Allelopathic Activity of Extracts from Different Brazilian Peanut (

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1 Hindwi e Sientifi World Journl Volume 7, Artile ID 79698, 7 pges Reserh Artile Allelopthi Ativity of Extrts from Different Brzilin Penut (Arhis hypoge L.) Cultivrs on Lettue (Ltu stiv) nd Weed Plnts G. S. Csimiro, E. Mnsur, G. Pheo, R. Gri, I. C. R. Lel, nd N. K. Sims Lortory of Miropropgtion nd Plnt Trnsformtion, Cellulr Biology Deprtment, Stte University of Rio de Jneiro, Rio de Jneiro, RJ, Brzil Lortory of Nturl Produts nd Biologil Assys, Deprtment of Nturl Produts nd Food, Shool of Phrmy, Federl University of Rio de Jneiro, Rio de Jneiro, RJ, Brzil Correspondene should e ddressed to G. S. Csimiro; glss@gloo.om Reeived 5 Septemer 6; Revised Deemer 6; Aepted 9 Jnury 7; Pulished 5 Mrh 7 Ademi Editor: Pul B. Andrde Copyright 7 G. S. Csimiro et l. This is n open ess rtile distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution Liense, whih permits unrestrited use, distriution, nd reprodution in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly ited. Penut (Arhis hypoge L.) is the fourth most onsumed oleginous plnt in the world, produing seeds with high ontents of lipids, proteins, vitmins, nd rohydrtes. Biologil tivities of different extrts of this speies hve lredy een evluted y mny reserhers, inluding ntioxidnt, ntitumorl, nd ntiteril. In this work, the llelopthi tivity of extrts from different Brzilin penut ultivrs ginst lettue (Ltu stiv) nd two weed plnts (Commelin enghlensisnd Ipomoe nil) ws studied. Aeril prts, roots, seeds, nd seed ots were used for the preprtion of rude extrts. Seed extrt prtitioning ws performed with n-hexne, dihloromethne, ethyl ette, n-utnol, nd queous residue. Germintion nd growth of hypootyls nd rootlets were evluted fter one nd five dys of inution with plnt extrts, respetively. Crude seed extrt nd its dihloromethni prtition displyed highest llelopthi tivity. These results ontriute for the study of new potentil nturl heriides.. Introdution Penut (Arhis hypoge L., Leguminose) is the fourth most plnted nd onsumed oilseed worldwide nd lso good option for rop rottion. In ddition to its flvour, penut seedshvehighontentoflipids(out5%),proteins(% to %), minerl slts, vitmins, nd rohydrtes, eing highly energeti, with n verge of 585 lories per grms of the grin []. The evlution of different iologil tivities within the genus Arhis led to the reognition of ntioxidnt, ntiteril, ntitumorl, nd nti-inflmmtory potentils, mong others. However, llelopthi tivity is omprtively less investigted. Allelopthy is ny positive or negtive effet of one plnt on nother through the prodution of hemils thtrerelesedintotheenvironment[].agretimportne of plnts with llelopthi tivity is to fight ginst weed plnts, whih re defined s plnts tht grow where they re not desired, long with griulturl rops, interfering in their development nd reduing produtivity []. Although routinely weed plnts re omted with heriides, their indisriminte use leds to the development of resistnt plnts. In ddition, the impt of heriides on humn helth islsonotherdetleft.inthisontext,theserh for nturl produts insted of syntheti heriides for weed plnt mngement is highly reommended [, 5]. To our knowledge, the llelopthi potentil hs lredy een studied only in two speies of genus Arhis. The inhiitory tivity of seed extrts in the germintion of millet nd the effet of root nd lef extrts of A. hypoge on rie, mize, rdish, nd rye grss, esides positive stimulus of queous extrts of A. pintoi on the germintion of tomto seeds (Solnum lyopersium) nd pepper (Cpsium nnum), hve een studied [6 8].

2 The Sientifi World Journl In view of this ft, this pper evlutes the llelopthi tivity of extrts from different orgns of five Brzilin penut (Arhis hypoge L.) ultivrs ginst lettue (Ltu stiv) nd weed plnts (Commelin enghlensis nd Ipomoe nil).. Mteril nd Methods.. Plnt Mteril. Aeril prts, roots, seeds, nd seed ots of five Brzilin penut ultivrs, nmed IAC 886 (Virgini Runner), IAC Cipó (VirginiRunner), IACTtuST (Vleni), IAC 8 (Spnish), nd IAC BR- (Vleni), were used in this study. Plnts were grown from seeds in the greenhouse of Rio de Jneiro Stte University, Brzil, in pots ontining Plntmx. Light intensity in ler dy during the growing period ws s high s 6 μe/(m /s). Aeril prts nd roots were tken for extrtion dys fter plnting... Preprtion of Extrts... Crude Extrts. Plntmterilsweredriedinnoven t 5 C, rushed, nd weighed. Soking in ethnol % ws preeded y degresing step with n-hexne (five stges during ten dys). Mertion in ethnol ws performed in the drk t room temperture (five stges during ten dys). After filtrtiononfilterpperndonentrtioninvuumrotry evportor t 5 C, extrts were weighed nd stored t C until used.... Prtitioned Extrts. The extrt of ultivr BR- seeds ws resuspended in methnol : distilled wter (9 : ) nd sujeted to suessive liquid-liquid prtitioning using orgni solvents of inresing polrity, nmely, n-hexne, dihloromethne, ethyl ette, nd n-utnol, followed y onentrtion in vuum rotry evportor t 5 C... Evlution of Allelopthi Ativity... Germintion of Seeds. Smples of the extrts were dissolved in hloroform nd the volume djusted to the desired onentrtions (, 5,, nd ppm). Eh petri dish (d = 6m, h = m) ontining filter pper diss Whtmn No. (d = 5.7m) reeived.5ml of the extrt. After solvent evportion t room temperture ( hours), ten seeds (L. stiv, C. enghlensis, or I. nil) nd.5 ml of distilled wter with DMSO.% were dded tothepetridish.allssyswereondutedintriplite, with three replitions. Mendione in the onentrtion of ppm served s positive ontrol, while distilled wter with DMSO.% ws used s negtive ontrol. Experiments were ondutedingrowthhmerinthedrk,t5 ± C. The evlution of germintion ws performed h fter the introdution of seeds. The riterion for germintion reding ws the rootlet protrusion. The perentges of germintion inhiition were lulted y omprison with the untreted ontrol, using the following lultion: % inhiition = (C X)/C, wherec isthenumerofseedsgermintedin ontrol nd X isthenumerofseedsgermintedinthetest smple. Tle : Inhiition of L. stiv seeds germintion y rude ethnoli extrts of eril prt, root, seed ot, nd seed of BR- ultivr from Arhis hypoge. Crude extrt (BR- ppm) Inhiition of germintion (%) Aeril prt. Root 5.6 Seed ot 7.78 Seed 7.78 The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples.... Hypootyls nd Rootlets Growth. Seedling growth ws evlutedfivedysftertheintrodutionoftheseedswith opening of pltes. The perentges of inhiition were lulted y omprison with the untreted ontrol, using the following formul: % inhiition = (C X)/C,whereC is the verge size of hypootyl/rootlet in ontrol nd X is the verge size of the hypootyl/rootlet in the test smple [9, ]... Sttistil Anlysis. Sttistil evlution of experimentl dt ws performed y nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) nd Tukey s omprison test, with the id of the Grphpd Prism 5. Thevlueofp.5 ws onsidered signifint, nd onfidene intervl of 95% ws dopted.. Results.. Evlution of Crude Ethnoli Extrts. The effet of rude extrts from ultivr BR- (eril prt, root, seed, nd seed ot) ws evluted on the germintion nd growth of hypootyls nd rootlets of L. stiv. Seed nd seed ot extrts showed highest perentges of inhiition of germintion (7.78%), when ompred to root (5.6%) nd eril prt extrts (.%) (Tle ). On the other hnd, eril prt extrt used the highest perentges of growth inhiition in rootlets, when ompred withhypootyls.similrly,root nd seed extrts rehed the higher perentge of inhiition on rootlets growth. Nevertheless, the perentge of inhiition indued y root extrts on the hypootyls ws higher when ompred with the inhiition showed y extrts of eril prts. Unlike these mterils, seed ot extrts promoted greter inhiition on hypootyls, when ompred with rootlets, while the inhiition on rootlets ws similr to those of the other extrts tested (Figure ). The IC 5 (onentrtion of extrt required to inhiit 5% of Ltu stiv growth) ws used for omprison of the tivity of the different extrts from ultivr BR-. Seed extrts showed the lowest IC 5 vlues (7.98 ppm for hypootyl nd 77. ppm for rootlet development), while the root extrt showed the highest vlues (67.5 ppm for hypootylnd7.5forrootlet).theerilprtndseedot extrts displyed similr vlues (9.6 ppm to 6. ppm) (Tle ). The onentrtion orresponding to the lower IC 5 vlues, otined with ultivr BR- in order to inhiit the development of hypootyls or rootlets, ws used for the

3 The Sientifi World Journl Hypootyls size (m) (I) Averge growth of hypootyls Aeril prt.56% 57.% 5.%.66% Rootlets size (m) (II) Averge growth of rootlets Aeril prt 7.6% 68.6% 7.% 78.7% Hypootyls size (m) Root 9.99% 9.% 59.7% 7.6% 79.8% d Rootlets size (m) Root 7.5% 59.65% 69.65% Seed ot Seed ot 68.78% 7.9% 7.%.57%.8% 5.% 5.8%.8% Seed Seed 6.% 58.86% 5.76% 68.66% 7.7% 58.9% 9.5% 77.6% Distilled wter DMSO.% Mendione ppm 5 ppm ppm ppm Distilled wter DMSO.% Mendione ppm 5 ppm ppm ppm Hypootyls size (m) Rootlets size (m) Hypootyls size (m) Rootlets size (m) Figure : Evlution of llelopthi tivity of ethnoli extrts of Arhis hypoge (ultivr BR-)on the growth of hypootyls nd rootlets of L. stiv sed on the verge lengths of eh orgn nd the inhiition perentges reltive to distilled wter ontrol. The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples in eh grphi, ording to Tukey s test.

4 The Sientifi World Journl Tle : IC 5 of rude ethnoli extrts of ultivr BR- of A. hypoge on the inhiition of L. stiv growth of hypootyls nd rootlets. Crude ethnoli extrt IC 5 (ppm) Hypootyl Rootlet Aeril prt Root Seed ot Seed omprtive nlysis of extrts from other ultivrs. The highest inhiition perentges (5.87% for hypootyl nd 58.5% for rootlet) were otined with extrts from the eril prt of ultivr IAC 886 (Tle )... Evlution of Prtitioned Extrts. The llelopthi tivity of liquid-liquid prtitions of the ethnoli extrt of seeds of BR- (n-hexne, dihloromethne, ethyl ette, n- utnol, nd queous residue) ws lso evluted. The inhiition used y the nonpolr prtitions, dihloromethni (68.89%) nd hexni (57.78%), ws muh higher thn tht ttined with the other prtitions tested (. to 6.67%) (Tle ). The inhiition perentges of growth of rootlets nd hypootyls vried ording to the prtition. The vlues otined with the hexni prtition (8.79% for hypootyl nd 8.% for rootlets t ppm) were higher thn those hieved with the rude extrt, whih showed n inhiition of 68.66% on the growth of hypootyls. Perentges found for rootlets were lower thn those showed y the rude extrt (until 9.5% t ppm). The dihloromethni prtition lso used the highest perentges of inhiition of growth of hypootyls nd rootlets (9.7 nd 9., respetively, t ppm). Growth inhiition rtes of ethyl ette prtition rehed similr perentges when ompred to rude extrt. Butnoli prtition nd queous residue hd the lowest perentges of inhiition, oth in reltion to other prtitions nd s ompred to rude extrts (Figure ). As expeted, the lowest vlue for IC 5 ws found with dihloromethni prtition on rootlets (9.7 ppm), while the highestvluewsfoundforqueousresidue(6.ppm).all prtitions evluted, exept dihloromethni, showed lower IC 5 vlues for hypootyls s ompred to rootlets growth (Tle 5). The dihloromethni prtition t IC 5 (9.7 ppm) ws evluted for llelopthi tivity on two weed speies tht ffet Arhis hypoge rops, Commelin enghlensis nd Ipomoe nil. Although the inhiition of seed growth on I. nil ws greter thn on C. enghlensis, the inhiition of oth speies wslower thntheoserved in L. stiv (Tle 6).. Disussion Inthepresentstudy,evlutionsofllelopthitivitywere mde with ethnoli extrts of different mterils s well s with liquid-liquid prtitions of seed extrts from five ultivrs of A. hypoge. Thellelopthitivityofpenut extrts hs lso een previously studied y other workers. Similr results to those otined here were reported when the tivity of queous extrts of different orgns (root, stem, lef, nd flower) on the inhiition of germintion of uumer seeds ws nlyzed []. However, while these uthors found highest llelopthi tivity in root extrts, we ttined est effets with ethnoli seed extrts. This differene shows tht llelopthi tivity of different orgns of the sme plnt n vry ording to the method used nd the trget speies. Inhiition of germintion is one of the most prmeters used to evlute llelopthi tivity. In this work, rude ethnol extrts of seeds nd seed ots used lmost 5% of inhiition of germintion of L. stiv seeds. In ontrst, extrts of eril prts of Equisetum gignteum nd Nephrolepis exltt hd no effet on L. stiv seeds []. Nonpolr prtitions (n-hexni nd dihloromethni) of seed extrt of A. hypoge showed the highest pities of inhiition of germintion of L. stiv. Thesmevlues were found for equivlent prtitions of queous lef extrt of Spindus sponri,whihouldlsoinhiitthegermintion of L. stiv []. In ddition to seed germintion of L. stiv, extrts were evluted in reltion to their effet on seedling growth. Among the orgns evluted, seed extrts showed the lowest IC 5 for inhiiting oth hypootyls (7.98 ppm) nd rootlets (77. ppm) growth. These vlues were even lower thn those reported y other uthors for resvertrol (IC 5 = 9 ppm), onstitutive ompound of Arhis speies, lso in reltion to inhiition of L. stiv s growth []. The onentrtions used to determine the plnt growth inhiitory tivity usully vry in wide rnge of high vlues. Certinly, they re unresonle when thinking in frming useinthefield,onsideringthepossiilityofenvironmentl dmge nd disdvntging the desired eologil lne. For exmple, rootlets of L. stiv showed n verge length of 5.78 m when treted with Cusut mpestris extrts t onentrtion of ppm. This vlue ws lmost three times higher thn tht oserved with extrts of A. hypoge seeds for the sme speies nd t the similr onentrtion (less thn. m) [5]. In the evlution of offee fruit extrts (Coffe ri), the onentrtion required for the growth inhiition of hypootyls nd rootlets of L. stiv to e numerilly similr to tht found in our work ws tenfold higher ( ppm) [6]. In study of llelopthi tivity of Terminli tpp fruit extrts iomonitored y L. stiv, it ws demonstrted tht the IC 5 of the dihloromethni prtition ws.5 times redued s ompred to rude ethnol extrts [7]. In pper with sufrtions of Cleome ri, onentrtion of. ppm ws neessry to inhiit 5% of L. stiv growth [8]. This onentrtion ws muh higher thn tht used for inhiiting 5% of the sme speies with the dihloromethni prtition (9.7 ppm) in the present study. Thus, the IC 5 vlues found for A. hypoge (77. ppm nd 9.7 ppm for the rude extrt nd the dihloromethni prtition, resp.) for inhiiting growth of rootlets provide inditionsofthequlityofthemterilstudiedtootin sustnes with potentil heriide tivity.

5 The Sientifi World Journl 5 (I) Averge growth of hypootyls (II) Averge growth of rootlets Hypootyls size (m) 8.79% Hexni 5.8%.6% 5.9% Rootlets size (m) 8.% d Hexni 6.99% 5.% 58.6% Dihloromethni Dihloromethni Hypootyls size (m) 59.9% 7.78% 85.87% 9.7% Rootlets size (m) 6.8% 7.9% 87.59% 9.% Ethyl ette Ethyl ette 5.86%.9%7.6% 6.%.9% 5.%.56% 6.9% Butnoli 5.5% 8.9%.8% 5.7% Butnoli.59% 7.%.66% 55.57% Aqueous residue.%.96%.5%.9% Aqueous residue.7% 7.5% 8.9% 5.7% Distilled wter DMSO.% Mendione ppm Hypootyls size (m) 5 ppm ppm ppm Distilled wter DMSO.% Mendione ppm 5 ppm ppm ppm Rootlets size (m) Hypootyls size (m) Rootlets size (m) Hypootyls size (m) Rootlets size (m) Figure : Evlution of llelopthi tivity of prtitions of seed extrts of Arhis hypoge (ultivr BR-)on the growth of hypootyls nd rootlets of L. stiv sed on the verge lengths of eh prtition nd the inhiition perentges re reltive to distilled wter ontrol. The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples in eh grphi, ording to Tukey s test.

6 6 The Sientifi World Journl Tle : Inhiition of L. stiv growth of hypootyls nd rootlets y rude ethnoli extrts of eril prt, root, seed ot, nd seed of IAC 886, IAC Cipó, IAC Ttu ST, IAC 8, nd BR- ultivrs from Arhis hypoge. Inhiition in reltion to ontrol (%) Cultivr Crude extrts Aeril prt (96.68 ppm) Root (67.5 ppm) Seed ot (9.6 ppm) Seed (7.98 ppm) Hypo. Root. Hypo. Root. Hypo. Root. Hypo. Root. IAC IAC Cipó d IAC Ttu ST d IAC BR The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples in eh olumn. Hypo. = hypootyl; Root. = Rootlet. Tle : Inhiition of Ltu stiv seeds germintion y prtitions of seed extrts of BR- ultivr from Arhis hypoge, t ppm. Prtitions ( ppm) Inhiition of germintion (%) Hexni Dihloromethni Ethyl ette 6.67 Butnoli 6.67 Aqueous residue. The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples. Tle 5: IC 5 of prtitions of seed ethnoli extrt of ultivr BR- of A. hypoge on the inhiition of L. stiv growth of hypootyls nd rootlets. Seed extrt prtitions of ultivr BR- IC 5 (ppm) (Arhis hypoge) Hypootyls Rootlets Hexni Dihloromethni Ethyl ette Butnoli Aqueous residue.7 6. Tle6:Inhiitionofweedplnts(Commelin enghlensis nd Ipomoe nil) growth of hypootyls nd rootlets y dihloromethni prtitionofseedextrtofultivrbr-ofarhis hypoge. Inhiition of seed germintion of Speies weed plnts y dihloromethni prtition (IC 5 = 9.7 ppm) (%) Hypootyl Rootlet Commelin enghlensis.9.56 Ipomoe nil The sme letter mens no sttistilly signifint differene etween the smples. The llelopthi tivity of ertin speies is very importnt to diminish the spred of weeds on rops. Thus, some plnt extrts n t s nturl heriides, ringing mny enefits to rops. Evlution of the dihloromethni prtition of ethnoli extrt of A. hypoge performed in the present study showed inhiition of growth of weed, similrly to the results reported with extrts of Terminli tpp fruits [7]. 5. Conlusions In onlusion, the results showed tht eril prt, root, seed, nd seed ot extrts of A. hypoge ould inhiit the germintion of seeds nd the growth of hypootyls nd rootlets of L. stiv. The prtitions of ethnoli seed extrt in n-hexne, dihloromethne, ethyl ette, utnol, ndqueousresiduenlsohvepositivellelopthi tivity. Dihloromethni prtition of ethnoli seed extrt is showed to e n environmentlly sustinle lterntive heriide for weed mngement in other lrge-sle rops. Conflits of Interest The uthors delre no onflits of interest. Aknowledgments The uthors thnk FAPERJ (no. E-6/.5/) nd CNPq (no. 565/-8) for the finnil support nd Agronomi InstituteofCmpinsfortheprovidingofseeds. Referenes [] R.Jime-GrindP.J.Cotty, Croprottionndsoiltemperture influene the ommunity struture of Aspergillus flvus in soil, Soil Biology & Biohemistry,vol.,no.,pp.8 87,. [] H.L.Thi,P.Hyuk,P.Y.Jietl., AllelopthyinSorghum iolor (L.) Moenh: review on environmentlly friendly solution for weed ontrol, Reserh on Crops, vol.6,no.,pp , 5. [] M. Asduzzmn, D. J. Lukett, R. B. Cowley, M. An, J. E. Prtley, nd D. Lemerle, Cnol ultivr performne in weedinfested field plots onfirms llelopthy rnking from in vitro testing, Bioontrol Siene nd Tehnology, vol., no., pp. 9,.

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8 Interntionl Journl of Peptides BioMed Reserh Interntionl Advnes in Stem Cells Interntionl Virolog y Interntionl Journl of Genomis Journl of Nulei Aids Zoology Interntionl Journl of Sumit your mnusripts t The Sientifi World Journl Journl of Signl Trnsdution Genetis Reserh Interntionl Antomy Reserh Interntionl Enzyme Reserh Arhe Biohemistry Reserh Interntionl Interntionl Journl of Miroiology Interntionl Journl of Evolutionry Biology Moleulr Biology Interntionl Advnes in Bioinformtis Journl of Mrine Biology