Assumed ecosystem effect is 1 for species assumed neutral or facilitating, 2 for species assumed slightly

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1 Page of APPENDICES FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ONLY. APPENDIX A. VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES ENCOUNTERED AND THE ASSIGNED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Assumed ecosystem effect is for species assumed neutral or facilitating, for species assumed slightly retarding and for species with assumed retarding effects. The species group annotated as deciduous ericoids also includes Cornus suecica and Dryas octopetala. The group of small dicotyledons also hold several monocotyledons, that is, Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum, Tofieldia pusilla and Triglochin palustris, as well as the orchids Chamorchis alpina, Dactylorhiza maculata and Listera cordata. Species Growth form/functional group Assumed ecosystem effect Achillea millefolium Small dicotyledon Agrostis capillaris Grass Agrostis mertensii Grass Alchemilla alpina Small dicotyledon Alchemilla spp. Small dicotyledon Allium schoenoprasum ssp. sibiricum Small dicotyledon Andromeda polifolia Evergreen Angelica sylvestris Tall dicotyledon Antennaria alpina Small dicotyledon Antennaria dioica Small dicotyledon Antennaria porsildii Small dicotyledon Anthoxanthum odoratum ssp. alpinum Grass Anthriscus sylvestris Tall dicotyledon Arctostaphylos alpinus Deciduous ericoid Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Evergreen Astragalus alpinus coll. Legume Astragalus frigidus Legume Athyrium distentifolium Deciduous vascular cryptogam Bartsia alpina Hemiparasite Betula nana Dwarf birch Betula pubescens coll. Dwarf birch Bistorta vivipara Small dicotyledon Calamagrostis lapponica Grass Calamagrostis purpurea Grass

2 Page of Ecosystems Calamagrostis stricta Grass Calluna vulgaris Deciduous ericoid Campanula rotundifolia coll. Small dicotyledon Cardamine bellidifolia Small dicotyledon Cardamine pratensis ssp. polemonioides Small dicotyledon Carex aquatilis coll. Sedge Carex atrata Sedge Carex atrofusca Sedge Carex bigelowii Sedge Carex brunnescens Sedge Carex buxbaumii ssp. mutica Sedge Carex canescens Sedge Carex capillaris Sedge Carex capitata Sedge Carex chordorrhiza Sedge Carex dioica Sedge Carex flava Sedge Carex fuliginosa ssp. misandra Sedge Carex lachenalii Sedge Carex lapponica Sedge Carex lasiocarpa Sedge Carex limosa Sedge Carex livida Sedge Carex nigra ssp. juncella Sedge Carex nigra ssp. nigra Sedge Carex norvegica ssp. norvegica Sedge Carex parallela Sedge Carex paupercula Sedge Carex rariflora Sedge Carex rostrata Sedge Carex rotundata Sedge Carex rupestris Sedge Carex saxatilis Sedge

3 Page of Carex spp. Sedge Carex vaginata Sedge Cassiope hypnoides Deciduous ericoid Cassiope tetragona Deciduous ericoid Cerastium alpinum coll. Small dicotyledon Cerastium cerastoides Small dicotyledon Cerastium spp. Small dicotyledon Chamorchis alpina Small dicotyledon Cirsium helenioides Tall dicotyledon Cochlearia officinalis Small dicotyledon Cornus suecica Deciduous ericoid Cryptogramma crispa Deciduous vascular cryptogam Cystopteris fragilis coll. Deciduous vascular cryptogam Dactylorhiza maculata Small dicotyledon Deschampsia alpina Grass Deschampsia cespitosa Grass Deschampsia flexuosa Grass Diapensia lapponica Evergreen Diphasiastrum alpinum Evergreen Dryas octopetala Deciduous ericoid Dryopteris expansa Deciduous vascular cryptogam Elymus alaskanus Grass Elymus caninus Grass Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum Crowberry Epilobium alsinifolium Small dicotyledon Epilobium anagallidifolium Small dicotyledon Epilobium hornemannii Small dicotyledon Epilobium lactiflorum Small dicotyledon Epilobium palustre Small dicotyledon Epilobium spp. Small dicotyledon Equisetum arvense Deciduous vascular cryptogam Equisetum fluviatile Deciduous vascular cryptogam Equisetum hyemale Deciduous vascular cryptogam

4 Page of Ecosystems Equisetum palustre Deciduous vascular cryptogam Equisetum pratense Deciduous vascular cryptogam Equisetum sylvaticum Deciduous vascular cryptogam Equisetum variegatum Deciduous vascular cryptogam Erigeron acer ssp. politus Small dicotyledon Eriophorum angustifolium Sedge Eriophorum scheuchzeri Sedge Eriophorum vaginatum Sedge Euphrasia frigida Hemiparasite Euphrasia salisburgensis Hemiparasite Festuca ovina Grass Festuca rubra coll. Grass Festuca vivipara Grass Filipendula ulmaria Tall dicotyledon Geranium sylvaticum Tall dicotyledon Geum rivale Tall dicotyledon Gramine spp. Grass Gymnocarpium dryopteris Deciduous vascular cryptogam Hieracium seksjon Alpina Small dicotyledon Hieracium seksjon Sylvatica Small dicotyledon Hieracium spp. Small dicotyledon Hierochloe alpina Grass Huperzia selago Evergreen Juncus arcticus ssp. arcticus Sedge Juncus biglumis Sedge Juncus filiformis Sedge Juncus spp. Sedge Juncus trifidus Sedge Juncus triglumis Sedge Juniperus communis Evergreen Kobresia myosuroides Sedge Lappula deflexa Small dicotyledon Leontodon autumnalis Small dicotyledon

5 Page 0 of Linnaea borealis Evergreen Listera cordata Small dicotyledon Loiseleuria procumbens Evergreen Luzula arcuata coll. Sedge Luzula multiflora coll. Sedge Luzula spicata Sedge Luzula sudetica Sedge Lycopodium annotinum coll. Evergreen Lycopodium clavatum coll. Evergreen Lycopodium spp. Evergreen Melampyrum sylvaticum Hemiparasite Melica nutans Grass Menyanthes trifoliata Small dicotyledon Nardus stricta Mat grass Omalotheca norvegica Small dicotyledon Omalotheca supina Small dicotyledon Orthilia secunda Evergreen Oxyria digyna Small dicotyledon Parnassia palustris coll. Small dicotyledon Pedicularis flammea Hemiparasite Pedicularis lapponica Hemiparasite Pedicularis palustris coll. Hemiparasite Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum Hemiparasite Pedicularis spp. Hemiparasite Phegopteris connectilis Deciduous vascular cryptogam Phleum alpinum Grass Phyllodoce caerulea Evergreen Pinguicula alpina Small dicotyledon Pinguicula vulgaris Small dicotyledon Poa alpina coll. Grass Poa spp. Grass Polystichum lonchitis Evergreen Potentilla crantzii Small dicotyledon

6 Page of Ecosystems Potentilla erecta Small dicotyledon Potentilla palustris Small dicotyledon Pyrola minor Evergreen Ranunculus acris coll. Small dicotyledon Ranunculus glacialis Small dicotyledon Ranunculus hyperboreus Small dicotyledon Ranunculus nivalis Small dicotyledon Ranunculus pygmaeus Small dicotyledon Ranunculus repens Small dicotyledon Ranunculus reptans Small dicotyledon Rhinanthus minor coll. Hemiparasite Rhodiola rosea Small dicotyledon Rhododendron lapponicum Evergreen Rubus chamaemorus Small dicotyledon Rumex acetosa coll. Small dicotyledon Rumex acetosella coll. Small dicotyledon Sagina saginoides Small dicotyledon Salix glauca coll. Salix shrub Salix hastata Salix shrub Salix herbacea Salix dwarf shrub Salix lanata coll. Salix shrub Salix lapponum Salix shrub Salix myrsinites Salix shrub Salix phylicifolia Salix shrub Salix polaris Salix dwarf shrub Salix reticulata Salix dwarf shrub Salix spp. Salix shrub Saussurea alpina Tall dicotyledon Saxifraga aizoides Small dicotyledon Saxifraga cespitosa Small dicotyledon Saxifraga nivalis Small dicotyledon Saxifraga oppositifolia Small dicotyledon Saxifraga stellaris Small dicotyledon

7 Page of Saxifraga tenuis Small dicotyledon Sedum annuum Small dicotyledon Selaginella selaginoides Deciduous vascular cryptogam Sibbaldia procumbens Small dicotyledon Silene acaulis Small dicotyledon Silene uralensis ssp. apetala Small dicotyledon Solidago virgaurea Tall dicotyledon Stellaria media Small dicotyledon Stellaria nemorum Small dicotyledon Taraxacum croceum-gruppa Small dicotyledon Taraxacum spp. Small dicotyledon Thalictrum alpinum Small dicotyledon Tofieldia pusilla Small dicotyledon Trichophorum alpinum Sedge Trichophorum cespitosum ssp. cespitosum Sedge Trientalis europaea Small dicotyledon Trifolium repens Legume Triglochin palustris Small dicotyledon Trisetum spicatum Grass Trollius europaeus Tall dicotyledon Vaccinium myrtillus Deciduous ericoid Vaccinium oxycoccus ssp. microcarpum Evergreen Vaccinium uliginosum Deciduous ericoid Vaccinium vitis-idaea Evergreen Vahlodea atropurpurea Grass Veratrum album Tall dicotyledon Veronica alpina ssp. alpina Small dicotyledon Veronica fruticans Small dicotyledon Veronica officinalis Small dicotyledon Vicia cracca Legume Viola biflora Small dicotyledon Viola canina coll. Small dicotyledon Viola palustris Small dicotyledon

8 Page of Ecosystems Woodsia alpina Deciduous vascular cryptogam APPENDIX B. ABUNDANCE OF DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL PLANT GROUPS. Estimated abundance of different functional plant groups and frequency of flowers in areas of high and low reindeer density, conditional on bedrock nutrient content, that is, poor (0), moderate () and rich (). All estimates are transformed by log e (x+) and were obtained from a linear mixed model with an interaction between reindeer density and bedrock nutrient content as the fixed effect. Variable General characteristics Total flowering Bedrock nutrient Low density High density content Estimate ± % C.I. Estimate ± % C.I Assumed neutral or facilitating Small dicotyledons Tall dicotyledons Legumes and hemiparasites (N-facilitators) Grass Deschampsia flexuosa Sedges. rushes and wood

9 Page of rushes Carex bigelowii Salix shrubs Salix dwarf shrubs Deciduous vascular cryptogams Assumed slightly retarding Betula nana Deciduous ericoids Vaccinium myrtillus Assumed retarding Nardus stricta Empetrum hermaphroditum Evergreens

10 Page of Ecosystems

11 Page of 0 APPENDIX C. ABUNDANCE OF PLANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Abundance (mean point intercept frequency) of plant functional groups within each pair of a low and high reindeer density district conditional on bedrock nutrient level. Plants functional groups are separated according to a) neutral or facilitating effects, or b) retarding effects on the ecosystem.

12 Page of Ecosystems 0 a) Small herbs Tall herbs N-facilitators Grass Sedges Salix shrubs Salix dwarf shrubs Herbaceous vascular cryptogams

13 Page of 0 b) Crowberry Mat grass Evergreens Dwarf birch Deciduous ericoids

Vegetation mapping. of Zackenberg valley, Northeast Greenland. Christian Bay. Danish Polar Center & Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen

Vegetation mapping. of Zackenberg valley, Northeast Greenland. Christian Bay. Danish Polar Center & Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen Vegetation mapping of Zackenberg valley, Northeast Greenland Christian Bay Danish Polar Center & Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen 1998 Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 2 2. Material