between them, containing reserve substances on the interior. REFERENCES 1. Drieu, J. (2001). Le Ginkgo biloba Monografie Inst. Beaufort. 2. Earle, J. (2002). Gymnosperm Database. 3. Ehrmann, H. (2006). Le Ginkgo biloba, Monografie, Inst. Beaufort. 4. Mano, J. (1987). Le plus celebre Ginkgo Temple de Minoto-Ku Tokio, Club Ginkgo Kwant, C. ( ). The Ginkgo Pages. 5. Miliţiu, I. (1968). Horticultură, vol. 2. Edit. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti. 6. Morris, R. (2004). Cryptomeria japonica Plants For a Future data base report. 7. Saugnessy, D. (1999). Japanese Cryptomeria Clemson University USA. 624

CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are

Examining the Structures of a Tree CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are some terms that may be new to you. These terms are used to describe various tree structures. Not surprisingly, many terms