Stream Autotrophs. Benthic 10/3/13
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1 Stream Autotrophs Benthic -, often colonial (e.g., filamentous algae) - Each cell has nucleus, chloroplast, reproduction by cell division - Some cells specialized, but no tissues, vascular system, etc. - (e.g., reproductive, vascular) Benthic Algae 1) (Bacillariophyta) - small, silicon frustules - Many growth forms - Unicellular or colonial - - Allows adherence in fast flows - C/N ratio - Significance? 1
2 Didymosphenia geminata (aka Didymo) A stalked diatom aka rock snot Distribution in North America (2008) Didymo is spreading from historical northern, low nutrient waters to lower latitudes with more nutrientrich waters Poudre River A threat in New Zealand 2) (Chlorophyta) different growth forms mostly filamentous in streams - distinct chloroplasts - C/N ratio - Significance? 2
3 10/3/13 How do these filaments resist erosion in fast-flowing water? - (a specialized cell) Holdfasts for some marine algae Oedogonium holdfast (Cyanophyta) - Mostly filamentous in streams - no (chlorophyll is distributed throughout cell) - Convert gas to (nitrate) in anoxic (gives advantage over green algae in N-poor water) - high C/N ratio 3
4 A commensalism between blue green alga and chironomid Nostoc alga Cricotopus midge Commensalistic relationship? Algal Mats and confusing terminology : ( around the plant ) Includes algae, microbial biofilm and detritus Most commonly used in context of biomass ( periphytic biomass ) Algal component alone is assessed either by examining under microscope, or by assaying for chlorophyll-a (measure of living biomass) : organic microlayer on substrates [Fig. 5.5] includes (heterotrophs); may include some algae : everything: periphyton + biofilm + micro-metazoans (rather antiquated term now) BIOFILM Autotrophic inputs: algae Heterotrophic inputs: DOM-COM-POM bacteria, fungi Matrix: Polysaccharide fibrils produced by bacteria and fungi Extacellular release and cell death release enzymes and other molecular products 4
5 The architecture of Periphyton mats 1) Idealized -- : much like a forest, with overstory and understory species [Fig. 3, Steinman] Vertical placement of algal cells/species depends on growth forms prostrate (adnate), stalked, filamentous, filamentous w/epiphytes 2) Real Periphyton Mat: addition of detritus to mat disrupts ideal architecture Conceptual Model What factors regulate accrual vs. loss of algal biomass (Biggs, Fig. 6.2) 5
6 Factors that control algal growth and biomass (1) Light shade growth response [Fig. 4.3] of response (note saturation) Growth history (note light-adapted vs. shade-adapted algal growth rates) Difference among species ( dowell at high light intensity) What factors control light in a stream? Attenuation of light in mat [draw] 100 light % of ambient light How well would cells grow at bottom of mat? min What happens when these cells die? 0 max Distance from surface of mat (2) Nutrients what are some? Phosphorous as PO -3 4 [ ] Nitrogen, mostly as NO - 3 [ ] Carbon, mostly as HCO - 3 [ ], some CO 2 Silicon, as H 4 SiO 4 [orthosilicic acid] excess PO -3 4 REDFIELD RATIO - molecular ratio of organic compounds in algae when nutrients are not limiting: C:N:P ration generally around 106:16:1 - Phosphorous - most often in freshwater (ratio N:P is 16:1) - Nitrogen - bluegreen algae can fix atmospheric N 2 gas to NO Advantage when N:P ratio 16:1 - Carbon - can be limiting in soft water (low HCO - 3 availability) [Fig. 4.11] - Silicon - rarely limiting for diatoms - (Redfield Ratio - C:Si:N:P = 106:15:16:1) 6
7 (3) Current Enhances rates (physiological enrichment) Delivery of nutrients Disposal of wastes Algae grown in streamside troughs for 30 days on tiles at 3 velocities Increases Different growth forms favored Diatoms (small) in faster velocity ( ) Filamentous G, BG (large filaments) in slower Often inverse relation of algal biomass with current) Green, BG filaments Diatoms (4) substrate Texture and Size Epi- (on stone) (on mud) (on sand) (on plant) (5) Temperature - greens and bluegreens do better at higher temperatures and higher light intensities - diatoms occur year-round - seasonal shifts not as pronounced as in lakes 7
8 (6) Grazers (herbivory) determines depth of foraging in peiphytic mats Baetis mayfly gathering & biting Heptagenia mayfly scraping & gathering Snail radula rasping & scraping (some caddisflies) What might this pattern look like if you grazing insects and snails are present in the stream?? Green, BG filaments Diatoms 8
9 (7) autogenic process: does not require [Fig. 5, Tuchman] why?? Colonization and cell growth Increasing cell density Shading and death of anchor cells Sloughing ** What other process can cause bare substratum? ** (8) - substrate instability, scouring [Fig. 1, Peterson] - response depends on - age of mat (timing) [Fig. 6, Peterson] - Which successional age most resistant (i.e., doesn t change in response to scour)? - (succession = change in species composition and biomass over time) 9
10 (8) disturbance - substrate instability, scouring [Fig. 1, Peterson] - response depends on - age of mat (timing) [Fig. 6, Peterson] - Which successional age most resistant (i.e., doesn t change in response to scour)? - (succession = change in species composition and biomass over time) - Grazers also respond to disturbance! 10
11 Macrophytes Bryophytes (mosses) Angiosperms (flowering plants) - Characteristics of BRYOPHYTES - attached - Require free CO 2 (can t use HCO 3 ) for photosynthesis - Common in turbulent streams with low ph why?? - High CO 2 from mixing with air - Reduced boundary layers - angiosperms absent - sensitive to disturbance [Fig. 4.10] Characteristics of ANGIOSPERMS - rooted (Temperate streams) - none restricted solely to lotic - most common in low energy habitats (silt, low gradient) - phenotypic variation for lotic survival - smaller leaves - shorter internodes - vegetative reproduction Phytoplankton Are there true lotic plankton? 11
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